Articles tagged with Chemical Reactions
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
Researchers at the University of Michigan are developing nanomolecular 'smart bombs' that can detect pre-malignant and cancerous changes in living cells. These devices use synthetic polymers called dendrimers to transport anti-cancer drugs and sensing agents into cells.
Researchers from the University of Wisconsin-Madison propose a new approach to understanding ecosystem health by focusing on an organism's ability to withstand environmental stress. The study suggests that competition among species is less important than biodiversity as an insurance policy against unknown environmental fluctuations.
NASA's PICASSO-CENA mission aims to measure the impact of tiny particles from industrial pollution on sunlight and climate change. The mission will use lidar technology to gather data on aerosols, clouds, and their effects on regional climate.
Ulrike Becker and Wolfgang Glasser's research on fluorine-containing cellulose esters reveals a way to change adsorption in fibers, improving cigarette filter performance. The study also advances the understanding of cotton's structure.
AGU's Spring Meeting will address pressing issues such as climate change, nuclear waste management, and the impacts of global variability. The event will feature a diverse range of special sessions and press conferences.
Neuroscientists at Johns Hopkins discover that nerve signals can originate from nerves not directly injured, leading to abnormal activity in nearby nerves. The study provides a basis for targeting the skin and suggests effective therapy options for neuropathic pain syndromes.
Researchers use infrared spectroscopy to analyze over 2,000 individual cervical cells from women with dysplasia and cervical cancer, finding that normal-looking cells have distinct abnormal spectra. This could simplify Pap test evaluation and lead to earlier cancer detection and prevention.
Researchers at Jefferson Medical College successfully used a gene repair technique to change the color of white albino mice cells to black, restoring melanin production and correcting a genetic mutation. The breakthrough holds promise as a potential treatment for some hereditary diseases by correcting the underlying genetic defect.
Research at Johns Hopkins University suggests that fur traders' hunting habits may have changed the local ecosystem, altering stream flow and vegetation. The study aims to understand how human activities affect natural resources and inform future development plans.
Researchers reconstruct past temperature changes using high-precision equipment, revealing a 4.5F warmer climate 5000 years ago and a 2F colder Little Ice Age. The region surrounding the North Atlantic Ocean is particularly sensitive to climatic changes due to ocean circulation patterns.
An ancient Antarctic ice core suggests a global climate-warming event occurred 12,500 years ago, with temperatures rising about 20 degrees Fahrenheit in a 50-year period. The findings challenge previous assumptions and throw new light on climate change research.
Researchers at Ohio University and Pennsylvania State University found molecular changes in muscles within 2-4 weeks of weight training. The study suggests that even limited workouts can induce significant changes in hormone production and protein expression.
Researchers are developing smart materials for various applications, including artificial limbs that can pick up objects, gel implants that release drugs as needed, and bridge models that prevent structural damage. These advancements could save lives by preventing accidents and improving safety in infrastructure.
A team of researchers, led by Maureen E. Raymo, have discovered millennial-scale climate instabilities that existed much further back in time than previously thought. These rapid climate fluctuations were found to be tied to changes in ocean circulation and heat transfer.
University of Michigan researchers have created the smallest biosensors ever developed, which can detect subtle changes in living cells' biochemistry. These probes, called PEBBLEs, contain dye that glows when exposed to specific ions or molecules, allowing real-time monitoring of cell processes.
Numerical simulations by U of T physicists suggest sea-level changes exceeding 100 meters can occur, contradicting previous assumptions linking them to ocean floor elevation changes. The 'wobbling' of the Earth's rotation axis produces regional sea-level variations, requiring a reevaluation of long-term climate studies.
Researchers find that collision of liquids at high speed creates intense local heating, generating highly reactive intermediates for destroying contaminants in water. This method has potential as a simple way to purify water contaminated with low levels of chemical waste.
Protein binding events control many biological processes; removing water from binding sites provides energy that drives reactions. Duke researchers used a supersensitive instrument to measure minute temperature changes in normal and heavy water to separate protein-water interactions from ligand-water interactions.
A half-million-year record of ostracodes shows that biodiversity declines during glacial periods and increases during interglacial periods. Global climate change may further affect the richness of life on Earth beyond habitat degradation.
A new study suggests that dramatic temperature drops associated with glaciations at the poles and in the Northern Hemisphere reached around the globe. The research team analyzed fossil eggshells of large birds, finding a significant temperature shift in Australia's sub-tropical interior.
Scientists have successfully carried out a chemical reaction in the world's smallest test tubes, carbon nanotubes with diameters less than ten nanometers. The research could lead to the production of new types of nanoscale devices, such as metallic wires and electronic emitters.
A new study suggests that the ratio of calcium to magnesium in ostracod shells provides a reliable method for reconstructing ancient water temperatures. The technique, described in the journal Science, shows strong signals in temperature change between glacial and interglacial periods.