Articles tagged with Chemical Reactions
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
Researchers found that acetaldehyde reacts with polyamines to produce crotonaldehyde, which then forms a mutagenic compound that can cause cancer. The reactions occur at concentrations of acetaldehyde found in human saliva and gastrointestinal tissues after drinking alcohol.
A team of researchers developed a microreactor that continuously regenerates essential cofactors through enzyme-catalyzed reactions, driving favorable reaction equilibria. This innovation enables the efficient biocatalytic synthesis of chiral fine chemicals in larger quantities.
Scientists have found a previously unknown way in which the atmosphere produces substances that break down smog and pollutants into less harmful components. This discovery could lead to a better understanding of how the atmosphere cleanses itself and may improve atmospheric models.
Researchers find that naturally occurring atmospheric chemicals react with sunlight to break down smog and pollutants, producing more OH radicals than previously thought. This discovery could improve our understanding of how the atmosphere works and potentially lead to better models for predicting pollution.
Researchers found a way to convert hydrogen into water using an oxygen sponge, allowing the reaction to continue until most of the starting materials are used up. This new process reduces the amount of energy needed for separation and makes the product less contaminated.
Researchers at Emory University reveal a new pathway for formaldehyde decomposition that bypasses the traditional transition state, providing evidence for alternative mechanisms in chemical reactions. The study's findings have implications for our understanding of transition-state theory and its applications in chemistry and biochemistry.
Two University of Houston chemical engineering students built a fuel-cell-powered shoebox car that carried 400ml water 75ft in under an hour. The team's achievement marked the first time UH students participated at the national level.
UCR researchers Ludwig Bartels and team advance nanoscale electronics development by controlling chemical reactions one molecule at a time. They use an STM to guide individual molecules through step-by-step reactions, enabling fine-tuning of reactivity and optimizing atomic-scale construction of complex molecules.
Researchers have found that carbonyl sulfide forms peptide bonds spontaneously, addressing a long-standing question in the origin of life. The discovery suggests that this chemical component may have played a significant role in the emergence of life on Earth.
Using electron-stimulated desorption (ESD), researchers at Georgia Tech demonstrated that hydrochloric acid dissociates quickly upon contact with icy surfaces, even at temperatures below 100 degrees Kelvin. This study provides new insights into atmospheric chemistry and the surface activity of ice crystals.
Researchers use a novel chemical reaction in living mice to tag cells and attach tracer molecules to sugars on cell surfaces. This technique could help doctors pinpoint inflamed or cancerous cells for diagnosis. The method allows for the exploration of biosynthetic pathways and the examination of functional consequences.
Researchers demonstrate Staudinger ligation in remodeled cells of living mice, enabling tagging of specific cell types for noninvasive imaging and potential treatment of diseases. The technique meets key requirements of bio-orthogonality, allowing selective chemical reactions in physiological environments.
Researchers discovered a previously unknown reaction that converts fluorotelomer alcohols into perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) in the atmosphere, which can last up to 20 days. The chemicals were found in polar bear liver tissue samples and may pose developmental risks to humans living in the Arctic.
Researchers discovered that migratory birds can detect fluctuations in magnetic fields using a molecular substrate for chemical reactions. The study found that the birds' sensitivity to artificial magnetic fields ruled out the use of simple magnetic materials in their beaks or brains.
Researchers at Penn State have found a missing chemical that plays a significant role in ozone and aerosol production in the lower atmosphere. The discovery was made through a two-year study of hydroxyl radical reactivity in a forested area, which found that a temperature-dependent chemical was reacting with the hydroxyl radical.
Researchers Eric van Sprang and Henk-Jan Ramaker developed a new control method for managing chemical reactions. The method takes into account the relationships between various process parameters, reducing the need for multiple univariate control charts and improving early detection of process disruptions.
Researchers at UT Southwestern Medical Center have discovered a second chemical pathway that enhances smooth-muscle cell contraction when the primary pathway is limited. This finding has implications for treating conditions such as hypertension and other smooth muscle-related disorders.
A stable cluster of aluminum atoms, Al13, demonstrates properties similar to those of a halogen, retaining its properties during chemical reactions and in reaction products. The research uses experimental evidence and theoretical calculations to show that the cluster can be considered a 'superhalogen' atom.
Researchers have confirmed that molecules of water can freeze together to form a perfect crystal, allowing it to be manipulated by electric fields. This discovery enhances scientists' understanding of how naturally occurring particles of ice interact with the environment, particularly in chemical reactions such as ozone depletion.
Researchers at UCSD and TSRI have developed a method for creating highly specific inhibitors of the AChE enzyme, a key target for treating neuromuscular and cognitive disorders. The new approach utilizes click chemistry to bring reactant components into proximity on an enzyme template, resulting in potent and selective inhibitors.
A new 3D fabrication technique uses light-activated molecules to create complex microstructures with sub-micron features. The technique, called two-photon 3D lithography, has the potential to compete with existing processes for fabricating microfluidic devices and optical elements.
Scientists at NIST have developed an improved method for using liposomes as tiny test tubes for ultrasmall volume chemistry. This approach may be useful for studying cellular-level processes and identifying new pharmaceuticals more efficiently.
A New York chemist has made groundbreaking discoveries in synthesizing molecules, including pharmaceuticals, using a novel approach. His research reveals the importance of controlling the 'handedness' of compounds and introduces new reactions using pseudoephedrine.
Researchers found that half of the ozone is lost through unknown mechanisms in summer, but absorbed by trees in winter. The study suggests that understanding natural processes is crucial for developing scientifically-based air quality management policy.
Dr. John Brauman is recognized for his groundbreaking research on ion dynamics in the gas phase, significantly altering our understanding of chemical reactivity. As a renowned chemist, Brauman joins an elite group of recipients who have gone on to win the Nobel Prize.
St. Jude researchers have gained insights into the critical role of E1 enzymes in controlling cellular functions by modifying ubiquitin-like proteins. The discovery sheds light on how cells maintain order and perform vital activities like immune responses and cell division.
Chemist Denmark develops reactions to make mirror-image compounds with simpler, cheaper materials. His work impacts the pharmaceutical industry and improves access to essential substances.
Dixon's research uses computers to solve complex equations and predict the assembly of fluorine compounds, leading to the development of HFC 134A. His work also balances stability, safety, and environmental concerns in the creation of cost-efficient refrigerants.
Miller develops accurate chemical models by simulating traffic flow and manipulating equations to predict real-world outcomes. He aims to use these models to save laboratory time, money, and point to new avenues of research.
The Berkeley chemist has made significant contributions to understanding chemical reactions, including the discovery of the Bergman reaction. His work on intermediates has revealed their key role in chemical processes, with potential applications in fields such as medicine.
A team of scientists has discovered that chaotic wave patterns in the heart's electrical pulses can be controlled and potentially terminated using a weak periodic modulation. This discovery could lead to new methods for treating cardiac fibrillation, a life-threatening condition.
Researchers at Arizona State University have developed a light-powered molecular pump that shuttles calcium ions through a phospholipid membrane. The operation is controlled by an artificial reaction center molecule, which donates and reabsorbs electrons in response to light. This innovation could be used for various applications, incl...
Scientists at the University of Illinois discovered that insects can change plant chemistry to attract mates, using a substitute for sex pheromones. Male gall wasps recognize uneven chemical ratios and use volatile cues to locate females emerging from plants.
A UCI research team will study the chemistry of water-air interaction, shedding light on air pollution and atmospheric chemistry in Southern California. The five-year project involves international collaborations and will incorporate experiments and theory to understand dissolved particles and gas interactions.
Brauman is being recognized for his groundbreaking research on how molecules react, determining reaction rates and products. He will present an after-dinner talk on the impact of technology on basic science at a banquet on November 9.
Harden McConnell, a renowned Stanford University chemist, has been awarded the 2002 Welch Award for his pioneering discoveries about cell membranes. His work has provided new insights into how the body regulates cholesterol and activates its immune system.
Researchers from the University of Colorado Boulder have found that ozone-gobbling chlorine free radicals produced by CFC breakdown are more concentrated at high latitudes than previously believed. This discovery has significant implications for understanding ozone trends and their connection to climate change.
A research team led by Professor Timothy Zwier has demonstrated how laser light can be used to prompt large molecules to make alterations in their three-dimensional structure. By choosing different infrared wavelengths, the laser can selectively choose the molecule's new shape, favoring the formation of one conformation over another.
New ice core samples reveal human activities account for approximately 25% of modern carbonyl sulfide in the atmosphere. Researchers can now develop a baseline to measure the effect of human activity on atmospheric carbonyl sulfide and sulfate aerosols.
Computers can now simulate complex molecular reactions with larger molecule sizes, expanding the capabilities of quantum chemistry. Researchers aim to reduce computation time without losing accuracy.
Ruedenberg's theories describe how molecules' energy states change during reactions, predicting product properties. His contributions help elucidate bond formation between atoms.
Researchers at Stanford University study hydrogen atom collision with deuterium molecule, finding product travels in opposite direction than expected. The results suggest a more complex process involving multiple reaction mechanisms.
Researchers at Duke University Medical Center found a link between nerve cell changes and the apolipoprotein E4 gene. Those with the APOE4 gene experienced more rapid loss of nerve cell functioning, leading to accelerated brain aging. This study may lead to new understanding of age-related memory loss and potentially sharper brains.
Engineers have demonstrated the precision attitude control capability of NASA's Pulsed Plasma Thruster (PPT) on board the EO-1 satellite, making it the first time this technology has been used. The PPT is a fuel-efficient system that uses electromagnetic forces to propel a spacecraft, offering potential benefits for future space missions.
Droplets in salt crystals from various times in Earth's history reveal changing levels of major chemical components dissolved in ocean water. Lawrence Hardie's theory suggests that these changes may have fueled a nanoplankton population boom, leading to massive chalk deposits.
Researchers analyzed growth bands in Antarctic scallop shells to understand climate change, finding a long-term warming trend since the early 1950s. The study also reveals seasonal temperature variations and the impact of glacial meltwater on coastal waters.
A team of researchers led by Bradley and Yale archaeologist Harvey Weiss found that sudden climate changes were often present in societies that collapsed during the past 10,000 years. The study suggests that climate change was a major factor in the collapse of several societies around the world.
Glenn Agnolet's research uses Self-Assembled Tunnel Junctions (SATJs) to distinguish molecules based on their vibrational modes. By studying acetylene molecules on platinum, he found that the coupling between the molecule and electrons is ten times larger than expected.
The NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) Global Change Media Directory 2001 features over 343 scientists from 50 disciplines, including climate change, natural hazards, ozone, water resources, and global warming. The directory contains a list of experts with complete contact information.
University at Buffalo chemists found that nitric oxide is highly reactive with ethanol, making it a potentially more insidious pollutant. The study's findings provide new insights into how solvation affects chemical reactions and could help scientists better tailor lab experiments.
Researchers at ANU have developed a new high-resolution map of the energy surface of molecules using quantum dynamics to analyze hydrogen reacting with heavy water. This new methodology allows for faster and more accurate analysis of chemical reactions, enabling scientists to study other reactions more effectively.
Scientists have found that the tropical Pacific Ocean played a key role in driving past ice ages, cooling by at least 3 degrees Celsius during each of the last five ice ages. This discovery challenges the long-held theory that high latitude and North Atlantic processes were the primary drivers of climate change.
Researchers at Johns Hopkins University have created a new compound that helps delay the onset and reduce the number of skin cancers in lab mice. The compound, a modified form of vitamin D, does not cause calcium loss, making it a potential alternative approach to reducing cancer risk.
Researchers have developed an artificial nose that senses smell by visualizing color changes in metalloporphyrin dyes, offering improved sensitivity and humidity resistance compared to human noses. The technology has various applications in industries such as food and beverage, perfume, customs checkpoints, and chemical workplaces.
A Wisconsin lake study has found that acid rain effects can last for decades, with the chemistry of the lake correcting itself naturally within two years. However, the biological changes took much longer to recover, with some species thriving while others were decimated.
For over 40 years, chemist Ernest Davidson has used computers to simulate and study chemical reactions with precision. Today's computer programs can model complex reactions involving up to 30 atoms, enabling chemists to devise new reactions.
Researchers develop a new method for labeling cell surfaces with azide markers, which can target cancer therapy, medical implants, and viral-mediated gene transfer. The Staudinger ligation technique uses an electron-hungry carbohydrate trap to prevent instability in water, enabling stable amide bonds.
Researchers at the University of Illinois have discovered a rotational motion in gates controlling nerve impulses, challenging current models. The study reveals how amino acids move like keys turning in locks, affecting the flow of ions and generating nerve impulses.
Researchers at Thomas Jefferson University have used a gene repair technique to genetically change white albino mice hairs to black, showing stable and long-lasting changes in skin cells. The technique has potential as a treatment for some hereditary diseases by correcting genetic mutations.
Scientists have detected rotational motion in ion channel gates, which control the flow of sodium and potassium ions. The discovery challenges current models and may aid in developing future treatments for neurological disorders.