Articles tagged with Chemical Reactions
Researchers created ultra-small microreactor chips that increase chemical reaction rates by up to 1.7 times, reducing safety risks and increasing efficiency. The miniaturized Total Analysis System (µTAS) is now a feasible future technology.
Researchers at Virginia Tech have created soy-based macromolecules with comparable reactivity to isocyanates, a toxic intermediate used in many polymer products. The soy-based polymers demonstrate improved mechanical properties and are considered a safer alternative.
Researchers found that both chemical and mechanical stimuli trigger the same messenger molecule, cAMP, in olfactory nerve cells. This suggests that mechanosensitivity exists in all mammals, including humans, without a septal organ, enhancing our ability to smell and synchronizing breathing with inhaling.
A new study by UC Berkeley scientists finds that male sweat contains a chemical called androstadienone, which increases cortisol levels and affects women's hormonal balance. The study suggests that inhaling this chemical could be used to raise cortisol levels in patients with diseases like Addison's disease.
Researchers at Ohio State University have discovered that the most common chemical reaction causing sunburn is triggered by a very short-lived excited state of DNA, contradicting previous beliefs. This finding has significant implications for understanding how UV damage leads to skin cancer and other diseases.
Researchers discovered that present-day organisms use trace metals derived from ancient changes in ocean chemistry. Protein structures revealed a major influence of geochemistry on life, leading to diversification and complexity. The study links biology and geology, shedding light on co-evolutionary processes.
The median salary for chemists has increased to $86,900, with bachelor's degrees earning $67,200 and Ph.D.'s earning $96,000. The chemistry workforce is becoming more diverse, with female graduates receiving a higher percentage of B.S. chemistry degrees.
Researchers have discovered a key molecular mechanism allowing tiny flies to whirl their wings at high speeds, revealing new insights into heart disease and the evolution of flight. The findings provide a better understanding of how chemical energy is converted into muscle movements, including human heart muscle pumping blood.
Microbes adapted to living with oxygen around 2.7 billion years ago, as indicated by changes in fossil isotopes of carbon in rocks from the late Archean period in Western Australia. This finding supports the idea that oxygen-producing photosynthesis evolved and enriched the atmosphere over time.
Researchers at NRC Canada use laser pulses to control chemical reactions by tilting molecular landscapes. This method has implications for quantum information and optical microscopy of live cells.
Ohio State University researchers used mathematical simulations to study chemical reactions in cells, finding that many graphs indicate quirky behavior. This 'quirkiness' may be essential for biology and could help explain why cells sometimes react unexpectedly to medicines.
A Johns Hopkins University researcher found that corals can switch from using aragonite to calcite minerals in building their skeletons based on the magnesium-to-calcium ratio of seawater. This change poses questions about coral reefs' future survival amid global warming and ocean acidification.
Researchers from the UK Met Office and the University of Leeds have developed computer models to predict rotor winds, which can be devastating for aircraft. The T-REX project uses these models to check accuracy and improve predictions, ultimately enhancing safety at mountainous airports.
A Virginia Tech student is selected to meet with Nobel laureates to discuss his research on bioremediation using bacteria-mineral interaction. The study aims to understand the fundamental reactions that dictate how bacteria interact with minerals, potentially leading to a safe and cost-effective means of environmental remediation.
Brown University professors and USC colleagues find a molecule spinning at 270 trillion rotations per minute, annihilating friction. The phenomenon challenges old laws of physics, suggesting molecules can move energy without slowing down.
Researchers spin a molecular stick, creating a shock wave that destroys friction in the surrounding liquid, allowing it to rotate freely. The discovery challenges traditional models of liquid behavior and has significant implications for understanding chemical reactions.
Oxygen is essential for the development of complex biochemical networks that enable organisms to convert food into energy. The study found that even simple networks had anoxic pathways common to all life, but oxygen was necessary for higher life forms to evolve.
Researchers used atomic force microscopes to 'yank' chemical bonds, accelerating reaction speeds while maintaining the order of bond formation and breaking. This discovery may aid in developing self-healing polymers and lead to a better understanding of fundamental energy exchange in chemical reactions.
Researchers at Rutgers University have developed tiny chemical cages that can enclose drug and pesticide molecules, enabling safe delivery and improving chemical production. The one-step process creates tight bonds, surpassing earlier approaches in simplicity and efficiency.
Researchers at NIST discovered that acetaminophen, a widely used pain reliever, transforms into 11 new toxic compounds when exposed to chlorine disinfection in wastewater. The study highlights the need for environmental scientists to consider downstream reaction products when assessing pharmaceutical impacts on the environment.
Researchers at Penn State discovered that polyphenols in oats inhibit the Maillard reaction, reducing off-flavors and stale odors. The findings suggest that controlling polyphenol levels could prevent undesirable reactions, including those linked to human diseases.
The development of micro-reactors poses a challenge to the Chemical Weapons Convention's monitoring and verification capabilities. These small reactors can produce lethal chemicals with minimal signature, making it harder to detect malicious intent.
Researchers found that acetaldehyde reacts with polyamines to produce crotonaldehyde, which then forms a mutagenic compound that can cause cancer. The reactions occur at concentrations of acetaldehyde found in human saliva and gastrointestinal tissues after drinking alcohol.
A team of researchers developed a microreactor that continuously regenerates essential cofactors through enzyme-catalyzed reactions, driving favorable reaction equilibria. This innovation enables the efficient biocatalytic synthesis of chiral fine chemicals in larger quantities.
Researchers find that naturally occurring atmospheric chemicals react with sunlight to break down smog and pollutants, producing more OH radicals than previously thought. This discovery could improve our understanding of how the atmosphere works and potentially lead to better models for predicting pollution.
Scientists have found a previously unknown way in which the atmosphere produces substances that break down smog and pollutants into less harmful components. This discovery could lead to a better understanding of how the atmosphere cleanses itself and may improve atmospheric models.
Researchers found a way to convert hydrogen into water using an oxygen sponge, allowing the reaction to continue until most of the starting materials are used up. This new process reduces the amount of energy needed for separation and makes the product less contaminated.
Two University of Houston chemical engineering students built a fuel-cell-powered shoebox car that carried 400ml water 75ft in under an hour. The team's achievement marked the first time UH students participated at the national level.
Researchers at Emory University reveal a new pathway for formaldehyde decomposition that bypasses the traditional transition state, providing evidence for alternative mechanisms in chemical reactions. The study's findings have implications for our understanding of transition-state theory and its applications in chemistry and biochemistry.
UCR researchers Ludwig Bartels and team advance nanoscale electronics development by controlling chemical reactions one molecule at a time. They use an STM to guide individual molecules through step-by-step reactions, enabling fine-tuning of reactivity and optimizing atomic-scale construction of complex molecules.
Researchers have found that carbonyl sulfide forms peptide bonds spontaneously, addressing a long-standing question in the origin of life. The discovery suggests that this chemical component may have played a significant role in the emergence of life on Earth.
Using electron-stimulated desorption (ESD), researchers at Georgia Tech demonstrated that hydrochloric acid dissociates quickly upon contact with icy surfaces, even at temperatures below 100 degrees Kelvin. This study provides new insights into atmospheric chemistry and the surface activity of ice crystals.
Researchers use a novel chemical reaction in living mice to tag cells and attach tracer molecules to sugars on cell surfaces. This technique could help doctors pinpoint inflamed or cancerous cells for diagnosis. The method allows for the exploration of biosynthetic pathways and the examination of functional consequences.
Researchers demonstrate Staudinger ligation in remodeled cells of living mice, enabling tagging of specific cell types for noninvasive imaging and potential treatment of diseases. The technique meets key requirements of bio-orthogonality, allowing selective chemical reactions in physiological environments.
Researchers discovered a previously unknown reaction that converts fluorotelomer alcohols into perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) in the atmosphere, which can last up to 20 days. The chemicals were found in polar bear liver tissue samples and may pose developmental risks to humans living in the Arctic.
Researchers discovered that migratory birds can detect fluctuations in magnetic fields using a molecular substrate for chemical reactions. The study found that the birds' sensitivity to artificial magnetic fields ruled out the use of simple magnetic materials in their beaks or brains.
Researchers at Penn State have found a missing chemical that plays a significant role in ozone and aerosol production in the lower atmosphere. The discovery was made through a two-year study of hydroxyl radical reactivity in a forested area, which found that a temperature-dependent chemical was reacting with the hydroxyl radical.
Researchers Eric van Sprang and Henk-Jan Ramaker developed a new control method for managing chemical reactions. The method takes into account the relationships between various process parameters, reducing the need for multiple univariate control charts and improving early detection of process disruptions.
Researchers at UT Southwestern Medical Center have discovered a second chemical pathway that enhances smooth-muscle cell contraction when the primary pathway is limited. This finding has implications for treating conditions such as hypertension and other smooth muscle-related disorders.
A stable cluster of aluminum atoms, Al13, demonstrates properties similar to those of a halogen, retaining its properties during chemical reactions and in reaction products. The research uses experimental evidence and theoretical calculations to show that the cluster can be considered a 'superhalogen' atom.
Researchers have confirmed that molecules of water can freeze together to form a perfect crystal, allowing it to be manipulated by electric fields. This discovery enhances scientists' understanding of how naturally occurring particles of ice interact with the environment, particularly in chemical reactions such as ozone depletion.
Researchers at UCSD and TSRI have developed a method for creating highly specific inhibitors of the AChE enzyme, a key target for treating neuromuscular and cognitive disorders. The new approach utilizes click chemistry to bring reactant components into proximity on an enzyme template, resulting in potent and selective inhibitors.
A new 3D fabrication technique uses light-activated molecules to create complex microstructures with sub-micron features. The technique, called two-photon 3D lithography, has the potential to compete with existing processes for fabricating microfluidic devices and optical elements.
Scientists at NIST have developed an improved method for using liposomes as tiny test tubes for ultrasmall volume chemistry. This approach may be useful for studying cellular-level processes and identifying new pharmaceuticals more efficiently.
A New York chemist has made groundbreaking discoveries in synthesizing molecules, including pharmaceuticals, using a novel approach. His research reveals the importance of controlling the 'handedness' of compounds and introduces new reactions using pseudoephedrine.
Researchers found that half of the ozone is lost through unknown mechanisms in summer, but absorbed by trees in winter. The study suggests that understanding natural processes is crucial for developing scientifically-based air quality management policy.
Dr. John Brauman is recognized for his groundbreaking research on ion dynamics in the gas phase, significantly altering our understanding of chemical reactivity. As a renowned chemist, Brauman joins an elite group of recipients who have gone on to win the Nobel Prize.
St. Jude researchers have gained insights into the critical role of E1 enzymes in controlling cellular functions by modifying ubiquitin-like proteins. The discovery sheds light on how cells maintain order and perform vital activities like immune responses and cell division.
Dixon's research uses computers to solve complex equations and predict the assembly of fluorine compounds, leading to the development of HFC 134A. His work also balances stability, safety, and environmental concerns in the creation of cost-efficient refrigerants.
Miller develops accurate chemical models by simulating traffic flow and manipulating equations to predict real-world outcomes. He aims to use these models to save laboratory time, money, and point to new avenues of research.
The Berkeley chemist has made significant contributions to understanding chemical reactions, including the discovery of the Bergman reaction. His work on intermediates has revealed their key role in chemical processes, with potential applications in fields such as medicine.
Chemist Denmark develops reactions to make mirror-image compounds with simpler, cheaper materials. His work impacts the pharmaceutical industry and improves access to essential substances.
A team of scientists has discovered that chaotic wave patterns in the heart's electrical pulses can be controlled and potentially terminated using a weak periodic modulation. This discovery could lead to new methods for treating cardiac fibrillation, a life-threatening condition.
Researchers at Arizona State University have developed a light-powered molecular pump that shuttles calcium ions through a phospholipid membrane. The operation is controlled by an artificial reaction center molecule, which donates and reabsorbs electrons in response to light. This innovation could be used for various applications, incl...
Scientists at the University of Illinois discovered that insects can change plant chemistry to attract mates, using a substitute for sex pheromones. Male gall wasps recognize uneven chemical ratios and use volatile cues to locate females emerging from plants.
A UCI research team will study the chemistry of water-air interaction, shedding light on air pollution and atmospheric chemistry in Southern California. The five-year project involves international collaborations and will incorporate experiments and theory to understand dissolved particles and gas interactions.
Brauman is being recognized for his groundbreaking research on how molecules react, determining reaction rates and products. He will present an after-dinner talk on the impact of technology on basic science at a banquet on November 9.
Harden McConnell, a renowned Stanford University chemist, has been awarded the 2002 Welch Award for his pioneering discoveries about cell membranes. His work has provided new insights into how the body regulates cholesterol and activates its immune system.
Researchers from the University of Colorado Boulder have found that ozone-gobbling chlorine free radicals produced by CFC breakdown are more concentrated at high latitudes than previously believed. This discovery has significant implications for understanding ozone trends and their connection to climate change.
A research team led by Professor Timothy Zwier has demonstrated how laser light can be used to prompt large molecules to make alterations in their three-dimensional structure. By choosing different infrared wavelengths, the laser can selectively choose the molecule's new shape, favoring the formation of one conformation over another.