Articles tagged with Chemical Reactions
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
Copper acetate and copper resinate pigments, used in Renaissance-era art, turned brown over time due to molecular changes triggered by light exposure. Boiling linseed oil before mixing slowed the darkening reaction.
Tetravinylallene, a highly unsaturated molecule with two adjacent double bonds, has been synthesized for the first time, offering a new approach to constructing complex molecular frameworks. Its symmetry enables chemists to perform multiple reactions in one step, making it a potent tool for synthesizing natural products and drugs.
Researchers found that digital computers struggle to replicate the behavior of chaotic dynamical systems, even with vast numbers of available single-precision floating-point numbers. This limitation can lead to errors in simulations, affecting fields like climate change, physics, and chemistry.
Researchers have discovered a new reaction that enables the production of indoline scaffolds, which are crucial for developing new medicines. By using nitrogen as a catalyst, the reaction can create complex assemblies more easily and efficiently.
Scientists have successfully observed and controlled fast-paced chemical reactions using light, which could lead to new optical nanotechnology. The method uses ultrafast techniques to visualize the reaction, offering insights into molecular interactions and potential applications in materials design.
A team of researchers directly observed charge transfer and intermolecular interactions in artificial photosynthesis on a picosecond scale. They used time-resolved attenuated total reflection spectroscopy in the terahertz region to reveal the process, which involves rhenium complexes and Triethanolamine solvent.
Researchers developed a tunable metamaterial that can change shape in response to electrical control, exhibiting unique mechanical and vibrational properties. This breakthrough has potential applications in next-generation energy storage systems and bio-implantable micro-devices.
Researchers at The University of Tokyo have developed a method to actively break chemical bonds using tiny antennae created by infrared lasers. This technique enables selective control over chemical reactions, increasing yields while minimizing unwanted side products.
Glacier-fed rivers in Canada's north are actively consuming atmospheric CO2, according to a University of Alberta study. Chemical weathering is the process behind this phenomenon, involving interactions between glacial sediments and melt waters with the atmosphere.
Scientists have mapped the evolution of complex uranium oxide species, creating a detailed picture of their formation and behavior. This research has practical applications in technologies like laser spectroscopy and verifying nuclear treaty compliance.
For the first time, researchers have visualized chemical processes in unprecedented detail using molecular electron microscopy. This breakthrough allows for the observation of discrete stages in chemical reactions, which could aid in the development of methods to synthesize chemicals with greater control and precision.
Researchers develop synthetic compartmentalization system that mimics biological functions, allowing for controlled chemical reactions and separation of materials. The system uses electrical charge to regulate the flow of materials and can be used in various applications such as drug delivery, wound treatment, and water purification.
Portland State University chemistry professor Dave Stuart has received a three-year $455,000 National Science Foundation grant to study hypervalent iodine reagents. The research aims to design new chemical reactions that can be used to synthesize molecules for pharmaceutical, agriculture, and technology applications.
Researchers present an integrated strategy for computer-augmented chemical synthesis, successfully yielding 15 different medicinally related small molecules. Their AI-informed, robotically controlled platform has the potential to greatly improve the synthesis of complex molecules, reducing manual labor and increasing scalability.
Scientists have developed a practical method to measure entanglement in chemical reactions, which could lead to breakthroughs in designing better solar energy systems and understanding the fundamental principles of chemistry. The study generalized Bell's inequality to include continuous measurements, validating its application in chemi...
Researchers found that amino acids linked up spontaneously into neat segments under conditions mimicking pre-life Earth. The preference for biological amino acids over non-biological counterparts suggests that early life may have selected a subset of building blocks based on their chemical properties.
Robert Coridan will focus on designing scalable nanostructures to increase light absorption efficiency in chemical reactions. The goal is to mimic photosynthesis and convert sunlight into chemical fuels.
Researchers at Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology have developed a new synthetic process for indole alkaloids, using zinc reagent. This approach enables concise and divergent synthesis of diverse alkaloidal scaffolds, paving the way for next-generation pharmaceuticals and pesticides.
Artificial cells have been created by Imperial College London scientists that can sense changes in their surroundings and respond with drug molecules or harm removal. This breakthrough uses a simpler approach to mimic complex biological responses, making it easier to engineer artificial cells for various biotechnological applications.
Researchers at Kyushu University developed computer simulations using realistic atomic-scale models to understand reaction pathways in solid-oxide fuel cells. The study found that reactions are more likely to occur in layers with smaller pore sizes, but also identified a new degradation pathway that could impact performance.
The study reveals the dynamics of chemical reactions in unprecedented detail, capturing the excitation of a single electron in a molecule. The researchers used ultra-high-speed x-ray pulses to take snapshots of molecular motions at different stages, enabling them to analyze and reconstruct the shape of the molecule as it unfolded.
Researchers from Columbia University and Harvard are collaborating on a $1 million project to advance ultracold chemistry, enabling the study of previously inaccessible molecular species and reactions. The team aims to create a range of molecules using metal attachment and laser cooling techniques.
Scientists discovered resonance-enhanced tunneling as the key to the F + H2 reaction's rapid reactivity, essential for understanding interstellar chemistry. The research found that resonance states are crucial for overcoming the energy barrier, enabling the observed HF in interstellar clouds.
A new study reveals that traditional comparisons of before-and-after fluid properties do not capture the full story of chemical reactions in flowing fluids. The researchers observed an increase in viscosity during a reaction but found the solution had thinned out by its end.
DNA microscopy enables spatially mapping genetic material without optical equipment, allowing researchers to track molecular positions and variations. The technique has potential applications in understanding biological processes, cancer, and immune system development.
Scientists have created a revolutionary new chemical reactor that can produce pure hydrogen as a product stream. The 'hydrogen memory reactor' avoids costly separation of final products by retaining 'chemical memory' of reacting gas conditions, making the process more efficient and environmentally friendly.
Scientists at University of Cambridge developed tiny gold particles to create smallest pixels yet, a million times smaller than smartphone pixels, for large-scale flexible displays. These colour-changing pixels can be applied to building-sized screens, reducing production cost and enabling sustainable technologies.
Researchers at University of Göttingen and Pasadena discovered hydrogen binding to graphene in 10 femtoseconds, forming a transient chemical bond. This reaction creates a bandgap, making graphene a useful semiconductor.
Researchers use carbon nanotube nanoreactors to produce and stabilize metastable silver iodide structures, including rock-salt and helix phases, at ambient conditions. The synthesis provides a new path to the creation of extreme structures.
A team of researchers used a reduced order model to analyze data from high-fidelity simulations, gaining new knowledge about chemical reactions in hypersonic flows. The study looked at three types of gas compositions and found that vibrations temperatures could be predicted, as well as the formation of nitric oxide in small amounts.
Researchers at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory have made the first high-definition 'movie' of ring-shaped molecules breaking open in response to light. The results provide high-resolution details of the reaction, showing how bonds break and atoms jiggle around for extended periods of time.
Drexel University researchers have found that mixing a certain type of bacteria into concrete can prevent potholes caused by road salt. The bacteria produce calcite, which interacts with the calcium chloride in road salts and prevents their negative effects on concrete.
Researchers at Rice University discovered that PTFE stir bars react with chemicals in an unexpected way, affecting the modification of nanotubes. This discovery highlights the importance of choosing inert materials in laboratory settings.
Researchers found that low-dose BPA exposure during gestation alters circadian rhythms, leading to increased activity and disrupted daily patterns in mice. This study suggests a potential contributing factor to hyperactivity observed in BPA-exposed mice.
Researchers at the University of Münster have identified a new reaction mechanism for converting biomass into fuels and chemicals using mechanical force. The mechano-catalytic reaction reduces energy requirements and eliminates unnecessary steps, leading to a more efficient and environmentally friendly process.
Researchers suggest that tectonic activity, particularly volcanic arc collisions in the tropics, drives long-term climatic trends. These events uplift mafic rocks, which are readily eroded and consume CO2, leading to cooling climates.
The Meridies Medieval History research group at the University of Cordoba collaborated with chemists to replicate five medieval inks. The team analyzed handwritten recipes, translated texts, and analyzed chemical reactions to recreate the exact same inks used six centuries ago.
A new soy-based adhesive, created using Maillard chemistry, shows promise as a non-toxic alternative for food packaging. The adhesive, made from natural proteins and sugars, is stronger than Gorilla Glue on wood and has the potential to replace toxic petroleum-based adhesives.
Researchers at Kanazawa University designed a metallomolecular cage that can be opened through disulfide exchange reactions with thiolate anions. The cage's 'hatch' opens to allow cesium ions to enter, demonstrating its potential as a molecular container with on-demand guest uptake/release systems.
Researchers at TUM created artificial cell assemblies that can communicate and trigger complex reactions like RNA production, mimicking biological organisms. The system achieves spatial differentiation and is a step towards tissue-like synthetic materials.
A new scale of electronegativity has been developed, providing a more comprehensive and extensive definition that can predict the approximate charge distribution in different molecules and materials. The new definition averages the binding energy of valence electrons and offers an equation to describe the total energy of an atom.
Molecules can switch between magnetic and non-magnetic forms dynamically, enabling applications like efficient solar cells and quantum computing. The researchers found this process occurs in half a picosecond, far faster than initially believed.
A KAIST team presents a detailed analysis of metabolic engineering routes and optimal synthetic pathways for producing various industrial bio-based chemicals. The comprehensive metabolic map charts all available strategies and pathways, serving as a blueprint for the production of interest from renewable resources.
Researchers from Osaka City University have developed a novel quantum algorithm to perform full configuration interaction calculations suitable for predicting chemical reactions, overcoming the exponential/combinatorial explosion of traditional methods. This breakthrough enables practical applications of quantum chemistry on quantum co...
An international team of scientists developed a hybrid micro mixer that increases mixing efficiency by up to 90%, making it suitable for various biological studies. The device combines different geometry elements, offering high process efficiency and replacing existing passive micro mixers.
Using laser pulses and supercomputing simulations, researchers observed electrons' movements in real-time. This breakthrough study verifies theoretical predictions and provides new insights into atomic-scale processes governing chemical reactions.
An interdisciplinary team of scientists developed a new method to describe molecular rotations in solvents, paving the way for controlling chemical reactions. The technique, based on Feynman diagrams, delivers precise results and has potential to simulate molecular behavior.
Scientists at Tsinghua University and Beihang University developed a 'microtube pump' that can transport tiny amounts of fluid using sunlight-powered capillary forces. The pump consists of two layers with asymmetric properties that work together to accelerate water droplets to exceptional speeds.
Researchers created both organic compounds and oxygen in the lab without life. The simulations, published by Johns Hopkins University, suggest that oxygen and organics can be produced abiotically, leading to false positives for life.
Researchers from China and Germany discover the geometric phase effect in a benchmark chemical reaction, providing new insights into molecular systems with conical intersections. The study uses high-resolution velocity map ion imaging technique to observe rapid oscillations of H2 products, which can only be reproduced by theoretical ca...
A UMass Lowell team is working on developing renewable fuel additives from sawdust to increase energy efficiency and reduce emissions. The project aims to create a sustainable alternative to traditional fossil fuels in internal combustion engines.
Researchers create amino acid chains with specific sequences, hinting at first glimmers of information storage on early Earth. The study aims to unlock new capabilities for modern medicine by designing drugs and synthesizing compounds more efficiently.
Scientists studied copper/gold and iron/palladium thin film reactions upon heating, enabling improved material properties for microelectronics. The research helps identify features of these systems for designing devices.
Scientists have proposed an innovative method to create custom-made mirror molecules for analysis by inducing rotationally-induced chirality in symmetric-top molecules. This technique could enhance insight into the workings of nature and pave the way for new materials and methods.
Researchers at EPFL have successfully controlled a chemical reaction just above absolute zero by manipulating atomic orientation and energies. The study has significant implications for understanding fundamental chemistry models.
Researchers at the University of Toronto have discovered a way to select the outcome of chemical reactions by manipulating the 'impact parameter', a key factor in reaction dynamics. By directing reagent molecules towards targeted molecules with controlled accuracy, chemists can now control the products of chemical reactions.
Researchers propose a simple chemical reaction network that yields power-law statistics with tunable exponents. This suggests bacteria can naturally generate power-law distributions in flagellar rotation intervals, making them more capable in solving searching tasks.
A team of researchers developed an electrically conductive MOF that conducts electricity up to 10,000 times better than before, using a potassium chemical mix to boost conductivity. The new material has high electron mobility and can be used in various applications including batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells.
A multidisciplinary team of scientists from OIST has developed a novel tool to monitor biofilm growth, allowing for more efficient testing of replacement antibiotics. By using nanostructured chips and localized surface plasmon resonance, the researchers can observe bacterial cells growing without disrupting their test subjects.
Scripps Research scientists have developed a powerful new strategy for synthesizing molecular skeletons of chemicals used in drugs and other important products. The method combines two chemical reactions, C-C cross coupling and cycloaddition, providing unprecedented flexibility and control over chemical synthesis.