Articles tagged with Chemical Reactions
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
The Martini forcefield offers fast but accurate coarse-grained simulations for soft matter systems, such as lipid membranes and proteins. The new version has been recalibrated with more reference data, enhancing its accuracy and usability in materials science and biophysics research.
A team of undergraduate students from the University of Exeter's Natural Sciences department has published their second-year research in a top academic journal. They applied novel image analysis techniques to study the Belousov-Zhabotinsky chemical reaction, extracting features such as wave velocity and making unprecedented progress.
A new coating technology has been developed to stabilize Ni-rich cathodes in lithium-ion batteries, improving cycling stability and capacity retention. The technique involves infusing a cobalt boride metallic glass into the grain boundaries of the cathode material, resulting in improved electrochemical performance and safety.
Researchers at the University of Toronto have made a groundbreaking discovery in the field of reaction dynamics, shedding light on the behavior of molecules during collisions. The 'knock-on chemistry' phenomenon reveals that reaction products emerge in a straight line, moving in the same direction as the incoming reagent atom.
Researchers have developed a rapid, light-based detection system for deadly toxins using cutting-edge photovoltaic materials. The new sensing mechanism can detect a wide range of fumigants and chemical warfare agents, including teargas and mustard gas, with high sensitivity and speed.
Scientists have made a breakthrough in tracing electron transfer processes at metal-molecule interfaces, allowing for the observation of electron excitation pathways in real-time. This achievement has fundamental implications for optimizing interfaces and nanostructures, potentially leading to new technologies.
Researchers developed segmented polyurethane polymers with hard and soft functional segments containing a 'mechanophore' molecule that splits into radicals under mechanical stress. This triggers cross-linking between polymers, enhancing their strength and enabling intuitive damage detection.
A new University of Colorado Boulder study found that exercising individuals emit up to five times more chemicals from their body than sedentary people, which combine with bleach cleaners to form unknown airborne chemicals. The team detected a specific reaction product, N-chloraldimines, in gym air, raising concerns about indoor air qu...
Researchers at the University of Münster developed a strategy to switch DNA functions on and off using light. This allows for better understanding and control of cellular processes, such as epigenetics. The method involves transferring photocaging groups to DNA using protein engineering.
Researchers have discovered that tiny bubbles on electrodes can facilitate electrochemical reactions, leading to faster pollutant removal and chlorine production. The formation of hydroxide anions in the bubble's corona accelerates these processes, making them more efficient than usual.
JILA scientists use an electric 'knob' to control molecular collisions and raise or lower chemical reaction rates in ultracold gases. The ability to manipulate these reactions enables the design of novel chemicals, new platforms for quantum computers, and precision measurement tools.
Scientists from the University of Rome Tor Vergata created a method to use antibodies to control chemical reactions forming therapeutic agents and imaging molecules. The approach involves modifying synthetic DNA oligonucleotides with recognition elements targeting specific antibodies.
Researchers at University of Toronto have developed an electrochemical method to convert captured carbon into commercially valuable products, such as fuels and plastics. The new process significantly lowers the overall energy cost of combined capture and upgrade, making it more economically attractive.
Researchers have developed a novel method to convert carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide at room temperature using localized surface plasmons. This process eliminates the need for high heat, reducing energy requirements and costs in industrial production.
Researchers develop reproducible protocol to assess immune effects of nucleic acid nanoparticles, a promising area of biomedical treatment. The protocol measures both quantitative and qualitative aspects of the immune response, enabling more accurate predictions and potential therapeutic uses.
A recent study using long-term ocean data from the North Atlantic Ocean reveals a decadal variability and recent acceleration of surface warming, salinification, deoxygenation, and ocean acidification. The data shows a significant increase in surface temperatures, salinity, and carbon dioxide levels, leading to an acidification trend.
Researchers found that a series of chemical reactions control a feedback loop that senses energy need and replenishes it by recruiting cellular powerplants to synapses. This mechanism sustains synaptic efficacy in neurons controlling thoughts, feelings, and movements.
A new study found that humans exhibit slower epigenetic aging than chimpanzees, with certain DNA sites gaining or losing chemical tags in a clock-like pattern. The researchers analyzed over 850,000 DNA sites in blood samples from 83 chimpanzees aged 1 to 59 and found that aging leaves its mark on the chimpanzee genome, similar to humans.
Researchers from the University of Würzburg have developed a method to convert nitrogen to ammonium at room temperature without using transition metals. The key to this process is the use of boron and water, which enables sequential reactions that bring the team close to producing ammonia.
Researchers developed a non-toxic nanofluid using commercially available sodium, achieving 80% oil recovery in lab tests. The nanofluid works through multiple mechanisms, including generating heat and reducing viscosity, making it a game-changing technology for oil recovery.
A new study suggests that volcanic ash can persist in the air for months after an eruption, potentially hastening the transformation of volcanic gases and darkening the planet. The discovery was made using real-world observations and advanced computer simulations of the Mount Kelut eruption on Java in 2014.
Researchers at Princeton University have created a system to control genetically engineered bacteria using light, allowing for precise production of chemicals and proteins. This method, called OptoLac, enables easy tuning and reversal of induction signals, reducing costs and carbon footprint.
Researchers studied a single battery cathode particle's surface and interior to understand how chemical changes affect each other. They discovered variations in cracking and degradation across the particle, which can impact its ability to store and release energy.
Researchers at UT Institute of Agriculture use gas chromatography-olfactometry to identify 49 odorants in Tennessee whiskey, including nine new discoveries. The study reveals that the Lincoln County Process decreases malty and rancid aromas while retaining desirable flavors.
Research reveals that flavourings combine with solvents in e-cigarettes to produce new, toxic compounds that can lead to breathing and heart problems. The new chemicals are more toxic than their parent compounds and activate sensory receptors, increasing the risk of cardiovascular issues.
Scientists develop a self-actuated soft hydrogel driven by an oscillatory chemical reaction to produce an autonomous integrated pump for microfluidic applications. The researchers created a single-component power source, simplifying design and reducing cost.
Researchers detect electron movements in liquid water using photoemission, revealing a delay of 50-70 attoseconds compared to gaseous form. This discovery sheds light on chemical reactions and biological processes such as photosynthesis and DNA damage.
Researchers used seismic waves to study chemical reactions deep below ground, revealing changes in porosity and saturation of rocks. The findings have implications for understanding water quality and protecting valuable groundwater resources.
Scientists cooled potassium-rubidium molecules to near absolute zero, observing an intermediate complex that lived for 360 nanoseconds. The team found that laser light was forcing the molecules off their reaction path, leading to loss.
A Montana State University professor's research on plant chemistry published in Global Change Biology reveals increased greening across the Northern Great Plains and Northern Rockies. The study found decreased levels of nitrogen and increased levels of carbon in recent plant samples, as well as improved water use efficiency.
Researchers have created a device that can suspend two chemically distinct droplets in mid-air and mix them without physical contact. The technique uses acoustic levitation, which allows scientists to study various types of chemical reactions without the influence of containers or handling.
Researchers at Stevens Institute of Technology reveal how bombardier beetles biosynthesize chemicals to create fuel for their explosions. The study shows the beetles' biochemistry is intricate, with toxic chemicals derived from coal tar and benzene-like compounds metabolized from hydroquinone.
Scientists analyzed samples of radioactive 106Ru contaminant and found markers consistent with nuclear waste reprocessing protocols. The study suggests the 2017 release occurred during such reprocessing, providing new insights into the incident.
Scientists at the University of Tokyo have discovered a way to speed up chemical reactions involving amide bonds, which are key components of proteins. By applying a slight twist to their structure, they increased reaction rates by up to 14 times, potentially benefiting medical research and drug development.
Researchers at the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics found clear quantum interference in the H + HD reaction, verifying that Nature plays dice. The study reveals a new roaming mechanism, which occurs only 0.3% of the time, and highlights the complexity of chemical reactions.
Scientists have demonstrated a technique to visualize the dynamic migration mechanism of ions in solid-phase using chemical transmission electron microscopy. The study reveals a 'migration bridge' between neighboring nanowires and offers critical insights into ion migration kinetics on nanoscale systems.
The University of Texas at Austin researchers aim to find the best mask-disinfectant combinations to reduce exposure to hazardous chemicals. The project uses thermal manikins and mass spectrometers to measure the effects of different disinfectants on masks.
Researchers at UMass Amherst have developed a new tool for controlling reactions in microrobots and microreactors, leveraging capillary forces to create self-assembling hanging droplets of aqueous polymer solutions. This technique enables selective transport of chemicals and can be used as encapsulated reaction vessels.
A new study by researchers at the University of Colorado Boulder has found that the international ozone treaty has stopped changes in Southern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation. The Montreal Protocol, which phased out ozone-depleting chemicals, has driven recent reversals in these patterns.
A team from Osaka University has developed a method to quickly identify optimal parameters for complex reactions, reducing time, materials, and cost. Using machine learning and flow systems, they achieved high yields and purity of a potential therapeutic agent with improved selectivity.
Researchers at Binghamton University found that road salt and invasive species can harm native amphibians, with non-native African clawed frogs showing greater tolerance to chemical changes. This study highlights the need for better environmental management strategies to protect natural ecosystems.
A recent study by the Keck School of Medicine found that vapers and smokers exhibit similar epigenetic changes in their genome, which can cause genes to malfunction. These chemical alterations are commonly found in human cancer and other serious diseases.
Scripps Research scientists have developed a 'warp drive' method to create unique 3-D structures resembling those found in nature, which can lead to more effective medicines. The technique has potential applications for treating inflammatory diseases and may help identify new drug leads.
Researchers used an X-ray laser to study iron carbenes' behavior when exposed to light. They found that the molecule can respond in two ways, with electrons flowing into devices only about 60% of the time.
Researchers at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute developed a highly effective separation membrane that can convert carbon dioxide into fuel like methanol more efficiently. The membrane's water-conduction nanochannels allow for quick and selective removal of water, enabling the chemical reaction to proceed rapidly.
Scientists at Argonne National Laboratory have experimentally detected the transition state in chemical reactions, a hidden aspect that controls product formation. This breakthrough could improve industrial processes and lead to the synthesis of new life-saving drugs.
Researchers have developed a method to link fingerprint compounds with their age, allowing for more precise timing of prints. By analyzing triacylglycerol degradation rates, scientists can estimate the time elapsed since fingerprints were left behind.
A new study found that chemicals in common skincare products can trigger allergic contact dermatitis by displacing natural lipids on skin cells. Researchers identified CD1a molecules as a key player in this process and discovered competing lipids that can displace triggering chemicals, potentially treating the condition.
Researchers recommend simplifying air quality testing methods to improve accuracy in simulating atmospheric chemical reactions and reducing pollution. A combination of bottom-up and top-down techniques can help achieve more accurate results.
Researchers use millimeter-wave spectroscopy to observe reaction products, determining the structure of the transition state for the first time. The study identifies two different transition states and suggests additional mechanisms may be involved.
Researchers at Harvard University have achieved the coldest chemical reaction in history, slowing down molecules to capture the critical act of bond formation. By utilizing ultracold temperatures, they observed the intermediate stage of the reaction for microseconds, enabling direct measurement and validation of theories.
Researchers at Saint Louis University have developed a way to program built-in controls in microfluidic networks, enabling the creation of miniaturized chemical laboratories on a chip. This technology has potential applications in point-of-care diagnostics, field research, and even space exploration.
Researchers have developed a new method to observe changes in molecular chirality during chemical reactions in real time. They used femtosecond laser pulses with tailor-made polarization to follow the disappearance of chirality after bond breakage.
Researchers developed a new method to separate mixtures of rare earth metals using magnetic fields, achieving a doubling in separation performance. This breakthrough has potential applications for recycling and can help address geopolitical and climate issues associated with rare earth mining and recycling.
Scientists controlled host-guest complexes to explore the mechanism of chemical reactions, discovering that modification of guest metal ions could switch between 'recognition first' and 'reaction first' pathways. This finding has potential applications in drug delivery systems.
Researchers propose a cascade of chemical reactions to produce RNA's four genetic building blocks, creating a pivotal step in chemical evolution. The process requires simple precursor molecules and can occur under homogeneous environmental conditions.
Researchers at WashU Medicine discovered that certain strains of gut microbes can break down harmful compounds in processed foods and produce beneficial nutrients. These microbes could potentially make unhealthy snacks healthier when added to their composition.
Researchers have discovered a new mechanism for proton transfer between acids and bases, involving hydroxide/methoxide ions rather than hydrated excess protons. This breakthrough has significant implications for aqueous proton transport in solutions, hydrogen fuel cells, and transmembrane proteins.
SwRI engineers conducted a series of tests to study hypersonic flight conditions using a light gas gun system. The research elucidated the effects of extreme heat on materials and geometries at speeds over Mach 10.
New research from Cornell University reveals that plants communicate with each other using airborne chemicals when under attack from pests. This phenomenon, known as open-channel communication, allows neighboring plants to pick up on warning signals and prepare for the perceived threat.