Articles tagged with Medical Ethics
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
A Stanford study analyzed 40 ads for body scans and found that virtually none presented a balanced picture. The researchers recommend guidelines requiring more detailed information to be available to consumers, who are capable of being savvy consumers of medical technology.
The study identifies key factors that led to the success of seven developing countries' health biotech industries, including focusing on local health needs, private sector commercialization, widespread collaboration and long-term government support. Successful innovations, such as Cuba's vaccine for Haemophilus influenzae type b infect...
The American Medical Association and U.S. Holocaust Museum launch a national series to explore the role of Nazi medical practices in shaping medical ethics. The collaboration aims to bring lessons from history to contemporary issues, including racial health disparities and human experimentation.
A new report highlights the potential of biotechnologies in improving health in developing countries. The report proposes a global institute to share and promote the benefits of genomic sciences, aiming to save tens of millions of lives per year.
The American Academy of Neurology discusses the growing field of cosmetic neurology, which aims to enhance normal abilities through medical therapies. Experts weigh the benefits and risks of neurological enhancements, including concerns about safety, equality of access, and coercion to compete at a high level.
A comprehensive review of media reports and government documents reveals widespread failure of medical staff to uphold human rights standards at Abu Ghraib, including falsified records and coercive interrogations. The incident highlights the need for reforms to military medical services and a re-emphasis on principles of medical ethics.
Germany's restrictive laws on human reproduction have roots in the Nazi era, where doctors and scientists were motivated by racial ideology and conformity. Understanding this history is crucial for making informed decisions about reproductive medicine today.
Research shows that hospital employees' casual conversations about patient cases can breach patient privacy, leading to identity theft and social stigma. The study highlights the need for healthcare providers to teach privacy awareness and skills.
A study by the University of Toronto Joint Center for Bioethics found that patients' perceptions of care improved when medical staff solicited their concerns, with significant gains in symptom control, support, and pain management. The research suggests a simple yet effective approach to addressing subpar end-of-life care.
A group of researchers has outlined the ethical issues raised by modern neuroscience, including the use of plastic surgery and neural enhancement. The panel argues that treating illnesses rather than healthy individuals is more acceptable, but raises questions about the long-term effects of brain-altering medications like Ritalin.
Organ donations from living donors are less common in Canada due to cultural variations. Non-Western cultures perceive death as a more integrated state than Western societies do, making organ donation challenging for some individuals. Healthcare professionals must be aware of these differences and provide respectful care.
A study of 1,991 Iraqi men and women found that human rights abuses were common, with 47% reporting torture, killings, or other forms of abuse. The Baath party regime was identified as the primary perpetrator of these abuses, with 95% attributed to Baath party-affiliated groups.
Bioethicists Elizabeth Blackburn and Janet Rowley critique two PLoS Biology reports for presenting a biased agenda. They argue that the reports overlook diverse scientific opinions on stem cell research and aging studies.
A study highlights the need for further thinking on research conducted in developing countries, where a majority of studies were not reviewed by local institutional boards. The survey found that 44% of respondents believed their studies were not reviewed, with concerns about cultural appropriateness and language consent forms.
A new perspective on placebos suggests that they can be effective in healthcare settings without relying on 'dummy' medication. According to Professor Howard Brody, features of a positive healing environment, including care and compassion from healthcare providers, play a crucial role in treating patients.
The authors argue that genetic testing poses no new ethical issues compared to existing practices, but the inconsistency in disclosure of results is unjustifiable. Genetic tests may soon be linked to lifestyle and future health, making them inappropriate for premium assessment if not disclosed equally.
Experts predict a widening gap in access to nanotechnology benefits between rich and poor countries, despite its potential to improve lives in developing nations. The paper calls for an international network to assess emerging technologies and promote global public goods.
The panel concludes that researchers should establish a 'bank' with the fewest number of cell lines that reflect the most Americans, prioritizing white Americans but including HLA types common in other ancestral groups. This would enable faster clinical research and ensure fair access to therapies.
Nutritional genomics research aims to create personalized diets based on genetic make-up, but raises concerns about ethics, accessibility and regulation. The study suggests that a detailed examination of its moral implications is needed before widespread market introduction.
The grant will enable the university to renovate historic facilities, consolidate research programs, and promote interdisciplinary collaboration. The center aims to address health disparities and provide guidance on bioethics research practices.
The NIH has launched a $200 million grant initiative to tackle 14 grand challenges in global health, including creating effective vaccines, controlling insect-borne diseases, and improving nutrition. The program aims to engage creative minds globally to develop practical solutions to pressing health issues.
A 2002 survey of US physicians found that while most are willing to help in emergency situations, few feel adequately prepared to handle bioterrorism. The study revealed a significant gap between willingness and readiness, with many doctors unsure of their role in disaster response systems.
A UCSD team discovered that ethics consultations significantly reduced futile end-of-life treatments, allowing patients to receive comfort care and minimizing unnecessary suffering. The study found a notable reduction in hospital stays, ICU days, and life-sustaining treatments among patients who received counseling.
A lawyer warns US physicians that treating detainees labeled as 'unlawful combatants' may go against their ethical code. The 1949 Third Geneva Convention entitles these prisoners to basic human rights, but the US government's label is unrecognized in International Humanitarian Law.
The European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) has reaffirmed its ban on human reproductive cloning due to significant practical and ethical risks. The organization believes that the generation of clones could infringe upon human dignity, increase genetic determinism, and restrict autonomy.
A recent study suggests that primate cloning is difficult to achieve, even for embryonic stem cells. The researcher proposes a ban on reproductive cloning, citing moral and social concerns. This approach may lead to alternative methods for medical research using embryonic stem cells.
A cohort study found that medical students' ethical skills levelled out over time, suggesting an earlier maturation of ethical abilities than anticipated. Peter Singer suggests ways to strengthen the role of ethics in medical education.
The Singleton case has raised concerns about forced medical treatment of the mentally ill and its impact on the death penalty. The US Supreme Court must rule against this practice to restore competence for execution as a medically and ethically untenable dilemma.
The International Collaborative Genetics Research Training Program will help reduce health disparities through the use of genetic sciences. The six new projects will provide educational opportunities at various levels and contribute to the capacity of developing country scientists to conduct human genetics research.
Physicians must consider ethical obligations when treating patients using alternative medicine, including risks and benefits of therapies. A list of factors to aid risk-benefit analysis has been provided by authors, emphasizing the need for thorough investigation and in-depth discussions with patients.
The Transplantation Society reiterates its stance against selling organs, adhering to ethical standards and laws that prohibit commercial transactions. The society's position is supported by organizations like the American Medical Association, which investigates financial incentives for organ donations.
Dr. Laura Hawryluck argues that administering neuromuscular blockers can blur the lines between palliative and euthanasia care. She suggests that physicians should prepare family members for the reality of a dying patient's breathing and bodily reactions.
A JAMA article examines the ethics and law surrounding commercial filming of patient care activities in hospitals, highlighting potential risks to patient privacy. The authors propose guidelines for informed consent before filming, balancing commercial interests with patients' rights.
A new program will bring together experts to discuss criteria for selecting stem cell lines and address concerns over safety, transplant rejection, privacy, genetic diversity, and public access. The project aims to anticipate emerging issues and provide a reasoned backdrop for policy decisions.
Human cloning has raised concerns about individual uniqueness and self-identity, but an expert argues that these are influenced by qualitative traits beyond genetics. Brock suggests that history, relationships, and personal experiences shape our sense of identity, making cloning less likely to undermine human potential.
The Phoebe R. Berman Bioethics Institute at Johns Hopkins University is establishing a Genetics and Public Policy Center with a $9.9 million grant from the Pew Charitable Trusts. The center will explore policy options for reproductive genetic technologies, including gene selection in humans.
The American College of Physicians has updated its guidelines to ensure physicians maintain independence in patient care. The new advice urges individual physicians to avoid industry relationships that may compromise objectivity.
The CECRE will create a comprehensive database on clinical research characteristics, including IRB review costs and funding sources. It will also develop a systematic framework for determining which projects require heightened scrutiny.
Researchers found that medical school applicants with narcissistic personality disorder are more likely to engage in unethical behavior. The study suggests that screening out these individuals could minimize the risk of disasters like the Shipman murders.
A survey of over 400 doctors found that nearly a third would assist with lethal injections, highlighting the need for education on ethical guidelines and professional obligations. The study's authors warn that physicians' personal opinions on capital punishment may not align with their professional duties.
Physicians who participate in executions do so out of a sense of citizen obligation, but this involvement mostly advances pro-death penalty political purposes. Medical professionals have long opposed physician participation in executions due to ethical concerns.
The symposium explores the effects of genetics research on social organization, human nature, and what it means to be human. Experts discuss race, ethnicity, genes, and human potential, with a focus on values, ethics, and social impact.
The Declaration of Helsinki 2000 has been criticized for its inadequate revision process, with only 2 weeks available for comment and critique. Key changes include guidance on monitoring and oversight, but also deficiencies in assessing risks and ambiguous wording that may affect application.
University of Toronto researchers suggest a five-point strategy to address equity issues in health genomics. The plan includes research on ethical and social issues, training policy makers, and creating an investment fund to improve health in poorer countries.
The human organs shortage is raising complex questions about who should receive transplants, how to balance costs against medical needs, and the ethics of extending individual lives. A forum on 'Reinventing the Human: The Six Million Dollar Body' will explore these issues and provide a platform for public debate.
The Fogarty International Center is funding five initial awards and three planning grants to support training programs in research ethics, teaching, and clinical trial design in developing countries. The program aims to enhance international bioethics guidelines and practices.
The current medical research protocols are out of step with evidence-based medicine and new technology developments, suggests an analysis in the Journal of Medical Ethics. Patients taking part in research deserve the same safety and regulation standards as public transport passengers, yet often receive inadequate care.
A consensus panel convened by the University of Pennsylvania's Center for Bioethics discusses guidelines, treatments, and legal responses to assisted suicide. The panel aims to establish safeguards that make physician-assisted suicide voluntary, regulated, and an option of last resort.
A distinguished panel of bioethicists published papers on physician-assisted suicide in Annals of Internal Medicine, discussing guidelines, safeguards, and expert opinions on the clinical, moral, and ethical issues involved. The findings highlight the need for thoughtful direction and common ground among diverse views.
The American College of Physicians recommends that physicians only sell products from their offices if they are clinically relevant to the patient's condition. The guidelines emphasize transparency and disclose financial interests in products, ensuring patients have access to alternative options and reasonable charges.
Third-year medical students who completed an ethics course showed a deeper understanding of medical issues and made more informed decisions. The course improved their ability to consider patients' capacity for informed choice and evaluated the benefits of physician-assisted suicide, according to lead author Risa P. Hayes.
The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) is hosting a public forum to gather public comment on stem cell research recommendations. The event will feature a panel discussion with experts from various fields, including science, ethics, and policy.
UCSF researchers suggest hospitalists should establish relationships of trust with patients and PCPs to ensure confidentiality, shared medical decision-making, and patient autonomy. Hospitalists can improve end-of-life care by discussing patients' preferences with PCPs and developing skills in addressing these issues.
Bioethicists at the University of Pennsylvania recommend updating protections for human research subjects in response to rapid changes in medical practice. The new guidelines prioritize vulnerable populations, including those with mental illnesses and pregnant women, and aim to prevent abuse and misconduct.
Drs. Jeremy Sugarman and Larry Burk argue that conventional clinicians have an ethical obligation to consider alternative medicine therapies, prioritizing patient autonomy, safety, and effectiveness. They emphasize the importance of respecting patients' choices while providing informed guidance.
Doctors face an ethical dilemma when patients request controversial screening tests without adequate scientific evidence. The medical community is divided on the routine use of mammograms in women under 50 and prostate specific antigen tests in men, highlighting the need for informed patient decision-making.
A study by the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine found that postmortem sperm procurement requests are increasing, with over half made between 1994 and 1995. Most requests were from wives seeking to create children for their deceased husbands.
UNESCO has issued a declaration stating that human cloning is unacceptable, citing ethical concerns and the preservation of humanity's infinite diversity. The organization's director-general has called for a world commission on ethics and science to tackle issues related to scientific developments beyond genetics.