MGH initiates phase I diabetes trial
Scientists at MGH are exploring a potential cure for type 1 diabetes through a Phase I clinical trial. The trial uses the BCG vaccine, which has shown promising results in mouse models of autoimmune diabetes.
Science News for March 13, 2008
Pain-free childbirth? Get real!
A review of published literature on women's expectations and experience of pain and pain relief in labour reveals a gap between expectations and reality. Most women underestimate the intensity of pain they will experience and may not be prepared for the possibility that they might need pain relief.
The Lancet publishes first clinical trial data of a fully bioabsorbable drug eluting stent
The ABSORB clinical trial demonstrated no stent thrombosis and a low rate of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in patients with coronary artery disease. The bioabsorbable everolimus eluting stent was shown to be safe and effective, with successful deployment and high device success rates.
Crop scientists discover gene that controls fruit shape
Researchers at Ohio State University have identified a key gene, SUN, controlling the elongated shape of tomatoes. This discovery sheds light on the genetic basis of fruit shape variation in various crops, including peppers and cucumbers.
Pain receptor in brain may be linked to learning and memory
A study by Brown University scientists has found that activation of the pain receptor TRPV1 can trigger long-term depression, creating lasting changes in neural connections. This process is believed to be the cellular basis for memory making, with implications for drug development and potentially treating neural disorders.
News from the March 2008 American Physical Society Meeting
Researchers developed a DNA-guided method for controlling nanoparticle assembly, enabling precise manipulation of materials. Scientists also made progress in understanding the 'pseudogap' phenomenon in high-temperature superconductors, which could lead to improved superconductor design.
Some cheaters can keep it in their genes
A new study reveals that some individuals, like slime moulds, are genetically programmed to cheat and benefit from it. In a complex evolutionary arms race, cheaters thrive when non-cheaters fail.
The puzzling 'eye of a hurricane' on Venus
The 'eye of a hurricane' on Venus is an enormous 2000 km-wide vortex with a central core that appears bright in thermal infrared images, indicating high atmospheric gas movement. Scientists are still unsure what creates the complex and dynamic nature of this feature.
Alcohol consumption and polymorphisms of cytochromes P4502E1 are high risks for ESCC
A study found that heavy alcohol drinking combined with specific genetic polymorphisms in cytochromes P4502E1 and aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 increases the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Individuals with the combined ALDH2 (1/2) and CYP2E1 (c1/c1) genotype showed a dramatically increased risk of ESCC.
Urban planning a factor in rising obesity rates, says new report
A new report by the University of Alberta links urban surroundings to obesity rates, highlighting economic and built environments as key factors. Lower-income neighborhoods tend to have greater access to high-calorie foods and lower access to healthy options.
Parents have biggest share of responsibility in curbing young people's alcohol consumption
Young people in the UK are drinking more than ever before, with nearly half of their alcohol consumed at home. A new editorial emphasizes that parents should take greater responsibility for teaching children about safe drinking habits. Effective strategies include increasing the cost of alcoholic drinks, restricting availability, and r...
Study names 5 factors of social ills in energy, mining and logging communities
A recent study found that substance abuse in resource-based communities is linked to loneliness, lack of healthy social connections, and a 'culture of entitlement' among workers. The study recommends industry promotion of healthy lifestyles and government funding for regional drug treatment centers to address these issues.
Damaged veins heal faster with heparin treatment, laboratory study finds
Researchers found that mice treated with low-molecular weight heparin before or after vein damage healed faster than those not treated. The study's findings support the use of heparin as a preventative measure for deep-vein thrombosis, which affects millions of Americans each year.
SourceMichigan Medicine - University of Michigan·JournalJournal of Vascular Surgery·DateMar 13, 2008
Preliminary study: Bioabsorbable drug-eluting stents safe and effective
Researchers found that bioabsorbable everolimus-eluting stents were safe and effective in patients with single coronary artery lesions, with no late stent thromboses recorded. The study showed excellent procedural success rates and minimal formation of scar tissue within the stent.
Cheap, simple nonlab methods are as good as lab tests at predicting cardiovascular disease risk
New study suggests that non-lab-based risk factors can predict cardiovascular events with similar accuracy to laboratory-based values. This approach could simplify risk assessment and screening in developing countries where laboratory testing is often unavailable.
New drug protects nerve cells from damage in mice
A new drug, ABS-75, has been shown to protect nerve cells from damage in mice with multiple sclerosis. The treatment markedly reduced disease progression and was associated with decreased nerve cell degradation.
A new finding in liver transplantation and antifibrinolytics?
This meta-analysis found that aprotinin decreases intraoperative blood product needs and has no significant impact on postoperative bleeding, thromboembolic events, or mortality. More research is needed to confirm these results.
Research team finds that microorganisms filter nitrogen from small streams
A research team led by Walter Dodds found that microorganisms in small streams filter out nitrogen, reducing its entry into larger rivers and oceans. The study, published in Nature, suggests that preserving small streams' natural filtration process is crucial for maintaining water quality.
Prescription costs rise more than 6 times when patients reach 65 says study of 5M people
A recent study analyzing 5.47 million patient records in Catalonia found that prescription costs increase dramatically after age 65, with women being 23% more likely to be prescribed drugs. The average cost of prescriptions for patients over 65 is six-and-a-half times higher than those under 65.
Study in Circulation Research details how diabetes drives atherosclerosis
Researchers discovered that diabetes drives inflammation and slows blood flow, accelerating atherosclerosis through interference with ERK5 signaling. The study identifies advanced glycation end products (AGEs) as key molecules sabotaging this protective mechanism.
High levels of the molecule adenosine linked to priapism
Research by Yang Xia and colleagues found that high levels of adenosine contribute to priapism in males with sickle cell disease. Adenosine signaling through the A2B receptor may be a key factor in the development of priapism, suggesting new potential treatments.
Researchers confirm link between common cold and ear infection
A new study confirms the close link between viral colds and ear infections in young children, identifying adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and coronavirus as primary causes. Researchers recommend avoiding exposure to sick children, day care attendance, and using influenza vaccine to prevent respiratory viral infection.
SourceUniversity of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston·JournalClinical Infectious Diseases·DateMar 13, 2008
Meteorites are rich in the building blocks of life, claims new research
Scientists have discovered ancient meteorites containing the highest concentration of amino acids ever recorded, suggesting that the early solar system was richer in life's raw materials than previously thought. This finding may have helped kick-start life on Earth.
How social pressure increases voter turnout: Evidence from a large-scale field experiment
A large-scale field experiment shows that social pressure from mailings increases voter turnout, with effects rivaling face-to-face contact and live phone calls. The study suggests that mailings with social pressure are a cost-efficient way to boost voter turnout.
SourceAmerican Political Science Association·JournalAmerican Political Science Review·DateMar 13, 2008
Argonne's lithium-ion battery technology to be commercialized by Japan's Toda Kogyo
A world-wide licensing agreement is reached for Argonne’s patented composite cathode materials, resulting in longer-lasting and safer batteries for hybrid-electric vehicles, cell phones, and laptops. The new technology enhances performance, life, and safety of lithium-ion cells.
A long-term survival offered by resection of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas?
A rare pancreatic tumor was treated with surgery and chemotherapy, resulting in long-term stability. The case report reviews the impact of aggressive surgery on prognosis.
Australian men care about their health
A study of Australian men's attitudes towards health reveals that they are not the disinterested pub-goers often stereotyped. Instead, they proactively monitor their health and seek medical attention only when necessary. The researchers identified four key factors influencing men's help-seeking decisions.
A sub-femtosecond stop watch for 'photon finish' races
Researchers at NIST create a system to compare photon travel times with sub-femtosecond accuracy, finding significant differences in time it takes photons to pass through materials with different refractive layer arrangements. This technique could provide empirical answers to long-standing puzzles about light's behavior in narrow gaps.
Physicists discover how fundamental particles lose track of quantum mechanical properties
Researchers at the University of California - Santa Barbara and Ames Laboratory have discovered how fundamental particles in matter lose their quantum mechanical properties through interactions with their environment. This finding is key to unraveling how the classical world emerges from interacting quantum particles in matter.
A tumor of the pancreas mimicked by colonic duplication?
A case report describes a patient with colonic duplication that mimicked a pancreatic tumor, emphasizing the importance of considering intestinal duplication in abdominal mass diagnoses. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis after distal pancreatectomy.
Toddlers affected most by secondhand smoke exposure at home
Researchers found that toddlers aged 2-5 years absorbed more nicotine from secondhand smoke than adolescents, leading to increased markers of inflammation and vascular injury. This exposure resulted in damage to the endothelium, the inner lining of vessel walls, increasing the risk of heart disease.
Ornithologists announce discovery of new bird species
Ornithologists have discovered a new bird species, Zosterops somadikartai, or Togian white-eye, in the Togian Islands of Indonesia. The species is believed to be endangered due to its limited range and numbers.
Study provides clues to prevent spread of ovarian cancer
Researchers have discovered that an enzyme called MMP-2 is necessary for ovarian cancer to attach itself to new sites, and that blocking its production can slow the spread of the disease. In a mouse study, early treatment with an MMP-2 inhibitor reduced tumor growth by 68% and nearly doubled survival time.
SourceUniversity of Chicago Medical Center·JournalJournal of Clinical Investigation·DateMar 13, 2008
Researchers make case for standardized analysis of cardiac imaging
A recent study published in the Journal of Nuclear Cardiology found significant differences in diagnostic performance among commercial software packages used for cardiac SPECT imaging. The collaborative research project aims to standardize cardiac-image analyses, enhancing medical outcomes and technology effectiveness.
Chemical in bug spray works by masking human odors
Scientists at Rockefeller University have pinpointed DEET's molecular target in insects, showing that the widely used bug repellent acts like a chemical cloak, masking human odors. By targeting specific receptors, DEET confuses mosquitoes and prevents bites.
Meteorites a rich source for primordial soup
Scientists have found high levels of amino acids in two meteorites, indicating that the early solar system was a rich source of organic compounds. This discovery supports the idea that meteorites may have delivered these essential building blocks to Earth.
Psychological intervention reduces postembolization pain
A study published in the World Journal of Gastroenterology found that psychological intervention can effectively reduce post-embolization pain in patients undergoing hepatic arterial chemoembolization therapy. The research suggests that psychological intervention should be used as a complementary approach to pharmacological analgesia.
JCI online early table of contents: March 13, 2008
Researchers found a link between high levels of adenosine and priapism in male mice with sickle cell disease. The study suggested that reducing adenosine levels or blocking its activation could provide new treatments for priapism. Additionally, two other studies explored the development of reproductive disorders in humans and the prote...
Rodent study finds artificial butter chemical harmful to lungs
A new rodent study finds exposure to diacetyl, a chemical in artificial butter flavoring, can cause respiratory issues in mice. The research suggests workplace exposure to diacetyl may contribute to the development of obstructive bronchiolitis (OB) in humans.
SourceNIH/National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences·JournalToxicological Sciences·DateMar 13, 2008
Mayo Clinic study shows Parkinson's disease drug might work in cancer patients
Researchers found that dopamine can block the growth of new blood vessels in cancer cells by binding to a specific receptor on endothelial progenitor cells. This could lead to a potential treatment for cancer patients, as it slows down cancer progression and reduces tumor growth.
Peter H. Byers receives lifetime award in genetics from March of Dimes
Dr. Peter H. Byers has received the March of Dimes/Colonel Harland Sanders Award for Lifetime Achievement in Genetics for his groundbreaking research on collagen gene mutations and their role in inherited disorders such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and osteogenesis imperfecta. His work has significantly advanced our understanding of these...
How alligators rock and roll
Researchers discovered that alligators use a combination of muscles to shift their lungs and maneuver in the water. This unique ability allows them to dive, surface, and roll sideways without creating disturbance. The study highlights the importance of specialized muscles in aquatic animals for navigation and stealth.
Routinely used diagnostic approaches: only limited diagnostic sensitivity for bile duct cancer?
Routine diagnostic approaches for bile duct cancer are only moderately sensitive, with a combination of brush cytology and forceps biopsy yielding only a minor increase in sensitivity. The study highlights the need for additional diagnostic techniques to improve detection rates.
IOF recognizes ESCEO European guidance for osteoporosis diagnosis and management
The International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) welcomes the ESCEO European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. The guidance provides a roadmap for implementing the new FRAX tool based on the WHO technical report, offering case-finding strategies supported by health economic data.
Overweight, obese women improve quality of life with 10 to 30 minutes of exercise
Researchers found that even short periods of exercise (10-30 minutes) can significantly improve quality of life for postmenopausal women, including social functioning and general health. The study's results support the idea that any amount of physical activity is beneficial, even if it's just a little bit every day.
Carbon nanotubes outperform copper nanowires as interconnects
Researchers used advanced quantum-mechanical computer modeling to compare key characteristics of copper nanowires and carbon nanotube bundles. Carbon nanotubes boasted a much smaller electrical resistance, suggesting they would be better suited for interconnect applications.
Spectrum of heart disease and its risk factors are broadening in Africa
The prevalence of cardiovascular disease in Africa is increasing, with a significant increase in advanced conditions among black African patients. The study found that 46% more black Africans were diagnosed with heart failure than the rest of the cohort, while women represented a greater proportion of those with obesity.
What are the predominant bacilli in the intestines ducklings infected with S. enteritidis?
Research using ERIC-PCR method found that aerobe and facultative aerobes, such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella, become prominent in ducklings' intestines after S. enteritidis infection. The study aims to understand the pathogenesis of S. enteritidis infection.
Is increased Slug expression associated with the progression to esophageal cancer?
Research reveals that overexpression of Slug protein is associated with adenocarcinoma progression, potentially leading to E-cadherin silencing and loss of cell-cell adhesion. Understanding this mechanism may provide a therapeutic platform for oesophageal cancer treatment.
Scientists discover how TB 'develops invincibility' against only available treatment
Researchers at the University of Leicester have discovered how TB bacteria becomes resistant to isoniazid, a key treatment for the disease. The study reveals that mutations in bacterial enzymes protect it from the treatment, highlighting the importance of understanding drug resistance.
Professor Toh-Ming Lu named fellow of the Materials Research Society
Professor Toh-Ming Lu, a renowned nanomaterials expert at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, has been named a lifetime fellow of the Materials Research Society. His groundbreaking research on thin film morphological evolution and nanostructure development has earned him recognition as an outstanding contributor to the field.
Sand dollar larvae use cloning to 'make change,' confound predators
Larval sand dollars use cloning as a survival mechanism to reduce size and visibility to predators when threatened. By creating clones, they increase chances of survival by having multiple individuals, but this may come at the cost of reduced size later in life.
After-school programs can increase physical activity of adolescent girls
A study published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine found that after-school programs increased moderate-to-vigorous physical activity among middle school girls by 80 calories a week. The intervention also reduced sedentary behavior by 8.2 minutes per day.
SourceNIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute·JournalAmerican Journal of Preventive Medicine·DateMar 13, 2008
Rate of escalator injuries to older adults has doubled
The study found nearly 40,000 older adults injured on escalators between 1991 and 2005, with most frequent cause being slips, trips, or falls. Most injuries were not serious, but caution is advised for those with mobility or balance problems when using escalators.
Leicester medical team announces 'predictor' for pregnant women who may have miscarriages
A medical team from the University of Leicester has developed a predictor for pregnant women who may have miscarriages, using levels of anandamide in whole blood. The study found that women with higher levels of anandamide were more likely to miscarry, while those with lower levels were more likely to have a live birth.
Mini-donut catches chloride ions
Researchers have synthesized a donut-shaped molecule that selectively binds to chloride ions, using bridging hydrogen bonds. This breakthrough has the potential to create a new family of anion chelators with high specificity.
Compound removes radioactive material from power plant waste
Scientists at Argonne National Laboratory have developed a compound that captures and separates radioactive ions, including strontium 90, from inert materials. The synthetic sulfide-based compound can strip away 99% of the radioactive element within a few hours.
Don't give antibiotics to adults with rhinosinusitis even with symptoms longer than 7-10 days
Researchers found that antibiotics offer little benefit for patients with acute rhinosinusitis-like complaints. The study suggests that doctors should not prescribe antibiotics to adults with rhinosinusitis symptoms lasting longer than 7-10 days, as there is no clear subgroup of patients who would benefit from treatment.
How to effectively avoid many common complications and liver damage in bile duct exploration?
This study found that laparoscopic hepatic left lateral lobectomy combined with fiber choledochoscopic exploration of the common bile duct reduces liver function damage compared to traditional open operations. The procedure also significantly decreases post-operative pain and complications such as biliary fistula, cholangitic stenosis,...
Pinpointing when you become a man
A study in rats reveals that the 'male' hormone-driven decision to become male occurs before genitalia development. Measuring AGD in neonates could predict reproductive disorders like cryptorchidism and low sperm count.
Penn State microbial fuel cell scientist named KAUST Investigator
Bruce Logan, a renowned microbial fuel cell scientist, has been named a KAUST Investigator, receiving up to $10 million over five years to develop sustainable energy and water technologies. His research focuses on converting waste into electricity or hydrogen while cleaning water.