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Science News for February 22, 2016


Parental anxiety/depression linked to pre-schoolers' fussy eating

Research published in Archives of Disease in Childhood links parental anxiety and depression during pregnancy and preschool period to increased risk of fussy eating behavior in children. Mothers' antenatal symptoms were found to predict their child's fussy eating behavior at age 4, while fathers' pre-school period anxiety was linked to...

SourceBMJ Group·JournalArchives of Disease in Childhood·DateFeb 22, 2016

Study shows likely overuse of PET scans to detect recurrence in lung & esophageal cancers

A study published in the JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute found that PET scans did not improve two-year survival rates for lung and esophageal cancer patients. The researchers suggest potential overuse of PET scans in detecting recurrence, warranting efforts to decrease unnecessary utilization.

SourceOxford University Press USA·JournalJNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute·DateFeb 22, 2016

Accelerating genome analysis

The new software, SIFT 4G, accelerates genome analysis by preparing predictions at a much higher speed, reducing processing time from 25 days to just three days on a single GPU. This enables researchers to analyze genomes in five minutes, advancing science and developing technology that can benefit human health.

SourceBiomedical Sciences Institutes (BMSI)·JournalNature Protocols·DateFeb 22, 2016

Intense deep-ocean turbulence in equatorial Pacific could help drive global circulation

Researchers discovered intense deep-ocean turbulence in the equatorial Pacific that plays a crucial role in driving global ocean circulation. The study, published online in Geophysical Research Letters, suggests that this mixing can be simulated using computer models to improve future climate forecasts.

SourceStanford's School of Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences·JournalGeophysical Research Letters·DateFeb 22, 2016

Some distractions while driving are more risky than others, researchers say

Researchers found that drivers are more than double their crash risk when engaging in distracting activities such as using a handheld cell phone or reading. The study analyzed over 1,600 verified crash events and found that being in an emotional state, traveling above the speed limit, and performance errors increase driver risk. In con...

SourceVirginia Tech·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateFeb 22, 2016

New theorem helps reveal tuberculosis' secret

A new methodology developed at Rice and Rutgers universities helps scientists understand how biochemical networks control biological responses. The approach predicted novel interactions in bacteria that cause tuberculosis, revealing a potential mechanism for the disease's survival.

SourceRice University·JournalPLOS Computational Biology·DateFeb 22, 2016

Little diet pain, big health gain

A randomized controlled trial found that losing just 5% of body weight significantly improves health outcomes, including insulin sensitivity and reduced risk factors for metabolic diseases. Additional weight loss further improves health benefits, but the study shows that even a small amount of weight loss has important health benefits.

SourceCell Press·JournalCell Metabolism·DateFeb 22, 2016

The Charlie Sheen effect on HIV prevention

A new study by San Diego State University found that Charlie Sheen's HIV-positive disclosure corresponded with record highs of domestic news coverage and Google searches for information about HIV and prevention. The study suggests that celebrity disclosures like Sheen's may help generate renewed national attention for HIV and HIV preve...

SourceSan Diego State University·JournalJAMA Internal Medicine·DateFeb 22, 2016

Vaginal ring provides partial protection from HIV in large multinational trial

A large clinical trial found that a vaginal ring releasing an experimental antiretroviral drug reduced the risk of HIV infection by 27% overall and 61% among women ages 25 and older. The study's results suggest age-related disparities in protection, with younger women showing less consistent use and lower protection.

SourceNIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases·JournalNew England Journal of Medicine·DateFeb 22, 2016

Detecting hidden malicious ads

A new detection system for Android could protect smartphones from malicious content, finding that even reputable apps can lead users to websites hosting malicious ads. The team tested one million apps and found that ads asking users to download a program are the most dangerous, containing malicious software about 50% of the time.

New Canadian recommendation against colonoscopy for routine screening of colorectal cancer

A new Canadian guideline recommends fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) every two years or flexible sigmoidoscopy every 10 years for routine screening of colorectal cancer in asymptomatic, low-risk adults aged 50-74. The guideline also recommends against colonoscopy as a primary screening tool, citing lack of direct evidence.

SourceCanadian Medical Association Journal·JournalCanadian Medical Association Journal·DateFeb 22, 2016

Using sugar to detect malignant tumors

Lund University scientists discovered that malignant tumors consume more sugar than surrounding tissue, making sugar a promising non-synthetic contrast agent. The study's results suggest the potential to reduce medical care costs by replacing metal-based agents with sugar-based alternatives.

SourceLund University·JournalTomography·DateFeb 22, 2016

Fewer heart problems in people who drink moderately and often

Research suggests that moderate alcohol consumption may be beneficial for cardiovascular health, with studies showing a lower risk of heart failure and acute myocardial infarction among frequent drinkers. However, high levels of alcohol consumption were associated with increased risks of other diseases and social problems.

SourceNorwegian University of Science and Technology·JournalInternational Journal of Cardiology·DateFeb 22, 2016

UA College of Pharmacy faculty member develops inhalers to treat lung diseases

Dr. Heidi M. Mansour investigates and designs innovative treatments, including new drugs and advanced delivery mechanisms, to treat unmet medical needs in lung diseases such as COPD, asthma, and cystic fibrosis. Her goal is to see these dry powder inhalers end up on pharmacy shelves, helping patients live better lives.

SourceUniversity of Arizona, College of Pharmacy·JournalExpert Opinion on Drug Delivery·DateFeb 22, 2016

Toddler screening essential for autism detection despite national task force's reservation

Early screening is crucial for detecting autism in toddlers, as it can diagnose symptoms around the second birthday, compared to a fourth birthday without screening. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends universal screening, which has been shown to improve treatment outcomes and reduce disparities in diagnosis.

SourceDrexel University·JournalJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders·DateFeb 22, 2016

Worm study may resolve discrepancies in research on aging

A recent Brown University-led study has resolved long-standing discrepancies in research on aging by identifying the human chemotherapy drug FUdR as a key factor. The study found that FUdR triggers stress response and DNA repair pathways in C. elegans worms, allowing them to better endure adverse conditions and lengthening their lifespan.

SourceBrown University·JournalMechanisms of Ageing and Development·DateFeb 22, 2016

Benefits of taking the natural pigment astaxanthin

A University of Tsukuba study found that astaxanthin promotes neurogenesis in the hippocampus and elevates learning and memory capacity. The research discovered specific molecular pathways contributing to improved memory capacity, paving the way for targeted mechanisms in medical food development.

SourceUniversity of Tsukuba·JournalMolecular Nutrition & Food Research·DateFeb 22, 2016

Model perfect

Researchers developed a framework to address uncertainty in mathematical models by considering the effects of correlated parameters. This approach improves model predictability and reliability, with applications in fields such as catalysis, combustion, environmental sciences, and biology.

SourceUniversity of Delaware·JournalNature Chemistry·DateFeb 22, 2016

Results of Raltegravir plus combination antiretroviral therapy in early HIV infection

A new study found that adding raltegravir to standard antiretroviral therapy did not reduce HIV DNA levels or improve CD4+ T-cell counts in early HIV infection patients. Researchers from the University of Washington and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases reported their results after a 96-week study.

SourceMary Ann Liebert, Inc./Genetic Engineering News·JournalBioResearch Open Access·DateFeb 22, 2016

Using plasmonics to transmit more data

Researchers at Northwestern University developed a new scheme using plasmonics to control infrared plasmons, enabling fast transmission of massive data. By modulating light signals in the near-infrared wavelength region, they can potentially switch signals in optical fibers with high speeds.

SourceNorthwestern University·JournalNature Photonics·DateFeb 22, 2016

Bat 'super immunity' could help protect people

Bats have a unique ability to carry but remain unaffected by lethal diseases due to their constant immune response. The Australian black flying fox has only three interferons, which is a fraction of the number found in people, yet it can control viral infections that are lethal in humans.

SourceCSIRO Australia·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateFeb 22, 2016

May the capillary force be with you

Researchers at Washington State University are developing a computer model and designs for improved liquid transport systems using capillary forces to move liquids through narrow spaces in space. By studying the effects of viscosity in microgravity, they aim to conserve energy and enable longer space missions.

Body's immune system may play larger role in Alzheimer's disease than thought

Researchers found a dramatic increase in brain plaques when key immune cells are lacking in genetically modified mice, leading to new techniques to identify and treat individuals at risk of developing Alzheimer's. The study suggests the immune system plays a crucial role in clearing beta-amyloid from the brain.

SourceUniversity of California - Irvine·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateFeb 22, 2016

Clock gene may connect mood and sleep

Researchers discovered a molecular link between mood disorders and circadian rhythms in a study on familial advanced sleep phase (FASP) and faulty PER3 gene variants. Mice carrying the faulty gene exhibited depression-like symptoms when exposed to short light periods, mirroring human seasonal affective disorder.

SourceHoward Hughes Medical Institute·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateFeb 22, 2016

ERC Consolidator Grant: Six million euros for 3 scientists at Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen

The Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen has been awarded 14 ERC grants, with three scientists receiving 6 million euros. Dr. Daniel Razansky is investigating non-invasive brain imaging methods, while Dr. Irmela Jeremias focuses on targeted tumor treatment and Dr. Mathias Heikenwaelder explores immune system interactions in liver disease.

Common macrolide antibiotics show no increased risk of serious heart arrhythmia or death

A study of over 600,000 adults found that macrolide antibiotics were associated with a similar 30-day risk of ventricular arrhythmia as nonmacrolide antibiotics, and slightly lower risk of all-cause mortality. The findings are reassuring for healthcare providers who prescribe these antibiotics to patients at low risk of adverse events.

SourceCanadian Medical Association Journal·JournalCanadian Medical Association Journal·DateFeb 22, 2016

Squirm with purpose: FSU research shows fidgeting is helpful for ADHD patients

Children with ADHD often exhibit hyperactive behavior when trying to solve problems. New FSU research shows that movement can positively impact working memory and cognitive function in these children. The study's findings suggest that fidgeting may be a helpful strategy for improving attention, impulse control, and school success.

SourceFlorida State University·JournalJournal of Attention Disorders·DateFeb 22, 2016

Fungi are at the root of tropical forest diversity -- or lack thereof, study finds

A new study reveals that certain fungi associated with tree roots can alter the fate of tropical forests, boosting plant diversity or giving one tree species a distinct advantage. The research found that these fungi, particularly ectomycorrhizas, make nitrogen unavailable to competing species, allowing dominant trees to thrive.

A new way of fighting bacteria?

Scientists at Université de Genève found a novel regulatory mechanism in the HigBA toxin-antitoxin system that can selectively kill bacteria when they suffer from DNA damage. This discovery could lead to new treatments for bacterial infections by forcing bacteria to turn their weapons against themselves.

SourceUniversité de Genève·JournalNature Microbiology·DateFeb 22, 2016

Are lung cancer survivors getting too many costly scans for no reason? Study suggests so

A national look at PET scan use for lung and esophageal cancer survivors found widespread variation between hospitals, with some using scans eight times more often than others. The study suggests that this approach doesn't improve survival rates and is being inappropriately used at many hospitals.

SourceMichigan Medicine - University of Michigan·JournalJNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute·DateFeb 22, 2016

Cancer in 3-D

A new microscope enables the visualization of cancer cells in 3D, revealing that these cells form small protrusions called blebs in a more realistic tumor environment. This discovery is a first step toward understanding 3D biology in tumor microenvironments and may help explain skin cancer cell invasiveness and drug resistance.

SourceCell Press·JournalDevelopmental Cell·DateFeb 22, 2016