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Science News for March 15, 2017


Mount Sinai to present clinical findings at American College of Cardiology Scientific Sessions 2017

Researchers from Mount Sinai Health System will present their study on the predictive value of the Fuster-BEWAT score for predicting the extent of subclinical atherosclerosis in healthy individuals, and another study exploring determinants of subclinical atherosclerosis in the absence of cardiovascular risk factors.

How plankton cope with turbulence

Researchers discovered how plankton cope with turbulent layers in the ocean. Plankton cells change their shape from asymmetric to egg-shaped structures, allowing them to swim downwards and avoid damage. This adaptation provides an evolutionary advantage for the population, as only half of the cells are affected by turbulence.

SourceETH Zurich·JournalNature·DateMar 15, 2017

Dark matter less influential in galaxies in early universe

A team of astronomers found that distant galaxies were dominated by normal matter, with dark matter playing a smaller role. The study used the KMOS and SINFONI instruments to measure galaxy rotation velocities and created an average rotation curve, which also showed a decreasing velocity trend away from the centers of the galaxies.

SourceESO·JournalNature·DateMar 15, 2017

Copper-bottomed deposits

Scientists at Université de Genève studied over 100,000 combinations to establish a model predicting the amount of copper present in deposits. The researchers found that factors such as magma depth and duration determine the quantity of copper, with optimal conditions ranging from 20 km depth and 2 million years injection time.

SourceUniversité de Genève·JournalScientific Reports·DateMar 15, 2017

More IV fluids, fewer c-sections

A new study by Thomas Jefferson University found that women who received IV fluids at a higher rate during labor were less likely to need a cesarean section and had shorter labors. The study pooled data from seven small clinical trials involving over 1,200 women.

SourceThomas Jefferson University·JournalActa Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica·DateMar 15, 2017

The strangeness of slow dynamics

Researchers have discovered significant deviations in dynamic phase transitions that occur when dynamics is slow, unlike conventional thermodynamic phase transitions. These findings suggest a distinct difference between DPTs and TPTs, highlighting the importance of studying non-equilibrium dynamic phenomena.

SourceElhuyar Fundazioa·JournalPhysical Review Letters·DateMar 15, 2017

Brain-aging gene discovered

A common genetic variant, TMEM106B, accelerates normal brain aging by up to 12 years in people aged 65+, highlighting potential new targets for preventing age-associated brain disorders like Alzheimer's disease. Researchers also identified another variant associated with brain aging within the progranulin gene.

Life origination hydrate theory

The LOH-Theory suggests that amino-acids and primitive organisms arose in semi-liquid water systems saturated with functional organic substances, allowing for exothermal and thermodynamically feasible syntheses. The theory is supported by analyses of available literature and paleontological data on the origins of life on Earth.

SourceBentham Science Publishers·JournalMini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry·DateMar 15, 2017

Targeting a tumor trigger

Researchers have devised a strategy to specifically target cancer stem cells in some cancers and reduce their tumor-generating potential. Combining Nutlin-3 and Paclitaxel showed potentiated tumor response and prevented relapse in Numb-deficient tumors, suggesting the potential of these drugs as treatment options.

SourceEMBO·JournalEMBO Molecular Medicine·DateMar 15, 2017

Et Tu, E. Coli?

Researchers found that E. coli toxins bind to elongation factor Tu and another protein EF-Ts to target specific tRNA molecules, inhibiting cell growth and leading to diarrhea or hemorrhagic colitis in humans.

SourceUniversity of California - Santa Barbara·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateMar 15, 2017

No mid-day nap for Finnish flies

Scientists studied the circadian clocks of two fruit fly species from Finland and Tanzania. Finnish flies adapted their activity pattern to longer days, while Tanzanian flies were influenced by the equator's long daylight hours. The study reveals tiny differences in the flies' brains that affect their behavior.

SourceUniversity of Würzburg·JournalCurrent Biology·DateMar 15, 2017

Keeping the elderly safe

A study from Duke-NUS Medical School found that tailored physical therapy programs can significantly reduce the severity of falls and slow physical decline in elderly patients. Those with fewer medical conditions reported fewer falls overall.

SourceDuke-NUS Medical School·JournalArchives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation·DateMar 15, 2017

Intensive medical treatment can reverse type 2 diabetes

A new study found that intensive medical treatment using oral medications, insulin, and lifestyle therapies can reverse type 2 diabetes in up to 40% of participants. The study's findings support the notion that type 2 diabetes can be reversed, at least in the short term, with medical approaches.

SourceThe Endocrine Society·JournalThe Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism·DateMar 15, 2017

Predicting how bad the bends will be

Researchers created a new model to predict decompression sickness severity after deep-sea dives. The model estimates both the risk and severity of symptoms, allowing divers to better plan their ascents and prevent painful and potentially fatal results.

SourceDuke University·JournalPLOS ONE·DateMar 15, 2017

New method for producing leading anti-malarial drug

Researchers at Cardiff University have devised a new way of creating the leading anti-malarial drug artemisinin, which could reduce market fluctuations in the supply chain and help study resistance to the drug. The new method bypasses several key steps in the production process, achieving the desired outcome in just four steps.

SourceCardiff University·JournalAngewandte Chemie·DateMar 15, 2017

Wildly stronger sunflowers

Researchers are using wild relatives to breed more resilient sunflower varieties, reducing the impact of diseases, weeds, and insects. The study highlights the importance of annotating genetic information in wild relative collections to preserve traits for future use.

SourceAmerican Society of Agronomy·JournalCrop Science·DateMar 15, 2017

Liquid fuel for future computers

Researchers at ETH Zurich and IBM Research Zurich have built a tiny redox flow battery that supplies electrical power and cools computer chip stacks simultaneously. The new micro-battery reaches record-high output and has potential applications in lasers, solar cells, and large energy storage systems.

SourceETH Zurich·JournalEnergy & Environmental Science·DateMar 15, 2017

Columbia and Harvard researchers find yoga and controlled breathing reduce depressive symptoms

Researchers at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and Harvard School of Medicine found that yoga classes and coherent breathing reduced depressive symptoms in adults with major depressive disorder. Participants who took three yoga classes a week showed significant improvement compared to those taking two classes.

SourceMary Ann Liebert, Inc./Genetic Engineering News·JournalThe Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine·DateMar 15, 2017

An epidemic of epipens

Researchers at the University of Birmingham found nearly 24,000 children prescribed epipens between 2000 and 2012, with prescriptions increasing five-fold over 12 years. The study highlights a need for clear guidelines on optimal epipen prescribing to reduce unnecessary prescriptions and ensure child safety.

SourceUniversity of Birmingham·JournalBritish Journal of General Practice·DateMar 15, 2017

Undergoing hip replacement improves five-year quality of life

A recent study published in The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery found that patients undergoing total hip replacement surgery experience significant improvements in quality of life (QOL) through at least five years after the procedure. The SF-6D score, a widely used measure of patient-perceived QOL, showed lasting improvements in scores.

SourceWolters Kluwer Health·JournalJournal of Bone and Joint Surgery·DateMar 15, 2017

With climate change shrubs and trees expand northwards in the Subarctic

New research reveals that as taller shrubs expand into the tundra, nutrients in their leaf litter can either promote or reduce nitrogen fixation. The study, led by Kathrin Rousk and Anders Michelsen, found that warming conditions stimulate nitrogen fixation rates in mosses, but further shrub expansion will depend on dominant species.

SourceUniversity of Copenhagen - Faculty of Science·JournalGlobal Change Biology·DateMar 15, 2017

Dissection of the 2015 Bonin deep earthquake

Researchers at Tohoku University used seismic tomography to image the three-dimensional structure of the Earth's interior, shedding new light on the deep Bonin deep earthquake. The study found that the Pacific slab is split and penetrated the lower mantle, with multiple factors contributing to its occurrence.

SourceTohoku University·JournalScientific Reports·DateMar 15, 2017

New electron source for materials analysis

Researchers at Jülich's Peter Grünberg Institute have created a new method for high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) that allows for fast and efficient measurements. This innovation enables scientists to investigate unstable or sensitive samples, paving the way for breakthroughs in materials analysis.

SourceForschungszentrum Juelich·JournalReview of Scientific Instruments·DateMar 15, 2017

Fighting MRSA with new membrane-busting compounds

Researchers have developed a new class of compounds called lysine-conjugated aliphatic norspermidine analogues (LANAs) that effectively kill certain bacteria, including MRSA. Testing on mice showed that the compounds can eliminate MRSA skin infections with no signs of acute toxicity or resistance development.

SourceAmerican Chemical Society·JournalBioconjugate Chemistry·DateMar 15, 2017

High uric acid levels in young children may result in higher blood pressure later on

A new study published in the American Journal of Hypertension found that high uric acid levels in very young children are associated with higher blood pressure at 3 years of age. The research suggests that maintaining appropriate levels of serum uric acids from early life may help reduce the risk of future increased blood pressure.

SourceOxford University Press USA·JournalAmerican Journal of Hypertension·DateMar 15, 2017