Was 'science' really on the 2020 ballot?
The article suggests that disagreements over scientific facts reflect deeper social value differences. Science can become suspect when it neglects competing values, leading to eroded public trust.
Science News for February 25, 2021
Survey reveals racial, political differences in COVID-19 responses
A recent survey from Michigan State University found racial and political differences in COVID-19 responses, with Black individuals more likely to adhere to public health standards. The study suggests that conservative White individuals are more likely to have noncompliance attitudes towards local and state COVID orders.
SourceMichigan State University·JournalJournal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities·DateFeb 25, 2021
New insights into the mechanism of nuclear fission
A series of experiments at the ALTO particle accelerator facility revealed that fragments resulting from nuclear fission obtain intrinsic angular momentum after fission, not before. The study analyzed gamma rays emitted in the process and found a saw-tooth dependence of spin on fragment mass.
Bacterial toxin is found in patients with urinary tract infections
A study published in PLOS Pathogens reveals that bacterial toxin colibactin is produced in patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs), a potential link to bladder cancer. The researchers detected colibactin in 55 of 223 patient samples and found it to induce DNA damage in bladder cells.
How SARS-CoV-2's sugar-coated shield helps activate the virus
Research reveals how glycans on SARS-CoV-2's surface facilitate activation of the virus by altering spike protein structure. This finding holds potential for identifying treatments to block or prevent viral activation.
New signaling pathway in neurons
Researchers have identified a new signaling pathway that regulates the production of RNA-protein complexes in neurons, which are overproduced in neurodegenerative diseases such as ALS and senile dementia. This discovery may lead to better understanding and potential therapeutic options for these conditions.
Perceived discrimination makes black females more likely than males to exercise, eat healthy
Research published by the American Psychological Association found that black women and girls are more likely to engage in exercise and eat healthy when faced with discrimination. The study suggests that optimism plays a role in this positive response, contrasting with avoidant coping strategies seen in less optimistic individuals.
New type of bone cell could reveal targets for osteoporosis treatment
Researchers have discovered a new type of bone cell called 'osteomorphs' that may reveal new therapeutic approaches for osteoporosis and other skeletal diseases. The cells have a unique genomic profile, suggesting promising targets for therapy.
Rapidly rising levels of sight loss are 'tip of the iceberg'
Rapidly rising levels of sight loss are largely due to untreated ocular conditions, affecting hundreds of millions globally. A new study highlights the need for standard terminology and robust definitions to measure non-visually impairing eye diseases.
Study finds short window for donating convalescent plasma to COVID-19 patients
Researchers found that robust IgM and IgG antibodies persist in recovered COVID-19 patients for at least 140 days after symptom onset, while VN antibodies decline rapidly after 60 days. This suggests a short window for donating convalescent plasma to ensure maximum immunity.
Current liver cancer screenings may leave African Americans at greater risk
A study published in Cancer found that nearly one-third of Black patients would not have qualified for liver cancer screening using common cirrhosis measures. The researchers also discovered that the tumors in Black patients tended to be larger, more numerous, and more invasive at diagnosis.
Haplotype-resolved human genomes reveal diverse structural variation
Researchers identify nearly 108,000 previously undetected structural variants and 278 SV hotspots in diverse human populations. The findings provide fundamental insights into the structure and variation of the human genome.
Human rights law can provide a transparent and fair framework for vaccine allocations
Researchers propose using human rights principles to allocate COVID-19 vaccines, considering social vulnerability alongside medical risk. An intersectional approach would prioritize those with overlapping vulnerabilities, such as age and economic status.
Researchers map metabolic signaling machinery for producing memory T cells
Immunologists at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital have mapped the biological machinery that generates T cells to kill bacteria, viruses, and tumor cells. The study reveals mechanisms that inhibit development of long-lived memory T cells, which can be blocked with pharmacological or genetic approaches to boost protective immunity.
Do commonly prescribed antidepressants increase the risk of bleeding stroke?
A large study found that people taking antidepressants were no more likely to have an intracerebral hemorrhage than those who didn't take such medications. Researchers analyzed data from over 127,000 stroke patients and found a slight decrease in risk associated with antidepressant use.
AI identifies social bias trends in Bollywood, Hollywood movies
The study analyzed subtitles of 2,000 films from the past seven decades to find consistent biases in Bollywood and Hollywood movies. Bollywood films consistently depicted fair skin as a beauty standard, while male characters made up about 60-65% of all pronouns used.
Allergy season starts earlier each year due to climate change and pollen transport
Researchers found that certain species of pollen advanced their seasons by up to 2 days per year, while others moved theirs 0.5 days earlier on average, impacting local health and allergy patterns. The study highlights the importance of accounting for pollen transport in understanding climate change's effects on the environment.
Short-term climate modeling forecasts drought for Southeast US
A new study predicts that the Southeastern United States is at high risk of extreme drought, which could expose its water-supply infrastructure to stress beyond its design limit. The researchers used short-term climate modeling forecasts to highlight the urgency of drought risk and inform policymakers' actions.
SourceUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, News Bureau·JournalGeophysical Research Letters·DateFeb 25, 2021
Megatheropods' 'grow fast, die young' approach altered dinosaur community structure and diversity
A new study reveals that megatheropods like Tyrannosaurus rex shaped dinosaur communities by filling ecological niches, explaining low species diversity among smaller dinosaurs. Communities worldwide lacked mesocarnivores due to the flood of resources from rapidly growing juveniles.
Men obstructed from entering female-dominated occupations
A study by researchers from Linköping University found that men are discriminated against in female-dominated occupations during the application process. Discrimination was observed in jobs such as nursing, childcare, and house cleaning, but not in male-dominated fields like auto mechanics or IT development.
Dentists' tool boost as engineers get to root of tiny bubbles
Researchers have gained insights into how tiny, powerful bubbles are formed by ultra-fast vibrations, which could improve dental hygiene devices and other technologies. The study's findings suggest that nanobubbles can form through boiling or cavitation processes, paving the way for future research.
Population of critically endangered Bahama Oriole is much larger than previously thought
A new study led by the University of Maryland Baltimore County estimates the Bahama Oriole population at 1300-2800 individuals, suggesting a much larger number than previously believed. The research reveals that pine forest is an important habitat for the birds, contrary to earlier findings.
SourceUniversity of Maryland Baltimore County·JournalAvian Conservation and Ecology·DateFeb 25, 2021
Why some coronavirus strains are more infectious than others
Researchers found that SARS-CoV-2's spike protein moves on a different time scale than SARS-CoV-1, giving it more stability and increasing its ability to infect cells. This discovery could lead to the development of therapeutics that alter the protein's dynamics and make it less transmissible.
Freshwater outflow from Beaufort Sea could alter global climate patterns
A new study shows that the Beaufort Sea freshwater release could impact the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, leading to significant changes in northern-hemisphere climate. The freshwater content has increased by 40% over the last two decades, with potential consequences for global climate patterns.
Study suggests greater need for grief support due to COVID-19
A recent study by Curtin University found that people grieving a COVID-related death require timely support to reduce challenges in everyday life. The research identified key psychological factors such as separation distress, dysfunctional grief, and post-traumatic stress as contributing to these difficulties.
Researchers identify drugs with potential to stop plaque buildup in arteries
Researchers at the University of Alberta identified a new mechanism responsible for plaque buildup on artery walls, which can restrict blood flow and lead to cardiovascular disease. They found that inhibiting this process with specific drugs could be a new strategy for treating cardiovascular disease.
New tool reveals security and privacy issues with contact tracing apps
A new tool has identified significant security and privacy risks in COVID-19 contact tracing apps, including the use of insecure cryptographic algorithms and tracking of personal data to third parties. The study's findings highlight the importance of addressing these issues to maintain user trust and ensure effective app functionality.
Risk genes in schizophrenia - their importance in choosing appropriate antipsychotic drug
Researchers identified key risk genes associated with schizophrenia and their impact on antipsychotic medication efficacy. Examining these single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can help differentiate between responsive and treatment-resistant patients.
Disease tolerance: Skeletons reveal humans evolved to fight pathogens
Researchers analyzed 70,000 ancient skeletons to find declining rates of transmission for these chronic infectious diseases. The analysis suggests that pathogens may evolve to cause less harm to humans over time, leading to reduced transmission.
Identifying patient-specific differences to treat HCM with precision medicine
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a complex disease characterized by thickening of the left ventricle. Researchers have identified patient-specific protein networks using RNA-seq and tissue samples from HCM patients. This study offers a path toward individualized medicine for treating HCM.
Patients with sickle cell-related kidney failure are less likely to receive transplants
A new analysis indicates that patients with kidney failure associated with sickle cell disease benefit from kidney transplantation to a similar extent as patients with kidney failure from other causes. Despite this, the sickle cell population is less likely to receive transplants.
SourceAmerican Society of Nephrology·JournalClinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology·DateFeb 25, 2021
New research shows unpredictable work schedules impact restaurant revenue
New research in INFORMS journal Management Science finds that real-time scheduling hurts server sales efforts and restaurant revenue, with a 4.4% drop in party checks for servers asked to stay longer during shifts.
SourceInstitute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences·JournalManagement Science·DateFeb 25, 2021
Getting ahead of climate change
Researchers explore incorporating Earth observation data into flood forecast-based early action to reduce disaster risk and losses. The study identifies opportunities for using EO data in FbA, focusing on predefined triggers and impact-based forecasting.
SourceSPIE--International Society for Optics and Photonics·JournalJournal of Applied Remote Sensing·DateFeb 25, 2021
Climate change-driven snowmelt in Alps triggers abrupt seasonal change
Microbial communities in Alpine soils under threat as global temperatures rise due to climate change. Early spring snowmelt disrupts seasonal transitions, impacting biogeochemical cycles and winter ecosystem functioning.
New training program enhances disaster preparedness for healthcare personnel
A new comprehensive course has been developed to enhance disaster preparedness for healthcare personnel, incorporating an interdisciplinary approach. The training program, conducted at the World Bosai Forum, focuses on skills such as psychological first aid, public health intervention, and crisis communications.
Landmark study details sequencing of 64 full human genomes to better capture genetic diversity
Researchers have sequenced 64 full human genomes, capturing genetic diversity and enabling population-specific studies on genetic predispositions to human diseases. The new reference dataset reflects 25 different human populations and better captures genetic differences than previous composite genomes.
NTU scientists develop laser system that generates random numbers at ultrafast speeds
Researchers at Nanyang Technological University have developed a laser system that generates random numbers at speeds over 100 times faster than current technologies. The system uses an hourglass-shaped cavity to create unique patterns, which are then used to generate random sequences of information.
Weakness is strength for this low-temperature battery
A new type of electrolyte weakly binds to lithium ions, enabling a battery to retain its capacity at -60 degrees Celsius. The researchers discovered that the binding strength between lithium and the electrolyte determines the battery's performance at low temperatures.
Sea turtle: Sentinels and victims of plastic pollution in the Adriatic Sea
A study by researchers at the University of Bologna found that sea turtles have high levels of plastic debris in their faeces, which can alter their gut microbiota and compromise their health. The Adriatic Sea is a major hotspot for marine pollution, with over 10 million tons of plastic entering the oceans every year.
Repetitive compression of limbs appears to aid recovery from deadly brain bleeds
Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) treatment may improve recovery from intracerebral hemorrhage, the deadliest type of stroke. RIC reduces inflammation and promotes new blood vessel growth, accelerating functional recovery.
Cryptic fleshy coat aids larvae in crawling on a moss carpet
Larvae of long-bodied crane flies have cryptic coloration and patterning, as well as fleshy lobes that serve multiple purposes. The study reveals that these lobes aid locomotion by assisting larvae in crawling on moss carpets, contradicting previous hypotheses about their function.
Rare bee found after 100 years
A rare Australian native bee species, Pharohylaeus lactiferus, has been found again after 100 years, with only six individuals previously recorded. The discovery highlights the species' vulnerability to habitat destruction and wildfires in Australia's rainforests.
New treatment location challenges thoughts on addiction
Researchers have discovered a new pathway in the brain that provides pain relief and reduces opioid cravings. The study found that transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) targeting the motor cortex was significantly more effective at reducing pain and opioid urge than targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC).
Super-resolution RNA imaging in live cells
Researchers at Heidelberg University developed a novel fluorescence marker called RhoBAST to enable super-resolution RNA imaging in live cells. The method reveals details of subcellular structures and molecular interactions involving RNA, improving image resolution.
Study identifies potential link between Soldiers exposed to blasts, Alzheimer's
A new study identifies a potential link between blast exposure and Alzheimer's disease in soldiers. Researchers found that even healthy neurons with subtle synaptic pathology may be an early indicator of Alzheimer's-type pathogenesis.
Obesity may affect puberty timing and hormones in girls
A study published in the Endocrine Society's Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism found that girls with excess body fat developed fully mature breasts more slowly but started their period sooner. The researchers also found higher levels of reproductive hormones, including testosterone, in girls with obesity.
SourceThe Endocrine Society·JournalThe Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism·DateFeb 25, 2021
What's ahead for people with disabilities in the post-pandemic workplace?
As the COVID-19 pandemic subsides, experts emphasize the need for vocational rehabilitation to prioritize access to technology and home-based employment for individuals with disabilities. This shift is crucial in preparing them for the new global workplace, where many jobs have transitioned to remote work.
What might sheep and driverless cars have in common? Following the herd
A new study by computer scientists found that individuals are more willing to sacrifice their own safety when peers are more likely to do so in programming autonomous vehicles. The researchers also showed that the social component of decision-making is often overlooked and that transparency in machine programming is crucial for public ...
Eating human food could mean trouble for urban coyotes, study shows
A new study by University of Alberta researchers reveals that urban coyotes consuming human food have more human-like gut bacteria, leading to poor health outcomes such as lower body fat and stressed immune systems. The study suggests limiting access to protein-poor human food could be an effective solution.
Smaller plates help reduce food waste in campus dining halls
A University of Illinois study found that shifting from round to oval plates with smaller surface areas can significantly reduce food waste in dining halls. The researchers observed significant reductions in food selection, consumption, and waste when diners used the oval plates, resulting in nearly 20 grams less food waste per plate.
Arthritis drugs may reduce mortality and time in ICU for sickest COVID patients
A landmark study published in the New England Journal of Medicine found that treating critically ill COVID-19 patients with rheumatoid arthritis drugs tocilizumab and sarilumab can significantly improve survival and reduce time in ICU, with a 8.5% reduction in mortality.
A cat of all trades
Researchers sequenced African leopards' genomes, finding high genetic diversity comparable to Amur leopards. This may give them an advantage in coping with environmental changes, including climate change and habitat destruction.
Effective anxiety therapy changes personality
Researchers found significant changes in patients' personality profiles after effective anxiety therapy, scoring lower on neuroticism and becoming more extroverted. Metacognitive therapy produced the greatest effect on both symptoms and personality.
SourceNorwegian University of Science and Technology·JournalClinical Psychology & Psychotherapy·DateFeb 25, 2021
Vitamin D deficiency does not increase risk of type 1 diabetes
A recent study published in PLOS Medicine found that genetically determined vitamin D levels do not have a large effect on risk of type 1 diabetes among Europeans. The researchers used a Mendelian randomization design to examine the causal effect of vitamin D levels on the disease.
Extreme melt on Antarctica's George VI ice shelf
A University of Colorado Boulder-led study found record melting on Antarctica's northern George VI Ice Shelf during the 2019-2020 summer season. The extreme melt coincided with record-setting stretches when local surface air temperatures were at or above freezing point, posing a threat to ice-shelf break-up and sea-level rise.
Signal transduction without signal -- receptor clusters can direct cell movement
Researchers at Goethe University Frankfurt discovered that clustering of receptors, such as the Y2 receptor, can trigger cell movement similar to the neuropeptide Y signal. The study used light-sensitive matrices and laser spots to control the direction of cell movement with high precision.
Environment: Shifting from small to medium plastic bottles could reduce PET waste
A shift in beverage sales towards medium-sized plastic bottles could reduce PET waste by 1% each year, resulting in a potential reduction of 9,052 tonnes. Medium-sized bottles with capacities above 2,265 milliliters deliver the highest volume of beverage for the lowest packaging weight.
What motivates natural resource policymakers in Africa to take action on climate change?
New research finds that social norms and experience with extreme weather events significantly influence professional action on climate change among East African natural resource managers. A study suggests that aligning climate services with social norms could offer a low-hanging fruit for designing more effective interventions.
Scientists probe electronic angular momentum to a chemical reaction for the first time
Researchers have successfully probed electronic angular momentum to a chemical reaction at the quantum state-resolved level, offering a detailed understanding of molecular crossed beam experiments and theoretical simulations. This breakthrough reveals subtle influences of electronic angular momentum on chemical product distributions.
SourceDalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy Sciences·JournalScience·DateFeb 25, 2021
Artificial 'brain' reveals why we can't always believe our eyes
An artificial neural network called MotionNet has provided new insights into human motion perception, revealing common optical illusions like phi and reverse-phi motion. The system shows that neurons are tuned to the direction of movement, leading to mistakes in perception.
Study: Bladder cancer is more advanced in South Texas
A study by the Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio found that bladder cancer is more advanced and deadly in South Texas residents than in many parts of the country. The disease disproportionately affects Latinos and women, with worse survival rates regardless of geographic location.
SourceUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio·JournalBladder Cancer·DateFeb 25, 2021
Can a robot operate effectively underwater?
Researchers studied sea star shapes and found that their unique shape creates a
NIH awards UC San Diego $33 million for five COVID-19 diagnostic projects
The NIH has awarded UC San Diego $33 million over four years for five COVID-19 diagnostic projects, including RADx-UP and RADx-rad initiatives. These efforts focus on managing data centers, expanding testing in disadvantaged communities, and developing innovative approaches to address gaps in COVID-19 testing.
Could post-COVID-19 tourists become less adventurous?
Research found that post-pandemic tourism is influenced by a behavioral immune system, leading to increased nationalism, xenophobia, and avoidance of crowds. Tourists may choose familiar destinations over new ones, increasing destination loyalty. This could have long-term implications for businesses during the COVID-19 era.
Male lyrebirds create an 'acoustic illusion' to snare potential mates
Researchers discover that male lyrebirds use mimicry to recreate the panicked alarm calls of a mixed-species flock during courtship and mating. This 'acoustic illusion' may be a crucial sexual behavior for males, helping them gain reproductive advantage by tricking females into responding as if they're at risk from a predator.
Study estimates two-thirds of COVID-19 hospitalizations due to four conditions
A modeling study suggests that pre-existing conditions like obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and heart failure contribute to most COVID-19 hospitalizations. The study found that improving cardiometabolic health through lifestyle changes could reduce hospitalizations and health care strains.
Theory could accelerate push for spintronic devices
Rice University scientists develop a new theory that can help identify materials for advanced spintronic devices, which depend on electron spin states. The theory predicts heteropairs of two-dimensional bilayers that enable large Rashba splitting, making room-temperature spin transistors possible.
Nanomedicine activation profile determines efficacy depending on tumor c-Myc expression
Researchers developed polymeric nano-micelles that target specific levels of c-Myc expression, a key factor in cancer cell proliferation. The study showed varying efficacy depending on tumor c-Myc expression levels, with higher expression associated with better antitumor activity.
Harnessing the power of proteins in our cells to combat disease
Researchers are exploring a novel approach to target disease-causing proteins in human cells. This method, utilizing ubiquitin ligases, aims to overcome traditional drug discovery limitations by targeting more disease-causing proteins, offering new therapeutic possibilities for various conditions.
Opioid agonist treatment could greatly reduce drug related deaths if used more widely
Scaling up opioid agonist treatment (OAT) to 40% of people who inject drugs could avert between 12-24% of all drug-related deaths, including 13-19% of overdose deaths. Longer treatment durations and prison-based OAT are predicted to have significant additional impact.
How plant stem cells renew themselves -- a cytokinin story
Scientists have discovered the mechanism by which plant hormone cytokinin regulates stem cell division, controlling cell proliferation and mitosis. The study reveals that cytokinin activates the transcription factor MYB3R4, promoting its nuclear localization and activating key cell cycle genes.
Urban Americans more likely to follow covid-19 prevention behaviors than rural Americans
A first national study found that rural Americans were less likely to wear face coverings in public and work from home compared to their urban counterparts. However, some factors such as age, education level, and income influenced the likelihood of following COVID-19 prevention guidelines.
Just published: Compilation of research on PFAS in the environment
PFAS substances are ubiquitous in the environment, found in soil, water, and wildlife. Research highlights the need for effective management strategies to mitigate potential toxicity to humans and wildlife, with data gaps identified for devising an approach.
SourceSociety of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry·JournalEnvironmental Toxicology and Chemistry·DateFeb 25, 2021
Health professional societies address critical care clinician burnout
Critical care clinicians are at risk of burnout, which threatens clinical care quality and safety. Health professional societies can play a key role in addressing burnout by promoting practices that value clinician well-being.
Embed germ defence behaviours at home to reduce virus spread now and in the future - new study
A new study found that while hand washing is a common practice, other infection control behaviors such as social distancing and wearing facemasks at home are less common. Researchers emphasize the importance of embedding these behaviors into daily life to reduce virus spread now and in the future.
Openly available toolkit to help lab-based coronavirus research
A new, openly available SARS-CoV-2 laboratory research toolkit was published in PLOS Biology. The toolkit includes a 'single plasmid reverse genetics' system allowing researchers to manipulate the coronavirus genome and study individual mutations. This will fast-track investigation of COVID-19 research, including novel variants, drug d...
Market design to accelerate COVID-19 vaccine supply
Expanding vaccine capacity can accelerate completion of widespread immunization and generate substantial global benefits. Investing in additional capacity could save hundreds of dollars per course, dwarfing current prices of $6 to $40.
A new prototype of an intelligent underground robotic system for urban environments
A new prototype of an intelligent underground robotic system has been developed to reduce noise and pollution in civil works. The system consists of a surface vehicle with a geo-radar and an autonomous underground robot that drills from one point to another, eliminating the need for digging ditches.
Chip simplifies COVID-19 testing, delivers results on a phone
Researchers created a stamp-sized microfluidic chip that measures SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein concentration in blood serum, enabling rapid diagnosis of COVID-19. The device uses programmed magnetic nanobeads and an electrochemical sensor to deliver accurate results within minutes.
64 human genomes as new reference for global genetic diversity
A new reference dataset reflects 64 assembled human genomes, capturing genetic differences across 25 populations from around the world. This comprehensive resource enables accurate study of genetic variants and their role in disease, paving the way for personalized medicine.
USDA grant seeks to enhance milk production and cow health
A Cornell University scientist is receiving a USDA grant to study the relationship between insulin, ceramide, and lactation in dairy cows. The goal of the research is to identify mechanisms that control insulin resistance in early lactation, with potential benefits for improving milk production efficiency and animal health.
A Canadian success story: world-first to treat Fabry disease with gene therapy
A Canadian pilot study on gene therapy for Fabry disease shows the treatment is working and safe, enabling patients to produce normal levels of the defective enzyme. The trial, led by Dr. Aneal Khan, treated five men with a single dose of gene therapy, which resulted in stable patients who are no longer requiring replacement therapy.
Virus detection method is versatile and accessible
A new virus detection method has been developed by KAUST researchers using magnetic nanoparticles, allowing for fast, safe and cheap testing of viruses in clinical and wastewater samples. The method rivals commercial viral-RNA extraction kits while lowering the risk of handling potentially infectious samples.
SourceKing Abdullah University of Science & Technology (KAUST)·JournalGlobal Challenges·DateFeb 25, 2021
Chimpanzees and humans share overlapping territories
New research reveals chimpanzees use areas away from villages more intensively, but enter human-occupied land for fruit when scarce. The study provides insights into how wildlife balance risks and rewards in anthropogenic landscapes, informing coexistence strategies.
First complete coronavirus model shows cooperation
A new multiscale coarse-grained model of the complete SARS-CoV-2 virion has been developed using supercomputers, providing a holistic understanding of the virus's behavior. The model reveals cooperative motion among spike proteins on the surface of the virus, which is informative of how it explores and detects host cell receptors.
SourceUniversity of Texas at Austin, Texas Advanced Computing Center·JournalBiophysical Journal·DateFeb 25, 2021
Comet makes a pit stop near Jupiter's asteroids
A wayward comet-like object has been spotted near a family of captured ancient asteroids, called Trojans, orbiting the Sun alongside Jupiter. The object shows signs of comet activity, such as a tail, outgassing, and an enshrouding coma of dust and gas.
Did teenage 'tyrants' outcompete other dinosaurs?
Researchers found a pattern where carnivorous dinosaur communities lacked medium-sized species between 100-1000kg, with juvenile megatheropods filling the gap. This discovery suggests that growth and development played a significant role in shaping ecosystem dynamics.
A tangled food web
The study argues that trophic levels are insufficient to assess aquaculture sustainability due to changing feed compositions and energy requirements. Researchers advocate for more nuanced assessments, such as voluntary certifications and incentives for environmentally responsible practices.
Tiny crustaceans' show fastest repeatable movements ever seen in marine animals
Researchers found that amphipod claws snap at nearly 100 km/h, accelerating to over 30 meters per second. This unique adaptation could inspire human engineering for fast-repeated movement.
OHSU study advances field of precision medicine
Researchers at OHSU have developed a new method to quickly map single-cell genomes and clarify spatial cell positions within complex tissues. This technique has the potential to precisely identify and target cells in diseases like cancer or stroke, allowing for novel therapies.
Face masks helped to reduce viral transmission during covid's first wave in Italy
A new study found that face mask distribution and mandatory use corresponded with a significant reduction in viral transmission in Italy. The use of face coverings may have reduced official COVID-19 cases by up to 30,000 during the first half of 2020.
Scientists induce artificial 'magnetic texture' in graphene
Researchers induced artificial magnetic texture in nonmagnetic graphene by pairing it with a magnet, overcoming a long-standing obstacle in the field of spintronics. The findings have potential to revolutionize electronics and enable more powerful semiconductors, quantum computers, and other devices.
RIT faculty using smartphones and artificial intelligence to help assess crop roots
Assistant Professor Guoyu Lu is creating an AI system that uses smartphones to analyze crop roots, enabling quick and efficient analysis of root shape, surface area, and angles. The goal is to develop a mobile app that can assess various crops and improve breeding resilient crops.
Forests' long-term capacity to store carbon is dropping in regions with extreme annual fires
Repeated fires alter tree communities, reducing biomass and individual trees by up to 72% over 50 years. Regions with extreme climate variations are most sensitive to fire frequency changes.
Development of an electroceutical to drastically reduce high-risk, preterm labor
A non-invasive electroceutical developed to detect early preterm labor and suppress uterine contractions. The device uses a donut-shaped electrode inserted into the cervix to sense signals of uterine contractions, providing a potential breakthrough in preventing premature birth.
SourceNational Research Council of Science & Technology·JournalIEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering·DateFeb 25, 2021
Study shows opioid use among US patients with knee osteoarthritis costs 14 billion dollars in societal costs
A recent study estimates that 858,000 Americans use opioids for knee pain, resulting in $0.5 billion annual costs and nearly $14 billion lifetime costs. The study suggests substantial savings from preventing opioid use for knee osteoarthritis pain management.
Recreational marijuana legalization, changes in use before, during, after pregnancy
A study found that recreational marijuana legalization was associated with increased cannabis use by women before, during, and after pregnancy. Researchers analyzed data from over 1 million pregnancies, showing a significant increase in cannabis use among those living in states where recreational marijuana was legal.
Heavy rain affects object detection by autonomous vehicle LiDAR sensors
Researchers from WMG, University of Warwick found that LiDAR sensors' effectiveness decreases in heavy rain, hindering object detection. The study simulated real-world roads and weather using the WMG 3xD simulator to test LiDAR sensor performance.
Light unbound: Data limits could vanish with new optical antennas
Researchers at UC Berkeley developed a new way to harness light waves, enabling the simultaneous transmission of vast amounts of data. The technology uses twisted laser beams and exploits the property of orbital angular momentum, which offers exponentially greater data capacity.
How hypertension leads to atherosclerosis research scientists at
Researchers at Aarhus University and hospital have identified the fundamental step linking hypertension to atherosclerosis, finding that hypertension causes increased accumulation of bad cholesterol in arterial walls. This discovery may aid in developing new treatments targeting disease mechanisms.
WHOI and NOAA fisheries release new North Atlantic right whale health assessment review
The report reviews available tools and current understanding of the health status and trends of individual whales and the species. It concludes with recommendations for additional information needs and necessary management actions to enhance the health of individual right whales.
New sustainable building simulation method points to the future of design
A new framework allows designers to assess environmental impact early in the design process, reducing costs and increasing sustainability. By rapidly simulating tens of thousands of design iterations, architects can make more informed decisions and achieve greater efficiency.
OU study highlights need for improving methane emission database
A University of Oklahoma-led team identified limits in the major greenhouse emission database EDGAR, which underestimates paddy rice methane emissions. The researchers developed annual paddy rice maps to quantify spatial-temporal changes and improve simulations of models estimating methane emission.
Scientists investigated more thoroughly Walker breakdown in 3D magnetic nanowires
Scientists studied how the cross-sectional geometry of 3D nanowires affects domain wall dynamics and Walker breakdown phenomenon. The research found that oscillatory behavior can be explained by energy changes due to deformation during rotation, promising new possibilities for nano-oscillators and radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation.
Gulf Stream System at its weakest in over a millennium
Scientists have found consistent evidence that the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation has weakened unprecedentedly in over 1000 years. The slowdown is linked to human-caused global warming, which disrupts the deep convection mechanism driving the ocean current.
Smartphones could help to prevent glaucoma blindness - study
Researchers at the University of Birmingham have developed a method to measure intraocular pressure using soundwaves, which could help detect glaucoma earlier. This non-invasive technique uses a smartphone to scan people's eyes, prompting early diagnosis and treatment to prevent blindness.
Mortality rises among public when health workers get sick in an outbreak, model suggests
A new model created by Penn State researchers finds that healthcare workers' illness during outbreaks significantly increases overall case counts and mortality rates. The model suggests that high loss impact paired with low redundancy leads to the most severe epidemic outcomes.
European unions' support varies for precarious workers
A recent study by Cornell University researchers found that European unions have been practicing solidarity in many cases, improving working conditions for peripheral workers. In contrast, some unions have adopted a dualist approach, prioritizing their own members' interests over those of non-unionized workers.
Farmers in developing countries can protect both profits and endangered species
A new study proposes a plan for farmers to protect themselves from financial losses while preserving endangered predators, such as snow leopards. Community livestock insurance contracts could benefit both farmers and conservation efforts.
Research agreement focuses on battlefield injuries
OYE Therapeutics is developing a new life-saving strategy to reduce mortality and morbidity resulting from battlefield injuries. The company, in partnership with USU and HJF, aims to enhance acute pain control at the point-of-injury through its drug product pipeline.
Risk factors associated with COVID-19 transmission among US Air Force trainees in a congregate setting
Researchers studied over 10,000 U.S. Air Force basic trainees to identify COVID-19 transmission risk factors in a congregate setting. The study found that symptoms and laboratory results on the first day of diagnosis were associated with case clusters.
A-maze-ing pheasants have two ways of navigating
Researchers found that pheasants in different habitats prefer to use either allocentric or egocentric navigation strategies. The study suggests individual variation in these biases may influence habitat selection and resource relocation.
UIC researchers find new biomarker for active sarcoidosis
Researchers identified three patient segments based on blood lymphocyte counts and PET/CT scan findings, indicating varying levels of disease activity. The discovery could help guide treatment and understand the underlying mechanisms associated with sarcoidosis.
New ONC, NLM funding supports data exchange and response to COVID-19 pandemic
The Regenstrief Institute's LOINC standard has received additional federal funding to support efforts to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic. The funding will prioritize the creation of specific COVID-19 LOINC terms and improve mapping services.
Social dilemma follows 2018 eruption of Kilauea volcano
The 2018 Kilauea eruption highlights the intersection of physical and social phenomena, with rapid population growth in at-risk areas leading to increased development and land value. This study assesses trends in population growth and median land cost in Pāhoa-Kalapana, Hilo, and Puna districts.
A solid solvent for unique materials
Researchers at the Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics have created a flexible method to produce sol¬id, two-dimensional silica solvents, allowing for control over material properties and molecular structure. This breakthrough simplifies material design and synthesis.
SourceThe Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences·JournalInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences·DateFeb 25, 2021
Johns Hopkins develops drive-thru type test to detect viral infections in bacteria
Researchers have developed a novel test to identify viral infections in uncultured bacterial populations, enabling faster and more affordable detection. The test, which involves fusing viral and bacterial genes together, allows for the tracking of viral infections and potential environmental consequences.
Study uncovers flaws in process for maintaining state voter rolls
A Yale-led study found that at least 4% of registered voters in Wisconsin were incorrectly identified as having changed addresses, potentially disenfranchising them. Minority voters were twice as likely to cast ballots using their original address after being flagged as movers.
Seafloor seismic sensor detects waves and quakes
Researchers successfully detected storm swell events and earthquakes across a nine-month observation period using the Curie cable's telecommunications data. The approach transforms the ocean's fiber optic network into a continuous, real-time earthquake and tsunami monitoring system.
Plant-based diets improve cardiac function, cognitive health
A plant-based diet, such as the Mediterranean Diet (MIND), was found to slow down heart failure and lower the risk of cognitive decline and dementia. The study of 2,512 participants showed that a diet rich in berries and green leafy vegetables can positively impact cardiac function.
Biobattery-powered microneedle patch can deliver drugs and procure testing samples
Researchers at Tohoku University developed a biobattery-powered device that can deliver large molecule pharmaceuticals and extract interstitial fluid. The microneedle array, smaller than a pinky nail, uses electroosmotic flow to increase drug transmission rates and extraction speed.
Differences in cognitive decline between men, women
A pooled analysis of five studies reveals significant differences in cognitive decline between men and women, with women experiencing a more rapid decline. The study suggests that women's brains may be more susceptible to age-related cognitive changes, with potential implications for gender-specific interventions.
Novel pooled testing strategies can significantly better identify COVID-19 infections
Researchers developed a model to identify optimal pooled testing strategies that require minimal expertise and resources. This approach can increase the number of infections identified by up to 20 times per day compared to individual testing, making it a powerful tool for public health efforts.
SourceHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health·JournalScience Translational Medicine·DateFeb 25, 2021
Decrease in peanut allergy among infants after guideline changes
Researchers from Murdoch Children's Research Institute found a significant decrease in peanut allergy among infants after international infant feeding guidelines changed in 2016. The study also showed a rise in parents introducing peanut into their babies' diet since the guideline changes.
SourceMurdoch Childrens Research Institute·JournalJournal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology·DateFeb 25, 2021
Nuclear physicists on the hunt for squeezed protons
Researchers observed several thousand protons in an experiment, but did not detect the tell-tale signs of color transparency. This suggests that the proton is more complicated than expected, with its predicted behavior occurring at higher energies than initially thought.
SourceDOE/Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility·JournalPhysical Review Letters·DateFeb 25, 2021
Sub-diffraction optical writing information bits: towards a high-capacity optical disk for Big Data
The development of sub-diffraction optical writing overcomes the limitation of diffractive light, enabling a much-improved data density. The technology achieves an estimated storage capacity of 700 TB on a 12-cm optical disk, comparable to 28,000 Blu-ray disks.
Scientists uncover new details of SARS-CoV-2 interactions with human cells
Researchers have created molecular models to study the critical parts of SARS-CoV-2 that interact with human cell membranes. The simulations reveal how the virus inserts itself into cells and provide new insights into a potential drug target. This discovery could help develop new treatments for COVID-19.
Internet fiber optics could provide valuable insight into geological phenomena
A team of researchers at Penn State has developed a method to turn existing telecommunication infrastructure into a valuable resource for monitoring ground vibrations. By using fiber-optic distributed acoustic sensing technology, they can detect a wide variety of signal vibrations, including those caused by earthquakes, music concerts,...
Graphene filter makes carbon capture more efficient and cheaper
Scientists have developed a graphene filter that can extract carbon dioxide from industrial emissions with high efficiency and speed. The filter, which is the thinnest in the world, can separate carbon dioxide from other gases with an efficiency surpassing most current filters.
Showcasing the green construction sites of tomorrow
A new project, Future Green Construction Sites, is being launched in Denmark to demonstrate elements of a green construction site of the future. The project involves experts from six companies and researchers from Aarhus University, who will test various climate-friendly initiatives to promote a green transition for construction sites.
On the line: Watching nanoparticles get in shape
A research team led by Berkeley Lab has captured high-resolution videos of nanoparticles forming solid-like layers at the interface between oil and water. The findings could help optimize liquid structures for advanced biomedical applications such as drug discovery and targeted cancer treatment.
Building bridges between atoms and making catalysts of high quality
Researchers from USTC establish bridges between atoms and make catalysts of high quality. They apply substitutional doping method to prepare Co-doping MoS2 monolayer, which shows dramatically increased exchange current density during electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction.
SourceUniversity of Science and Technology of China·JournalAngewandte Chemie International Edition·DateFeb 25, 2021
Guideline for reducing opioid use post-surgery leads to high pain management satisfaction
A new guideline for reducing opioid use post-surgery has led to a high pain management satisfaction rate of over 90%, with 83% of patients properly disposing of unused pills. The guideline takes into account individual patients' perception of pain, setting expectations and prescribing non-opioid analgesics to minimize opioid use.
SourceAmerican College of Surgeons·JournalJournal of the American College of Surgeons·DateFeb 25, 2021
Collaboration leads to 2D polymer discovery
Army researchers developed a new class of 2D polymers with tremendous potential for military applications. The breakthrough was made possible through a collaborative program between the US Army Research Laboratory and Northeastern University.
Diversity among study participants credited with identifying gene linked to asthma
Researchers have identified a gene variant associated with childhood asthma using a diverse patient population. The study found that African Americans were more likely to carry the protective variant, which resulted in an increased risk of developing asthma.
SourceHenry Ford Health·JournalAmerican Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine·DateFeb 25, 2021
Scientists reveal details of antibodies that work against Zika virus
Researchers at California Institute of Technology have discovered how antibodies recognize and block the Zika virus. The study found that antibodies produced in response to Zika virus are effective against other flaviviruses like dengue type 1, but less effective against West Nile and other types of dengue.
Removing one barrier to opioid use disorder treatment
The opioid overdose epidemic in the US is fueled by restricted access to evidence-based treatments, with only 18% of individuals receiving effective medications. Proposed exemptions aim to expand access, but more changes are needed to address the crisis.
Early-warning for seizures could be a game-changer for epilepsy patients
Researchers at USC have developed a powerful mathematical model that can predict seizures with high accuracy, providing epilepsy patients with an early warning of up to five minutes. This breakthrough could revolutionize epilepsy management and treatment, allowing patients to take necessary interventions to prevent seizure onset.
Scientists identify cells responsible for liver tissue maintenance and regeneration
Researchers from UT Southwestern Medical Center identified the cells responsible for liver tissue maintenance and regeneration, specifically those in zone 2. These cells can evade death, regenerate hepatocytes, and sustain liver function after damage.
Engaging in mobile gambling for social interaction can lead to problem gambling
A NUI Galway study found that problem and non-problem gamblers differ in the gratifications they seek from mobile gambling. Problem gamblers use apps to facilitate social interaction and avoid boredom, while non-problem gamblers do not.
Antibodies recognize and attack different SARS-CoV-2 spike shapes
Studies directly visualized changing SARS-CoV-2 spike shapes and monitored antibody attachment, finding two targeting strategies: occupying the open position or locking in a closed state. This research informs COVID-19 vaccine and treatment development.
Two new genes linked to Alzheimer's disease discovered
Researchers identified two new genes linked to Alzheimer's disease, PTPN9 and PCDHA4, in a study of gene expression in the hippocampus. The findings suggest that these genes contribute to the progression of the disease through pathways related to plaque formation and cell death.
New radiology research shows promising results for focused ultrasound treatment of Alzheimer's
A new radiology research study suggests that focused ultrasound treatment may induce an immunological healing response in Alzheimer's patients, and open the blood-brain barrier. The treatment targets the hippocampus, which plays a large role in learning and memory.
Molecular bridges power up printed electronics
Graphene Flagship researchers have developed molecular bridges to overcome defects in transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) flakes, increasing carrier mobility tenfold. This breakthrough enables the mass production of conductive inks for printed electronic devices, opening up new possibilities for flexible electronics and wearables.
Could a common barnacle help find missing persons lost at sea?
Researchers have developed equations to estimate the time an object has spent drifting at sea and plot possible drift paths of a missing boat. By analyzing the growth rate of Lepas anserifera attached to the object, scientists can narrow down the search area and find missing persons more efficiently.
Menthol cigarettes helped recruit estimated 10 million extra US smokers over 38 years
A new study reveals that menthol cigarettes contributed to a significant increase in smoking prevalence among US youth and adults between 1980 and 2018. The researchers estimated that the availability of menthol cigarettes led to 10.1 million extra smokers, resulting in 378,000 premature deaths over the 38-year period.
Computer training to reduce trauma symptoms
Researchers from Ruhr-University Bochum found that computerised training can reduce PTSD symptoms by helping patients reappraise trauma memories. Patients who underwent the 'Cognitive Bias Modification-Appraisal' training showed fewer trauma-relevant symptoms and lower stress hormone levels compared to those in a control group.
Imaging space debris in high resolution
Researchers introduce a novel algorithm to estimate speed and angle of rotating objects in space, then apply these estimates to develop high-resolution images. The method achieves improved resolution without being heavily affected by atmospheric fluctuations.
SourceSociety for Industrial and Applied Mathematics·JournalSIAM Journal on Imaging Sciences·DateFeb 25, 2021
Male superb lyrebirds imitate alarm calls of a "mobbing flock" while mating
Researchers found that male superb lyrebirds create an acoustic illusion of a mobbing flock during courtship and copulation to trick females into staying with them. This complex behavior challenges traditional explanations of mimicry in biology, suggesting that elaborate bird songs can be driven by sexual conflict and deception.
New model describes wave behavior in straits, predicts killer waves
A new theoretical model of wave formation in straits and channels accounts for nonlinear effects and improves wave prediction. The research can protect coastline infrastructure and make maritime travel safer.
SourceSkolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech)·JournalOcean Dynamics·DateFeb 25, 2021
Scientists use Doppler to peer inside cells
Researchers at Purdue University developed a method to detect pathogens in cells using Doppler technology, allowing for quick diagnoses and effective treatments. This innovation enables scientists to identify harmless microbes and determine the correct antibiotic to use against antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
New machine learning tool facilitates analysis of health information, clinical forecasting
A new study developed a transparent and reproducible machine learning tool, TL-Lite, to facilitate analysis of health information. The tool can be used in clinical forecasting, predicting trends and outcomes in individual patients, and is particularly useful for organizing clinical data into meaningful visualizations.
Real-world effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine - research by Clalit Research Institute
A large-scale peer-reviewed study by the Clalit Research Institute found that the Pfizer vaccine reduces the risk of symptomatic COVID-19 by 94% and severe disease by 92% in fully vaccinated individuals. The study also showed substantial vaccine effectiveness even before completing two doses.
Overlooked cilium could be genetic key to common diseases
Researchers found that genes affecting cilia function are linked to diabetes, kidney failure, and liver fibrosis in both rare genetic disorders and the general public. The discovery opens up new possibilities for targeted treatments and gene therapies.
SourceUniversity of Pennsylvania School of Medicine·JournalAmerican Journal of Human Genetics·DateFeb 25, 2021
Lethal house lures reduce incidence of malaria in children
Researchers found that installing window screening and insecticide-laced screens under eaves can significantly reduce clinical malaria incidence among children. The intervention, called In2Care EaveTube, was effective in areas with highly resistant mosquitoes, with a 38% overall reduction in malaria incidence.
30 teachers selected as Airborne Astronomy Ambassadors to bring NASA science to classrooms
The SETI Institute has selected 30 teachers from 10 states to participate in the NASA-funded Airborne Astronomy Ambassador program. The program aims to improve science teaching and increase student learning and STEM engagement through immersive astrophysics and planetary science training.
Zebra finches choose nest materials based on past experience, new research shows
Zebra finches select familiar nest materials when successful breeding, while less experienced birds experiment with new materials. This study challenges long-held assumptions about bird nesting behavior, showing that animals learn and modify their nests based on past experiences.
Johns Hopkins study shows mother's diet may boost immune systems of premature infants
A Johns Hopkins Medicine research team discovered that a diet rich in indole-3-carbinole, found in green leafy vegetables like broccoli, can protect premature infants from necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). The study also found that breast milk from these mothers provided continued immunity against NEC.
Belowground biodiversity in motion
Climate change has a stronger influence on soil microbial communities than land-use change, leading to increased bacterial richness but reduced community complexity. This shift may reduce specialization and adaptation capacity of ecosystems.
SourceGerman Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig·JournalGlobal Ecology and Biogeography·DateFeb 25, 2021
Study finds changes in gut microbiome connected to Alzheimer's-like behavior
Researchers at OHSU discovered a correlation between gut microbiome composition and cognitive performance in mice with genes associated with Alzheimer's. The study suggests a relationship between microbes and epigenetic changes in the brain, potentially leading to new treatments for Alzheimer's.
How could rising sea level impact the National Flood Insurance Program?
A new study suggests that grandfathered rates in the National Flood Insurance Program could lead to losses for the NFIP as flood risk grows due to rising sea levels. Experts recommend replacing grandfathering with a gradual phase-in of risk-based insurance prices and providing means-tested assistance to lower-income households.