Recently, a research team led by Prof. GAO Xiaoming from the Hefei Institutes of Physical Science of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, developed developed a multimodal neural network model, MM-LHRNet, for accurate and rapid retrieval of atmospheric CO 2 column concentrations using laser heterodyne radiometry (LHR).
The research results were published in Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical .
Accurate monitoring of atmospheric CO 2 is important for climate studies. LHRs are widely used for ground-based CO 2 observations due to their compact structure and relatively low cost. However, conventional inversion methods still rely on prior atmospheric information and repeated radiative transfer calculations, which makes retrieval time-consuming and can reduce accuracy.
In this study, MM-LHRNet integrates laser heterodyne spectra, temperature and pressure profiles, and solar zenith angle data. To improve its adaptability under different atmospheric conditions, the team generated physically consistent simulated spectra using radiative transfer modeling and atmospheric reanalysis datasets for pretraining. The model was further optimized with measured spectral observations and data from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network.
Field experiments showed that MM-LHRNet achieved a retrieval standard deviation of 0.49 ppm, with a retrieval precision of about 0.11%. Compared with traditional nonlinear least-squares inversion methods, the model more than doubled retrieval accuracy while increasing retrieval speed by over three orders of magnitude.
This study demonstrates that multimodal neural network models can achieve high-precision atmospheric CO 2 retrieval and may guide future real-time greenhouse gas monitoring. According to the team, MM-LHRNet enables rapid and accurate measurements of greenhouse gases.
Multi-modal neural fusion for accurate carbon dioxide column sensing using laser heterodyne radiometry
14-Apr-2026