About The Study: In this cohort study, adverse childhood experience (ACE) exposure was associated with an increased risk of treatment-resistant depression even after accounting for unmeasured familial confounding. The findings highlight the importance of preventing ACEs and incorporating ACE history into clinical assessment to identify individuals with major depressive disorder who may be at elevated risk for treatment resistance.
Corresponding Author: To contact the corresponding author, Ying Xiong, PhD, MMedSc, email ying.xiong@ki.se .
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(doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.0222)
Editor’s Note: Please see the article for additional information, including other authors, author contributions and affiliations, conflict of interest and financial disclosures, and funding and support.
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