Some people with psychiatric conditions, including addiction and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, struggle to control their urges or make decisions under uncertainty. In a collaboration between the University of Cambridge and the University of British Columbia, Tristan Hynes and colleagues used rats to explore the role of a specific reward-related neuron population in shaping impulsivity and risky decision-making during a gambling task.
As reported in their JNeurosci paper, the researchers manipulated the neuron population’s activity as rats chose between four holes associated with different probabilities of receiving a reward or a time-out punishment. Influencing neuron activity as rats learned the task affected risky decision-making differently in males and females. But when the researchers manipulated neuron activity after the rats had already learned the task, this selectively affected motor impulsivity in both sexes. In other words, the same neural circuit drove entirely different aspects of behavior depending on timing and sex.
Says Hynes, “These findings underscore that neural circuits don’t operate in isolation or uniformly across individuals; they shift their influence depending on sex and experience. So, a one-size-fits-all approach to pharmacotherapy won’t cut it: both where someone is in the progression of their disorder and their biological sex can change how the underlying brain circuitry responds to treatment.”
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About JNeurosci
JNeurosci was launched in 1981 as a means to communicate the findings of the highest quality neuroscience research to the growing field. Today, the journal remains committed to publishing cutting-edge neuroscience that will have an immediate and lasting scientific impact, while responding to authors' changing publishing needs, representing breadth of the field and diversity in authorship.
About The Society for Neuroscience
The Society for Neuroscience is the world's largest organization of scientists and physicians devoted to understanding the brain and nervous system. The nonprofit organization, founded in 1969, now has nearly 35,000 members in more than 95 countries.
JNeurosci
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0764-25.2025
Ventral Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons Regulate Decision-Making or Motor Impulsivity Differentially Across Learning and Biological Sex
3-Nov-2025
The authors declare no competing financial interests.