Ride-hailing has become a routine part of urban life in the United States, but its broader economic impacts have been difficult to measure. As Uber and Lyft expanded across hundreds of cities over the past decade, they promised more flexible work for drivers and convenience for passengers. Questions remained, however, about how these promises translated into measurable changes in local economies.
A new study from Carnegie Mellon University and Oxford Saïd Business School set out to provide an answer by analyzing the launch of ridesharing services across 167 metropolitan areas between 2010 and 2019. Because the entrance of these transportation network services (TNCs) was staggered, the team was able to compare economic trends before and after TNC entry while accounting for differences across regions.
By combining publicly available workforce and economic analysis data with modern difference-in-differences methods designed for policies that roll out over time, researchers identified a consistent pattern. After Uber and Lyft entered the region, two indicators shifted: regional GDP per capita increased, and the number of seasonal, temporary, or intermittent jobs rose. And, while they did not observe statistically significant effects on overall employment or wages, these shifts suggest that ride-hailing expanded access to flexible work and unlocked new economic activity tied to increased mobility.
“Uber and Lyft have made a lot of claims over the years about boosting citywide economies and providing flexible jobs,” said Jeremy Michalek, professor of engineering and public policy and mechanical engineering. “We find that the data do, in fact, corroborate some of these claims with evidence that Uber and Lyft have increased intermittent employment and economic output in US cities as they entered.”
The findings, published in Nature Cities , extend beyond ride-hailing. The rise in unstable employment without a corresponding rise in total employment highlights how gig-economy platforms can reshape labor markets by changing when and how people work. Increases in GDP also point to broader economic ripple effects: passengers take trips they otherwise might not, workers travel to jobs more easily, and cities experience new patterns of consumption and activity.
Michalek and his team also examined whether rideshare apps simply chose to launch in cities already on the upswing but found no meaningful pre-trends in employment or wage growth, supporting the assessment that the observed changes were driven by the entry of TNCs themselves.
While Uber and Lyft changed how residents move throughout their cities, they also transformed how people work within them. By providing an assessment of TNC entry in cities across the U.S., the study offers a foundation for policymakers and researchers seeking to understand the broader footprint of the gig economy.
“The appearance of ride-hailing across US cities has transformed urban transportation and had a wide range of effects, from disrupting the taxi industry and increasing congestion to reducing discrimination and intoxicated driving ,” said Michalek. “This new evidence suggests they have had measurable positive effects on local economies, too.”
Nature Cities
Effects of Uber and Lyft on jobs, wages and GDP
24-Jul-2026