Articles tagged with Evolutionary Genetics
Researchers have discovered that eukaryotes, including plants, animals, and fungi, share a common ancestor among the Asgards. The team identified a newly described order called the Hodarchaeales as the closest microbial relative to all complex life forms on the tree of life.
Scientists have discovered a new embryonic cell type that self-destructs in response to DNA damage, serving as a quality control mechanism to protect the developing fetus. This process may help improve IVF and regenerative medicine treatments by identifying and removing damaged cells.
The study found that multiple copies of two genes, cldnj and fthl27, enable the hadal snailfish to maintain auditory senses and withstand high pressure. The fish's genetic variations allowed it to adapt to the absence of light in the deep sea, with some genes related to circadian rhythms lost.
Research identified three genetic risk factors for Dupuytren's contracture, a condition affecting fingers, that originated from Neanderthal DNA. The study, based on 7,871 affected individuals and 645,880 healthy controls, provides evidence of the intermingling between Neanderthals and modern humans influencing disease prevalence.
A new study reveals that Dupuytren's disease, a hand disorder affecting Northern Europeans, has a significant genetic component tied to Neandertal ancestry. Researchers identified three variants of Neandertal origin as major risk factors for the condition.
A new study from the Gibson Lab at Stowers Institute for Medical Research sheds light on how some of Earth's earliest animals evolved. Researchers discovered that a common genetic toolkit is deployed in different ways to drive embryological development, producing diverse adult body plans.
A biologist at Binghamton University has developed a new method to uncover the parent species of hybrid plants and animals. By examining genomic patterns within these hybrids, researchers can identify distinct ancestries and determine the order in which chromosomes were inherited from their progenitor species.
Researchers found that giraffes on either side of the rift have not interbred for over 1,000 years, with females showing no signs of migration. The study suggests that Masai giraffes are more endangered than previously thought, requiring separate but coordinated conservation efforts.
A study published in PLOS Biology found that the CARD8 inflammasome sensor is essential for detecting coronavirus infections, but may detect different viruses in different people. The researchers also discovered that genetic variation among humans and across species affects the sensor's ability to detect viral enzymes.
Researchers have unlocked the large-scale genomic analysis of foxtail millet, an important cereal crop that has been grown for roughly 11,000 years. The study identified key genes and marker-panels for its evolution and improvement in different environments.
A study of tropical tree species found that older, slower-growing trees accumulate more somatic mutations, which can be transmitted to seeds, increasing genetic variation and adaptation. The rate of mutations per year is similar between the two species, suggesting a clock-like accumulation of mutations with age.
A new international study reconstructs the legacy of Chile's largest indigenous community, the Mapuche, through genetics and linguistics. The research reveals distinct Mapuche lineages originated locally and have remained in relative isolation, punctuated by episodes of contact with other South American populations.
Researchers from the University of Surrey investigate how protons move in Hachimoji DNA, a synthetic form of DNA not yet found in nature. They find that proton transfer happens more easily in Hachimoji DNA compared to regular DNA, suggesting potential implications for mutation rates and genetic systems.
The study reveals new insights into primate evolution, genetic diversity, and the uniqueness of humans. It also highlights the importance of preserving primate species due to high genetic diversity, which enables adaptation to changing environments.
Researchers analyzed the genomes of 233 nonhuman primate species, revealing key features of primate evolution, human disease, and biodiversity conservation. The study identified 4.3 million common missense mutations and developed phylogenies for primate species.
A new study reveals Asian colobines living in colder regions underwent genetic changes and alterations to their social structure, forming larger, more complex societies. These adaptations allowed them to cooperate and survive in environments with low oxygen levels and extreme temperatures.
Researchers, led by Elizabeth King, aim to develop a knowledge base on complex genetic traits using fruit fly models. The project seeks to address the scientific knowledge gap in this field by focusing on interconnectedness among multiple factors.
Researchers have pinpointed a previously hidden whole genome duplication in the common ancestor of sturgeons and paddlefish, which may have provided genetic variations that helped these species survive mass extinctions. The discovery suggests that there may be many more overlooked whole genome duplications in other species before perio...
Researchers analyzed 692,534 race times to find genetic improvement accounts for 60% of speed increase in short-distance races, while heritability is low across all distances. The study suggests weaker selection or other factors limiting genetic progress, particularly over long distances.
A study suggests that river erosion can drive biodiversity in geologically quiet environments, such as the Appalachian Mountains. The research found that changing landscapes pushed a species of fish into different tributaries, leading to distinct genetic lineages.
Three Amazonian Morpho butterfly species have been sequenced for the first time, revealing genetic differences that maintain reproductive isolation despite sympatry. The study found Z-chromosome rearrangements and genetic divergence among gene copies, suggesting a role in speciation.
Recent studies reveal complex patterns of admixture in human populations, particularly in Africa and the Americas. In Africa, ancient introgression from Neanderthals and Denisovans contributed to increased genetic diversity, while in the Americas, modern admixture resulted in redistributed archaic ancestry.
A study published in Nature provides clear evidence that comb jellies are the sister group to all other animals, based on the mapping of gene linkages. This finding will lay the foundation for a better understanding of animal evolution and the development of key features such as the nervous system and digestive tract.
A recent study published in Nature challenges traditional views on human origins in Africa, proposing that modern humans emerged from the interaction of multiple populations across the continent. By analyzing genomic data from diverse African groups, researchers found evidence of gene flow and mixing over hundreds of thousands of years.
A new study maps gene linkages to identify comb jellies as the sibling group to all other animals, providing a clear-cut evidence of their evolutionary relationship. The research sheds light on how key features of animal anatomy evolved over time.
Researchers use chromosome structure to determine that comb jellies were the first lineage to branch off from the animal tree, followed by sponges. This finding sheds light on how animals arose and evolved into the diverse species we see today.
Scientists have discovered an ancestral olfactory receptor in the Egyptian cotton leafworm that recognizes the female sex pheromone blend. This finding may lead to the development of new biocontrol methods by targeting specific receptors and blocking pheromone activation.
Researchers found that modern dog breeds, which are genetically more distant from wolves, have relatively larger brain sizes compared to ancient breeds. This increase in brain size cannot be attributed to the roles or life history characteristics of the breeds.
A new study has identified a second key gene, AAT1, involved in malaria's resistance to the drug chloroquine. The finding, published in Nature Microbiology, has implications for the ongoing battle against malaria.
Researchers discovered supergenes that enabled ragweed to colonize large parts of Europe, changing characteristics such as size and flowering timing to produce highly allergenic pollen. The study highlights the importance of genetic analysis in understanding invasive species' evolution and spread.
A new study reveals that crops such as corn, sorghum, and millet have evolved by swapping genetic modules between cells to adapt to environmental changes. Researchers identified trends of gene module trading among the species, which may help scientists pinpoint genes controlling drought tolerance.
A new study led by UCL researchers finds that a particular gene affecting nose shape is inherited from Neanderthals and may have been influenced by natural selection. The study used data from over 6,000 volunteers and identified 33 genome regions associated with face shape.
Researchers propose that an enzyme called multicopper oxidase-2 (MCO2) gives insects a disadvantage in the sea while conferring advantages on land. This hardening mechanism is also linked to their ability to climb and fly, making it a defining feature of insects.
Researchers identify OmpU protein variants associated with antimicrobial resistance in Vibrio cholerae bacteria. Understanding the evolutionary origins of AMR can inform the development of effective therapeutics against resistant infections.
Researchers at the Stowers Institute for Medical Research have revealed the dynamics of a new, young chromosome in fruit flies similar to those found in humans associated with treatment-resistant cancer and infertility. The B chromosomes are maintained by meiotic drive, enabling them to persist in a genome.
Researchers have sequenced the genomes of Leatherback and Green sea turtles, revealing similarities in their immune systems and evolution. The study provides clues for understanding fibropapillomatosis, a cancer affecting these species, and informs conservation efforts.
A new study has provided insight into the mysterious evolution of DNA rings in tumors, revealing that nearly one-third of all tumors have these genetic structures. The researchers used a technology to trace the path of DNA ring development in neuroblastoma cells, finding that large rings contain cancer genes spurring cell growth.
Researchers reconstruct bacterial genomes of Ice Age microorganisms, reviving ancient natural products and discovering new chemical diversity. The team uses synthetic molecular biotechnology to produce chemicals encoded by ancient genes, unlocking the secrets of Earth's past microbes.
A team of researchers has developed a non-destructive method to extract DNA from bones and teeth, allowing for direct attribution of cultural objects to specific individuals. The breakthrough enabled the recovery of ancient human DNA from a 20,000-year-old pendant, providing insights into Paleolithic societies.
The study reveals that mammals diversified before the K-Pg extinction, driven by continental drifting and stability following the mass extinction. This led to the rich diversity of mammal lineages, including carnivores, primates, and hoofed animals.
Researchers have created a new manual to study human diseases, using evolutionary genomics to analyze genetic risk. The manual reveals the importance of highly constrained genes that unite mammals, providing insights into neurological disorders and psychiatric conditions.
The study of Balto's genome provides new insights into the genetics of working dogs, revealing they were more genetically diverse and healthier than modern breeds. The analysis also identified beneficial adaptations in genes related to physical traits such as weight and skin thickness.
Researchers have compared the genes of 240 species of mammals, including a famous sled dog named Balto, to gain insights into biological and evolutionary processes. The study identifies pinpointing genes that underlie complex traits like hibernation and brain size.
A large-scale genomic study of 240 mammal species reveals previously uncharacterized regulatory elements in the human genome, linked to disease risks and distinctive traits. The research provides insights into the evolutionary development of mammalian genomes and their potential applications in medical research.
Researchers have analyzed DNA samples from over 50 institutions, including Balto at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, to shed light on extraordinary feats in mammals. The study has identified unchanged DNA across millions of years of evolution and pinpointed genetic variants associated with rare human diseases.
A new study finds that modern-day Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish people share a common genetic heritage with ancient Pictish populations, contradicting long-held assumptions of exotic origins. The research also reveals surprising genetic similarities between Picts and present-day groups in the UK.
Researchers have made an important human discovery by analyzing the genome of a 3,000-year-old individual found in a cave in Southeast Alaska. The study confirms that some modern Alaska Natives still live almost exactly where their ancestors did over 3,000 years ago.
The study of nematodes' body size can inform scientists' understanding of cellular growth, with the goal of discovering novel genes that control cell size and potential targets for cancer treatment. Nematodes are a model species for biological studies due to their quick growth rate and ability to produce hundreds of eggs.
A new group of DNA viruses, mirusviruses, has been discovered in marine plankton, linking them to both giant viruses and herpesviruses. The discovery reveals that the ancestors of herpes viruses once infected single-cell organisms, while the majority of mirusvirus genes share similarities with those of giant viruses.
The new CALANGO software helps untangle genetic factors associated with shared characteristics, such as antibacterial resistance and agricultural improvements. It enables scientists to explore vast amounts of genomic data across thousands of organisms.
Antarctic icefish have evolved special adaptations to cope with extreme cold, including antifreeze glycoproteins and changes to the rhodopsin protein. These changes enable them to see under sea ice and adapt to red-shifted wavelengths in low-light conditions.
Researchers at University of California - San Diego found that vertebrates acquired a special protein from bacteria more than 500 million years ago. This discovery reveals a new piece of genetic material introduced from foreign bacterial genes, leading to unique functionality in vertebrate eyes.
Researchers discovered that skates' remarkable fins result from changes in their genome's non-coding regions and three-dimensional complexes called topologically associated domains (TADs). These alterations drove the evolution of unique gene-expression patterns, enabling the development of exceptionally wide fins.
A team of researchers compared 1,800 de novo proteins from fruit flies and humans with computer-generated proteins, revealing small but significant differences in their stability and solubility. The study suggests that natural selection may play a role in the early emergence of these proteins.
Researchers at Rutgers University have sequenced the complete DNA sequence of the little skate, identifying key genes responsible for its distinctive wing-like pectoral fins. The study reveals extensive rearrangements in fin formation genes and conservation of chromosomal identity across cartilaginous fish.
Researchers used ancestral sequence reconstruction to study protein interactions in cyanobacteria, finding that they can evolve independently of direct selection pressure. The discovery challenges classical evolutionary theory and suggests that fortuitous compatibility may be the basis for a significant fraction of cellular interactions.
A recent study on the pike icefish revealed significant genetic changes as it migrated from Antarctic to temperate waters. The researchers found divergent genes associated with the physiology that needed to change in response to the new environment, including mutations in the antifreeze glycoprotein gene.
In a 50-generation evolutionary experiment, male beetles from lineages with intense sexual selection produced lower quality offspring after DNA-damaging radiation. This suggests that males invest more in competition at the expense of DNA repair, impacting future offspring survival and fertility.
A study from the University of Gothenburg reveals that wastewaters harbor unique characteristics allowing antibiotic resistance genes to evolve. The researchers found key components necessary for gene movement in wastewater samples worldwide, not in human or animal guts.
A genome-wide association study identified a new quantitative trait locus, STP1, encoding a Sugar Transporter Protein that alters soluble solid content. Knockout of STP1 led to decreased SSC in fruits, highlighting ZAT10-LIKE transcription factor's role in regulating sugar transporters.