Articles tagged with Genome Evolution
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
Researchers have developed a single-cell genomics approach to explore unknown fungal diversity, revealing essential metabolism genes and insights into phylogenetic position. The study successfully reconstructed near-complete fungal genomes from environmental samples, shedding light on the cryptic biology of unculturable species.
Researchers analyzed two shark species' genomes and compared them to those of vertebrate species to understand their evolution. They found that sharks have massive insertions of repetitive elements in their genomes, which may contribute to their slow evolution.
Researchers found a new dynamic between mother's genome and their offspring's genome influencing development and adaptation to ecological conditions. Genetic mismatches can hinder adaptation in some species.
Researchers found that Amanita fungi lost genetic material to form a closer bond with plants, allowing them to thrive in forest ecosystems. The study suggests that symbiosis may be easier to develop than previously thought.
A Rutgers-led study reveals how green algae adapted to tolerate hostile conditions by stealing genes from bacteria, providing clues for engineering more resilient algae. The findings suggest that these hardy species can survive climate change and offer potential solutions for biofuel production and other applications.
Researchers have confirmed that genome duplication drives the evolution of polyploid plant species, such as Arabidopsis kamchatica. The study found that the double genome allows for advantageous genetic mutations and increased adaptability to environmental conditions.
The kiwifruit's ancestors duplicated their DNA in two events to produce extra copies of genes, including those for creating and recycling vitamin C. This allowed the fruit to thrive with increased vitamin C production.
Scientists studied octopus genome and behavior in response to MDMA, finding similarities with human serotonin binding transporter. Octopuses exhibited pro-social behaviors when exposed to the drug, hugging cages and displaying affectionate tendencies similar to humans.
Researchers found that octopuses, which are typically solitary and asocial, become more interested in interacting with each other when under the influence of MDMA. The study suggests that common molecular pathways enable serotonin to encode social behaviors in both humans and octopuses.
Researchers identified five groups of PiggyBac transposases working together with PiggyMac to accurately delete specific pieces of DNA. This discovery sheds light on the mechanism of gene removal and its role in species development and evolution.
Scientists at UMass Amherst have published the first-ever whole genome of the Canada lynx, a key conservation tool for studying evolution, disease, genetics and habitat connectivity. The release provides critical information on genetic health, demographic history and adaptive variation to inform wildlife management and policy decisions.
A new USC Dornsife study finds that genes can help an organism survive, rather than just being a negative trait associated with aging. This challenges the long-held hypothesis of 'antagonistic pleiotropy', which suggests that genes that enhance reproduction contribute to aging.
The study's findings suggest that Chara braunii possesses all the necessary genes for cell division and phytohormone biosynthesis similar to those found in land plants. Additionally, it contains genes encoding Aux/IAA and ARF transcription factors involved in auxin response, which were not present in Klebsormidium nitens.
A team of scientists has identified 25 genetic mutations associated with longer lifespans in humans and primates. These findings provide insights into the complex process of aging and may lead to new therapeutic targets for age-related diseases.
Researchers outline a novel view of biochemistry as a signaling game between genes and their associated macromolecules, where sender and receiver interactions lead to biochemical reactions. This approach reveals the presence of molecular deception and conflict of interest between gene players, with potential implications for understand...
Researchers create standardized model by reclassifying bacteria into 121 separate genus groups across 29 different families. The study uses metagenomics and genome sequencing technology to overcome historical difficulties in classifying microbial species.
A single bone fragment from Denisova Cave has revealed the genetic makeup of a child born to a Neandertal mother and a Denisovan father. The study's findings suggest that Neandertals and Denisovans interbred frequently, with the child showing ancestry from both groups.
Researchers developed a novel approach to predict genes susceptible to Alu/Alu-mediated rearrangements, which can cause disease. The model analyzed sequence features of Alu pairs and identified hotspots of genomic instability associated with these elements.
Researchers re-analyzed genetic data from diverse humans and Neanderthals, revealing no evidence of recent human-specific selection on the FOXP2 gene. This challenges previous theories on the origin of human language and highlights the importance of using diverse datasets in population genetics.
Genomic analysis reveals no evidence of archaic human DNA in Flores pygmy genomes, contradicting expectations of gene flow from Homo floresiensis. Instead, the population's short stature is attributed to natural selection on pre-existing genetic variation.
Researchers analyzed genetic data from diverse humans and Neanderthals, finding no evidence for recent, human-specific selection of FOXP2. The study revises the history of how humans acquired language, highlighting the importance of using diverse datasets in population genetics.
Eric S. Lander, a pioneer in the study of the human genome and Human Genome Project, has been honored with the William Allan Award for his substantial and far-reaching scientific contributions to human genetics. The award recognizes his work on genetic mapping, genome-wide association studies, and cancer genomics.
A 800-year-old Norwegian skeleton has revealed traces of Salmonella Paratyphi C, a rare cause of enteric fever. The discovery suggests that the bacteria have long caused illness across northern Europe.
Scientists analyzed genomes of bioluminescent bacteria living in anglerfish bulbs, revealing a new paradigm of symbiosis. The bacteria have lost genes for making amino acids and breaking down nutrients, suggesting the fish supplies them with essential compounds.
Researchers developed a method to detect genes under selection and found essential cancer genes and immune-exposed protein regions under significant negative selection. This challenges the exclusive role of positive selection in cancer evolution.
Scientists sequenced the dodder genome, shedding light on the evolution of plant parasitism. The study found significant gene losses, including those related to photosynthesis and flowering time control, which underlie the parasite's unique body plan.
Researchers have found that widespread transfer of genes between species has radically changed the genomes of today's mammals. L1 and BovB jumping genes were transferred between 759 species across various domains of life, including plants, animals, fungi, reptiles, and insects.
The koala's complete genome has been sequenced, offering unprecedented insights into its unique biology and potential health solutions. The research provides a springboard for conservation efforts and may lead to the discovery of new anti-microbial genes with human health applications.
A study has revealed that heterochromatin Protein 1a (HP1a) is crucial for the repression of transposons in germline cells, protecting the genome from instability and infertility. The piRNA pathway plays a vital role in silencing transposons, and HP1a's function in this process was previously unknown.
Researchers have discovered that giant viruses, known as pandoraviruses, can invent new genes through spontaneous mutations in intergenic regions. This suggests that these viruses may be
New, high-quality ape genome assemblies have been generated without the guidance of the human reference genome, providing a clearer view of genetic differences that arose as humans diverged from other primates. The research team also studied brain organoids to understand how differences in gene expression during brain development might...
Researchers identify NOTCH2NL genes as key to human-specific cortex development and large brain evolution. These genes delay neuron differentiation, resulting in more neurons across development.
Researchers found that human-specific NOTCH2NL genes regulate cortical neurogenesis and contribute to the growth of the cerebral cortex. This discovery sheds new light on human cognitive evolution and may lead to breakthroughs in treating brain developmental disorders.
A study by deCODE Genetics reveals that most Icelanders have unmixed Norse or Gaelic ancestry, with a shift towards Norse dominance over time. The research also shows genetic divergence from ancestral populations in Scandinavia and the British-Irish Isles.
A new system called SCRaMBLE allows researchers to transform yeast at the molecular level, enabling fast-tracked engineering cycles and novel genome combinations. This technology has significant implications for industrial biotechnology, including the production of medicines and fuels.
Researchers have identified nine Northern White Rhino (NWR) cryopreserved cell lines that could serve as a genetic rescue for the critically endangered species. The study found distinct genetic variation between NWR and Southern White Rhino (SWR), with potential for a tailored recovery program.
Scientists have developed a rapid and efficient way to transform baker's yeast, enabling the creation of synthetic yeast strains that can be customized on-demand. This breakthrough could lead to mass production of advanced medicines and have significant implications for the future study of DNA.
Researchers at Tianjin University develop precise control of SCRaMbLE, a system for generating genotype diversity, allowing for increased production of bio-based chemicals and improved genome evolution. The team reports significant breakthroughs in using SCRaMbLE to drive phenotype evolution in heterozygous and interspecies hybrid stra...
A study found that genes beneficial in youth but detrimental in old age may contribute to the rise of chronic diseases in modern societies. The review suggests that natural selection may be changing course, but more research is needed to fully understand its impact on human health.
Researchers discovered a genetic signature in Nasonia wasps that suppresses Wolbachia bacteria transmission to eggs, giving the wasp an evolutionary benefit. This finding provides insight into how animals may evolve to control their transmitted bacteria, highlighting unique defense strategies across species.
Researchers sequenced bittersweet plastid genome to correct errors in genetic databases, placing it as a model for nightshade chloroplast comparative genomics. The study also presented a new hypothesis of the ancestral genome, showing structural re-arrangements coinciding with bigger evolutionary changes.
A comprehensive genomic database for fishes has resolved evolutionary relationships among 131 species, including tuna and seahorses, and identified genetic markers to track divergence through time.
A high-quality wheat A genome sequence was generated by Chinese scientists using BAC-by-BAC sequencing and single molecule real-time whole-genome shotgun sequencing. The resulting genome sequence reveals the evolution model of Triticum urartu chromosomes, with four large chromosomal structure variations occurring during wheat evolution.
LINE-1 retrotransposons play a pivotal role in genome evolution and are involved in processes such as aging, brain activity, cancer immunology and cancer development. The study highlights the importance of cell cycle regulation and the DNA replication complex in LINE-1 cellular localization and activity.
Scientists have identified immune-related genes in Egyptian fruit bats that suggest a different approach to viral infections. The study found expanded and diversified natural killer cell receptors, MHC class I genes, and type I interferons in bats, which may enable them to tolerate viruses without symptoms.
Researchers at Osaka University identified unique genetic traits that evolved rapidly in Japanese populations over the last few thousand years. The study found evolutionary changes related to alcohol metabolism, glucose, and lipid processing.
Researchers in China have engineered a Chinese shrub to produce high levels of artemisinin, a potent antimalarial compound. The study's findings provide new insights into the metabolic pathway involved in artemisinin biosynthesis and offer a potential solution to address global malaria-related deaths.
Researchers found a gene, MEI-218, that controls the rate of recombination in two species of fruit flies. The discovery sheds light on how crossover rates have evolved to balance benefits and risks, with implications for understanding genetic diversity and evolutionary adaptation.
Researchers found parallel genetic changes in closely related species, making them vulnerable to viral jumps. This raises concerns about emerging infectious diseases like HIV and SARS coronavirus.
Scientists are creating a comprehensive evolutionary tree of over 10,000 bird species using cutting-edge technologies and public data release. The OpenWings project will provide unparalleled insights into avian diversity and evolution.
The study found that rorquals have been hybridizing during their evolutionary history, with genetic barriers between species seemingly non-existent. This rare phenomenon, called sympatric speciation, has significant implications for our understanding of biodiversity.
The genome sequencing of the Atacama skeleton has uncovered novel mutations linked to dysplasia, highlighting the need for improved guidelines in publishing historical and ancient DNA samples. The study's publication in Genome Research has raised concerns about ethical standards and prompted discussions on journal policies.
Researchers found that negative selection does not eliminate nonsense mutations entirely, but rather has a slight impact on some genes. They also discovered that alternative splicing allows some genes to preserve their functions despite the presence of nonsense mutations.
Researchers at Osaka University found that GTSF1 is essential for regulating piRNA-mediated cleavage of target RNA, preventing retrotransposon overactivity. This mechanism safeguards the genome in male germ cells.
Researchers found that diploids, with two copies of the genome, evolve more slowly than haploids, which have only one copy. The team also discovered that beneficial mutations in diploids look different from those in haploids.
A 6-inch human skeleton discovered in Chile had high-quality DNA suitable for modern sequencing technology, revealing insights into its ancestry and phenotype. Multiple genetic mutations linked to diseases such as dwarfism and musculoskeletal abnormalities were found.
The study of five late Neandertals' genomes provides evidence for a turnover in the Neandertal population towards the end of their history. The genomes also show that Neandertals were more similar to modern humans outside Africa than an older Neandertal from Siberia.
The Hispaniolan solenodon's genome sequence reveals it survived the dinosaurs and provides crucial insights for conservation. The data supports subspecies split within the population, requiring independent breeding strategies to ensure their survival.
A team of scientists at University of Utah Health uses animal genomes to identify regions that may control different diseases. They found elements linked to DNA repair, wing development and eye development in elephant, bat, dolphin and orca genomes, which could help in the study of cancer resistance and other health conditions.
Researchers studied Dictyostelium discoideum in the wild using gene sequencing techniques. They found that genes related to social conflict were evolving rapidly, supporting laboratory experiments on social interactions. The study also showed that cells sacrifice themselves for relatives, demonstrating kin selection.