The Johns Hopkins Center for Craniofacial Development and Disorders will investigate the genetic causes of oral clefting, craniosynostosis, and other craniofacial malformations. Researchers will also study the interactions between children with craniofacial disorders and those whose skulls developed normally.
Researchers have identified four new limonoids in Spanish cedar leaves that repel a specific insect pest, potentially helping protect endangered primary forests. Selecting seedlings with high concentrations of these substances may aid plantation-raised Spanish cedars and reduce the need for synthetic insecticides.
A team of NYU/U.Rochester researchers found evidence that viewing any image for as little as 0.5 seconds causes an after-affect on visual neurons. This rapid adaptation helps the brain distinguish subtle differences in visual patterns, a critical component of normal visual perception.
A team of scientists has discovered a new primate genus, Equatorius, which helps reshape the complex evolutionary tree around the time when the ancestor to humans and great apes arose. The research reveals that one species, Kenyapithecus wickeri, is more closely related to this ancestor than previously thought.
The new satellite-based tools provide unprecedented insights into tropical cyclones, allowing scientists to break them down into their component parts. This 'data fusion' technique enables the development of advanced hurricane forecasting methods, such as Wavetrak, which sheds light on the origin and intensity of these storms.
Researchers have shown how the fat hormone leptin works in the brain to trigger nerve cells that control eating. Leptin activates 'anorectic' nerve cells releasing appetite-suppressing neuropeptides, while inhibiting 'orexigenic' cells that release appetite-regulatory neuropeptides.
Researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison have identified key genes that govern critical biological tasks, revealing how a low-calorie diet slows aging. The study provides insight into the genetic basis of aging and holds promise for developing age-retarding drugs.
A study of 500 young gay men in San Francisco found that unprotected anal sex increased by a third to a half in four years. Approximately half of these cases involved partners of unknown or different HIV status.
A new hybrid of corn with more highly available phosphorus and an enzyme that helps chickens digest the mineral has been developed. Studies have shown a 41% reduction in total phosphorus levels and an 82% decrease in water-soluble phosphorus, which can help mitigate nutrient pollution in waterways.
Researchers at MIT have developed a new probe that can detect the motion of molecules in polymers as they are being stretched. This breakthrough allows for a fundamental understanding of polymer behavior, which can improve material design and mechanical properties.
A new study published in the New England Journal of Medicine found that brisk walking can reduce the risk of fatal and non-fatal heart attacks in women by 30-40%. The study analyzed data from the Nurses' Health Study, estimating one-third of coronary events among middle-aged women result from physical inactivity.
Stanford researchers used atom interferometry to measure the force of gravity on individual atoms with unprecedented accuracy. Their findings strengthen the likelihood that previous neutron interferometry experiments were incorrect, validating the power of atom interferometry as a precise measurement tool.
Physicians at Oregon Health Sciences University's Doernbecher Children's Hospital are pioneering the use of bone morphogenic protein (BMP) to grow new bone structures. Emily Lang, a 12-year-old girl with congenital deformities, is the first child to receive BMP treatment on existing bone, showing promising results.
A key study by Dr. Peter C. Molan presents the latest research on honey's effectiveness in treating wounds caused by antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. The results show that honey dressings can rapidly clear bacteria from infected wounds, making it a potential treatment for necrotising fasciitis.
Purdue University researchers developed a Near-Infrared Raman Imaging Microscope called NIRIM, which can analyze composite materials in real time. The instrument uses laser light to fingerprint samples as they are viewed under a microscope, providing detailed chemical information.
A study funded by the NHLBI found that emergency revascularization with balloon angioplasty or coronary bypass surgery improves survival at 6 months for heart attack patients with cardiogenic shock. Patients under 75 years old experience a 57% improvement in survival.
The US Environmental Protection Agency has awarded $8.2 million to the University of Washington for a research center studying air pollution and its effects on human health. The Northwest Research Center will examine fine particles, particulate matter under 2.5 microns in size, and their association with daily health outcomes.
The University of Cincinnati researchers have created a novel microsensor for monitoring radioactive and hazardous wastes in the Hanford nuclear facility. The sensor offers three-way selectivity and high sensitivity, allowing it to detect compounds at the nanomolar level.
A new DNA vaccine has been developed to protect North American salmon and trout farms from a major disease, with successful trials showing 90% reduction in mortality. The vaccine works by introducing DNA containing the gene for one of the viral proteins, which is then taken up by cells and produces the protein to prime the immune system.
Physicians at Massachusetts General Hospital have successfully induced a state of immune tolerance in a patient, allowing her to discontinue immunosuppressive drug treatment without rejecting a transplanted kidney. The breakthrough approach, known as mixed chimerism, has the potential to revolutionize organ transplantation for thousand...
Researchers have found detectable levels of tributyltin in Gulf oysters, which can be toxic to crustaceans. Additionally, the Mississippi River has shown improvement in water quality, with a decrease in volatile organic compounds detected since 20 years ago.
Scientists have discovered that naturally occurring fatty acids can help prevent vascular inflammation, a key component in the development of atherosclerosis. The NIEHS-cloned gene produces an enzyme that makes these fatty acids, which can suppress inflammation and protect against heart disease.
Sixty experts agree that half of the world's turtle species are at risk of extinction due to human consumption. The main causes of decline are linked to ecological change, while exploitation drives 50% of threatened turtles to extinction.
Near-critical water, which can dissolve both salts and non-polar organic compounds like oils, is being studied as a replacement solvent in various chemical processes. This could lead to the elimination of hazardous solvents and salt byproducts, reducing environmental impact.
A study presented at the American Chemical Society meeting found that high-temperature drying in clothes dryers can cause serious abrasions and cracking damage to cotton fabrics. This results in reduced fabric strength, faster wear-out, and increased lint production.
Researchers at Cornell University have developed a method to switch the orientation of magnetic domains in thin layers, allowing for the creation of high-density computer memory chips. The effect works by passing an electric current through a 'sandwich' of cobalt and copper layers, resulting in non-parallel magnetic moments.
Actuaries forecast a low probability of a national health plan being implemented by 2010 and 2050. The US suicide rate is expected to rise, with Americans born in 1997 predicted to live beyond age 80 by 2050.
Scientists are creating tiny 'motes' of 'smart dust' that can communicate with each other and sense their environment, paving the way for a range of applications including weather monitoring and espionage. The devices use optical transceivers to minimize power consumption and have already demonstrated monitoring capabilities over 21 ki...
A taste test by University of Missouri researchers found no significant difference in the flavor of low-fat and regular chocolate ice cream due to its unique mix of chemicals that make up its distinctive flavor. The study suggests that this complexity helps mask off flavors, resulting in a similar taste experience for both versions.
A study of 182 Oklahoma City bombing survivors revealed high rates of postdisaster psychiatric disorders, with 45% experiencing symptoms in the six months following the explosion. The investigation also identified specific symptoms that indicated the need for treatment, including avoidance and numbing symptoms.
Researchers at Georgia Tech are using MRI to study textile drying and moisture flow in carpets, with potential benefits including faster drying times, reduced energy consumption, and less prone to mildew. The technique also allows for the analysis of fabric structures and wicking of sweat away from the body.
Computer scientists at Brandeis University have successfully designed and built various LEGO structures, such as bridges and cranes, without human input. The team's program uses a trial-and-error approach to optimize designs based on simple optimization goals, laying the groundwork for robots capable of reworking their own hardware.
A recent study found that mosquito fish preferentially eat tadpoles over mosquito larvae, leading to the decline of various frog and newt species. This ecological disaster may be linked to the widespread introduction of these fish as a form of biological control in the early 20th century.
A two-year study found that mixed-gender investment clubs earn higher returns than same-sex clubs, thanks to the combination of different approaches and motivations. The research suggests that men and women bring unique perspectives to investing, leading to more diversified portfolios and better financial decisions.
Carolyn Bertozzi, an organic chemist at the University of California Berkeley, receives the 1999 Arthur C. Cope Scholar Award for her work on using sugars attached to cell surfaces to understand and treat diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and cancer. Her research focuses on how sugar molecules direct cell communication within tissues.
Researchers at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences have developed a new long-acting treatment to block the psychoactive effects of phencyclidine (PCP) in drug addicts. The therapy uses monoclonal antibodies to prevent or slow PCP entry into the brain, providing immediate protection.
Heavy drinking depletes dopamine, gamma aminobutyric acid, opioid peptides and serotonin systems, while promoting stress chemicals like corticotropin releasing factor (CRF). This imbalance leaves alcoholics vulnerable to relapse after stopping drinking.
Family history may play a role in developing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), with those having a family member with significant heartburn or esophagus/stomach disease twice as likely to experience it themselves. Obesity, smoking, and alcohol consumption are also risk factors for GERD.
Dillard and Tiwari discovered that the process used to prepare the surface of the alloy contributes to degradation. At high temperatures, aluminum forms aluminum fluoride from left-over oxide in the anodization process, weakening the bond. The research aims to improve durability for future aircraft.
Biotechnology graduates need to expand their course load and vary their skills to succeed in careers like regulatory affairs, clinical trials coordination, and bioinformatics. Many biotech companies require employees with degrees in scientific disciplines to transition into management, information technology, and marketing roles.
Researchers at Virginia Tech have identified a protein molecule involved in dioxin-induced cell killing, known as CD-95 ligand. The team aims to develop antibodies to neutralize this molecule, potentially leading to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of dioxin's toxic effects.
A Virginia Tech research group is studying secondary crystallization in semicrystalline plastics to understand how their properties change over time. They aim to create models that help chemists design new materials with improved long-term properties.
A new national study found that high-achieving children who attended the Head Start program before entering elementary school excel academically and socially, but display a lukewarm attitude towards school. The research suggests that these children may require more support from society to maintain motivation for academic success.
Researchers have developed a one-step process to create thermoplastic nanocomposites from cellulose fibers. The resulting material retains the virtues of cellulose fibers while combining them with thermoplastics' strengths, including resistance to water and heat.
Researchers found that HIV-infected mothers are at highest risk of transmitting the virus to their babies through breastfeeding during the first few months of life. The study also revealed that women who had fewer than four previous births and younger mothers were more likely to transmit HIV through breast milk.
A team of Virginia Tech researchers has developed new oligoetherimides with improved secondary bonding adhesive applications. The new materials exhibit high adhesive strengths and retain most of their strength at different aging conditions.
A new drug has been discovered that can prevent the death of brain cells endangered by neurological injury or disease. The drug works by switching off the production of an inflammatory protein called cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which is known to precede brain cell death in conditions of injury or disease.
Dr. Audrey Manley, Spelman College president, will discuss challenges faced by women in the 21st century, including gender biases and societal expectations. She will share strategies for dealing with these challenges and promote women's empowerment in STEM fields.
A recent study by the American Psychological Association found that psychological factors, such as loving to play the sport and having a positive attitude, are more important than physical gifts in achieving athletic success. Coaches also cited criticism and pressure as the most harmful forces on young athletes' development.
A new cotton additive with N-halamines effectively kills pathogenic and odor-causing bacteria and viruses. The treatment can be recharged by rinsing treated fabrics in a dilute bleach solution, offering a fast and cost-effective alternative to existing biocidal cottons.
The use of computers has transformed the field of chemistry, enabling researchers to automate large-scale testing of compounds and speed up drug discovery. Electronic lab notebooks are also being adopted to share information and streamline the process.
A study by Mississippi researchers found that flea collars with organophosphate insecticides can release residues on dogs' fur, which can then be transferred to humans. The levels of these residues vary depending on the collar's design, and experts are urging parents to keep children away from pets when new collars are used.
Researchers have confirmed that catnip repels German cockroaches, specifically through the action of nepetalactone. The study also found that male cockroaches are more sensitive to the repellent activity than females.
A new study found that exposure to fashion magazines did not lead to excessive dieting, body dissatisfaction, or depression among adolescent girls. Only those with existing body-image problems showed increased negative affect after reading the magazine for 15 months.
A symposium on treating drug addiction will feature four new studies on the chemistry of addictions, including an antibody-based drug to prevent PCP abuse and a non-addictive medication for cocaine addicts. The research aims to understand the brain chemistry behind addiction and develop effective treatments.
A University of Iowa research team has identified two new genes linked to the invasive and metastatic spread of breast cancer. The findings, published in Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, provide important new insights into the complex process of tumor cell invasion and metastasis.
Dr. John Ruffin, Associate Director of Research on Minority Health at NIH, to speak on biomedical workforce needs in the new millennium. The largest program promoting minority biomedical training and health research will be discussed.
A potential vaccine against cocaine addiction has been developed by attaching a cocaine derivative to a larger protein, inducing the immune system to create specific antibodies that attack the molecule. The research team hopes to begin human clinical trials by the end of the year.
A University of Colorado at Boulder researcher is developing an interactive computer program for Alaskan middle school students to interest them in science and show the relevance of science to native Alaskans' daily lives. The project includes interactive stories, hands-on laboratory work, and use of special reference libraries.
A new study by Cornell University found that retired men who continue to work experience higher morale and lower levels of depression compared to those who remain permanently retired. In contrast, women's well-being is linked more strongly to the quality of their marriages, regardless of whether they are working or retired.