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Science News for March 13, 2019


It's not your fault -- Your brain is self-centered

A study published in Psychological Science found that our brains automatically prioritize self-referential stimuli, such as our names or faces, over random information. This 'self-referential bias' can drive decisions and behaviors, potentially leading to selfish outcomes.

SourceDuke University·JournalPsychological Science·DateMar 13, 2019

Protected areas could help large herbivores bounce back after war

A new study reveals that protected areas can help large herbivores rapidly recover from war-induced declines. The study found that total biomass has substantially recovered since 1994, but species composition has shifted dramatically, with formerly dominant herbivores now outnumbered by smaller antelopes.

SourcePLOS·JournalPLOS ONE·DateMar 13, 2019

The power of gratitude in the workplace

A study by Portland State University researchers found that expressing gratitude to colleagues can improve physical and mental health outcomes, including better sleep, fewer headaches, and healthier eating. The study also highlights the importance of creating opportunities for employees to express gratitude in the workplace.

SourcePortland State University·JournalThe Journal of Positive Psychology·DateMar 13, 2019

Powering devices -- with a desk lamp?

Researchers have developed special light harvesters that can convert ambient indoor lighting into usable energy, potentially powering wireless devices in homes and offices. The technology uses organic photovoltaics to optimize the use of artificial room lighting, which is abundant but often underutilized.

SourceAmerican Chemical Society·JournalACS Applied Materials & Interfaces·DateMar 13, 2019

Cardiovascular disease in China

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) cases increased by 14.7% in China between 1990 and 2016, with nearly 94 million cases reported in 2016. The overall death rate from CVD dropped by 29% during the same period, indicating a decrease in CVD burden.

SourceJAMA Network·JournalJAMA Cardiology·DateMar 13, 2019

Determining what binds to mucus

Researchers have developed a new technique to measure the binding of thousands of small molecules to mucus components, revealing a previously unknown pattern associated with mucin binding. This breakthrough could lead to better treatments for diseases characterized by excessive mucus production.

SourceAmerican Chemical Society·JournalBiomacromolecules·DateMar 13, 2019

Tunas, sharks and ships at sea

The study used data from over 800 sharks and tunas, as well as 900 industrial fishing vessels, to create a map of the northeast Pacific Ocean. The researchers found that vessels from Taiwan, China, Japan, the US, and Mexico accounted for over 90% of fishing in key habitat areas for seven shark and tuna species.

SourceStanford University·JournalScience Advances·DateMar 13, 2019

National survey of emergency department management of self-harm highlights successes, room for improvement

A national survey found that only 15% of hospitals surveyed routinely provided all recommended safety planning elements to patients who present for self-harm. The study highlights successes in emergency department management, but also identifies areas for improvement in reducing the risk of repeated self-harm and suicide.

SourceNationwide Children's Hospital·JournalJAMA Psychiatry·DateMar 13, 2019

Blunting pain's emotional component

Researchers at WashU Medicine developed a pain killer that blocks kappa opioid receptors to restore motivation in rodents. The compound dampens the negative emotions associated with pain without causing euphoria, offering a potential approach to less addictive pain treatment.

SourceWashU Medicine·JournalNeuron·DateMar 13, 2019

On-the-spot genome analysis

Researchers at Garvan Institute of Medical Research have developed a computational method to reduce the amount of memory necessary for genome alignment, allowing for real-time analysis on smartphones. This breakthrough enables remote disease identification and point-of-care microbial infections.

SourceGarvan Institute of Medical Research·JournalScientific Reports·DateMar 13, 2019

Defects help nanomaterial soak up more pollutant in less time

Rice University researchers developed a novel molecular sieve that can remove perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) from polluted water more efficiently and effectively than current technologies. The nanomaterial features random, large-pore defects that improve its adsorption capacity and fast-adsorption kinetics.

SourceRice University·JournalACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering·DateMar 13, 2019

Drug-delivering device streamlines tuberculosis treatment in pigs

Scientists have developed a retrievable wire-like device that safely delivers large dosages of drugs over several weeks to treat tuberculosis (TB) in pigs. The device, tested successfully, could help patients adhere to treatment regimens more easily, particularly in remote areas where healthcare resources are limited.

SourceAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)·JournalScience Translational Medicine·DateMar 13, 2019

Breaking down bedbugs

A new study by Harvard researchers finds that notifying potential tenants of past bedbug infestations can help reduce the spread of bedbugs and save landlords money. The policy creates an unofficial quarantine, reducing the chances of an infested unit being rented and allowing landlords time to thoroughly treat the space.

SourceHarvard University·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateMar 13, 2019

Discovery of how organs form helps researchers to develop future diabetes treatments

A new study reveals that the development of progenitor cells depends on protein quantity and interaction with other cells. Cells with high P120ctn expression remain in the central part of the pancreas, while those with low expression migrate to the peripheral area, where they acquire their final fate.

Antibody-drug conjugate shows efficacy against cell surface protein in neuroblastoma

A preclinical therapy attached to an antibody targeting the ALK protein shows effectiveness against most neuroblastoma cells, killing cancer cells with minimal harm to healthy tissues. This approach could lead to new treatment options for aggressive forms of neuroblastoma and other high-mortality childhood cancers.

SourceChildren's Hospital of Philadelphia·JournalScience Translational Medicine·DateMar 13, 2019

Fingerprints, revisited

Researchers are developing methods to extract DNA and analyze chemicals from fingerprints, improving identification rates. These techniques involve analyzing molecules like DNA, amino acids, or explosives left behind in fingerprints.

SourceAmerican Chemical Society·JournalChemical & Engineering News·DateMar 13, 2019

Understanding global trauma systems -- OTA International looks at current status, future needs

A supplement to OTA International journal summarizes current status and future needs of national trauma systems in lower- and higher-income countries. The report highlights the importance of well-developed trauma systems in improving patient outcomes and reducing trauma-related mortality.

SourceWolters Kluwer Health·JournalOTA International The Open Access Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma·DateMar 13, 2019

Critical materials: Researchers eye huge supply of rare-earth elements from mining waste

Researchers have developed a method to extract rare-earth elements from phosphogypsum mining waste, a potentially game-changing solution to alleviate the world's REE supply shortages. The use of microorganisms to dissolve the elements has shown promise as an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional methods.

SourceDOE/Idaho National Laboratory·JournalThe Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics·DateMar 13, 2019

How marine snow cools the planet

Scientists at the University of Sydney have modelled how marine snow absorbs carbon dioxide over millennia, keeping the planet cool. The study found that carbonate accumulation in deep-sea sediments has increased significantly over time, with a net increase in total volume of carbonate sediments in the oceans.

SourceUniversity of Sydney·JournalGeology·DateMar 13, 2019

Preclinical data shows combination immunotherapy could stop liver cancer growth

Researchers at the University of California San Diego School of Medicine have made breakthroughs in treating liver cancer with a combination immunotherapy approach. This therapy successfully suppresses tumor growth and induces complete remission in some mouse models, offering new hope for patients diagnosed with this devastating disease.

New cell subtypes classified in mouse brain

Scientists from Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory have developed a novel platform to classify neurons in a mouse brain based on shape, connectivity, and location. This comprehensive approach enables precise identification of neuronal subtypes, such as axo-axonic cells, and sheds light on their unique characteristics.

SourceCold Spring Harbor Laboratory·JournalCell Reports·DateMar 13, 2019

The day the world burned

Researchers have discovered evidence of a major cosmic impact event in southern Chile, dating back to around 12,800 years ago. The impact is believed to have caused rapid climatic changes, biomass burning, and the extinction of megafauna, with similar effects observed in North America and Western Europe.

SourceUniversity of California - Santa Barbara·JournalScientific Reports·DateMar 13, 2019

Tracking urban gentrification, one building at a time

A new deep-mapping computer model detects visual changes to individual properties, allowing researchers to track gentrification in neighborhoods and cities. The model achieved 95% accuracy in detecting gentrification indicators, revealing detailed maps of spatial evolution of gentrification through time.

SourcePLOS·JournalPLOS ONE·DateMar 13, 2019