Ancient tsunami in Southeast Asia
A 14th-century tsunami devastated coastal settlements in Sumatra, leading to a shift in the region's political economy. The disaster redirected history, paving the way for the formation of the Aceh sultanate.
Science News Archive May 2019
Page 8 of 42
More fishing vessels chasing fewer fish, new study finds
A new study found that despite increased technology and motorization, modern fishing vessels take only one fifth of the catch per unit of effort compared to the 1950s. This reflects growing pressure on marine resources and a fall in fish abundance, with Asia's fishing fleet expansion outpacing fish stocks' capacity.
Study uncovers surprising melting patterns beneath Antarctica's Ross Ice Shelf
A recent study published in Nature Geoscience reveals an ancient geologic structure beneath the Ross Ice Shelf that restricts ocean water flow, suggesting local currents will impact ice shelf retreat. The discovery highlights the need for models to consider changing conditions near the ice front.
Brain stimulation speeds up visual learning and recovery
A combination of visual training and brain stimulation enhances learning in healthy adults, with twice as much improvement seen on a visual motion task. The study also found that this technique can lead to faster visual recovery and improved quality of life for patients who suffered a stroke or traumatic brain injury.
Brain stimulation enhances visual learning speed and efficiency
Researchers found that transcranial random noise stimulation improved participants' motion integration thresholds, enabling better learning of visual cues. The technique also showed long-term retention of benefits, suggesting a promising approach for overcoming key hurdles in vision therapy.
Breast milk, bone growth, and childhood malnutrition
A study suggests certain breast milk carbohydrates can affect gut-bone axis, providing potential therapeutic options for stunted children. Gut microbes, intestinal cell populations, and immune mediators are associated with bone response.
A forest 'glow' reveals awakening from hibernation
Researchers linked seasonal photosynthesis cycles to solar-induced fluorescence in evergreen forests, enabling large-scale monitoring of carbon dioxide uptake. The study found that fluctuations in photoprotective pigments affect both photosynthesis and fluorescence, providing a proxy for forest activity.
Broken brain cells repaired in dementia mouse model
A study published in JNeurosci reports that dysfunctional neurons in the hippocampus of adult mice modeling dementia can be repaired and reconnected to distant parts of the brain. The findings suggest potential new treatments for cognitive decline in the elderly.
Observing forest fluorescence from space
Researchers use satellite-based fluorescence measurements to track photosynthesis and monitor forest health. Chlorophyll fluorescence emission closely tracks photosynthetic activity in evergreen forests, providing insights into large-scale forest dynamics.
How music affects preterm infants
Research using functional MRI found that music-based care plans enhanced brain circuit connectivity in preterm infants. This suggests music may improve future socio-cognitive function and prevent brain deficits.
Plainification holds promise for improving material sustainability
A new method called plainification aims to enhance material properties by creating stable interfaces between grains at different scales, using fewer or no alloying elements. This approach could lower material costs, increase resource independence, and boost recyclability, paving the way for more sustainable materials development.
Antibiotic ornament clasp
Lugdunin, a cyclic peptide with strong antimicrobial properties, works by proton transport across bacterial membranes. The researchers discovered that the thiazolidine group in lugdunin forms a critical part of its structure and is essential for its antibacterial activity.
The sun follows the rhythm of the planets
Researchers from Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf found that Venus, Earth, and Jupiter's tidal forces impact the Sun's magnetic field, causing it to follow a regular cycle. This discovery explains the Sun's 11-year activity cycle and has implications for climate predictions and space weather.
Diagnosis of coronary artery disease improved by deep learning analysis of SPECT MPI
A multicenter study found that deep learning analysis of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) improved the diagnosis of obstructive coronary artery disease. The new method showed increased sensitivity and accuracy compared to traditional methods, leading to better patient outcomes.
De-TOXing exhausted T cells may bolster CAR T immunotherapy against solid tumors
Researchers found that eliminating key gene regulatory factors, such as NR4A and TOX, fortifies T cell attack on melanoma cells, leading to improved tumor rejection and survival. This discovery suggests a potential strategy for extending CAR T-based immunotherapy to solid tumors.
Structural inequalities and implicit bias
A study found that US counties with high slave populations in 1860 display higher pro-White bias among White residents and lower bias among Black residents. Structural inequalities, such as poverty and neighborhood segregation, also correlate with implicit bias.
Skilled health workforce in India does not meet WHO recommended threshold
Research published in BMJ Open reveals India's total health workforce density is estimated to be 29 per 10,000 population, but only 16 for trained workers. The study found an alarmingly large presence of unqualified health professionals, with 20% of doctors lacking required qualifications.
Role of circadian clock regulator
Researchers identified TIMELESS as a potential circadian clock regulator involved in minor sleep phase changes. A mutation in the TIMELESS gene causes accumulation of the protein, leading to phase advances in mice and advanced sleep phase in humans.
Reinvent Motherisk to protect mothers and babies
A Canadian Medical Association Journal editorial argues that the Motherisk program should be reinvented to support healthy pregnancies and births. The proposed program would involve collaboration among clinical experts, front-line providers, and health organizations to ensure responsible conduct and independence from industry.
Microglia turned on
Researchers have developed a microglia-selective fluorogenic probe that triggers fluorescence through gene expression, enabling selective labeling and imaging of microglia cells in live brain tissue. This probe has the potential to detect developing neural diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and stroke.
Epigenetic study provides new approaches to combination therapies for aggressive cancers
Researchers found an interaction between BRD4 and the enzyme MTHFD1 from folate metabolism, which links gene regulation to transcriptional control. This discovery promises new approaches in cancer combination therapy for aggressive tumors.
New tool for understanding cells in health and disease
A new data analysis platform, CellBench, is being used to compare the performance of thousands of single-cell analysis options, helping researchers identify the best method for their questions. This will enable more accurate conclusions from large biological datasets, potentially leading to new discoveries and effective therapies.
Licorice tea causes hypertensive emergency in patient
A case study reveals that excessive licorice root consumption can lead to severe hypertension, headaches, and fluid retention. Physicians are advised to screen for licorice root intake in patients with difficult-to-control hypertension due to its potential health risks.
Scientists uncover a trove of genes that could hold key to how humans evolved
Researchers at the University of Toronto have found dozens of genes unique to humans that code for transcription factors controlling gene activity. These genes recognize diverse DNA motifs, regulating different genes and potentially driving species differences between humans and chimps.
Symmetry in Nicaraguan Sign Language
Researchers studied 27 deaf volunteers in Nicaragua to understand how NSL generates language; they found that symmetrical signs are fundamental to human conception of language. This discovery suggests that distinctions of symmetry are present even in isolated instances of language generation.
Investigating molecular regulation of the cardiovascular system
A new SFB will analyze the influence of non-coded RNAs on cardiovascular system processes. The collaboration aims to find new therapeutic target molecules for cardiovascular diseases.
Thirty years after anorexia onset, fewer ill than healthy
A study of 102 participants, including those with anorexia and healthy controls, found that 30 years later, the majority were healthy but some had persistent eating disorders. The study identified age as a factor in recovery prospects, with teenagers who started anorexia at a slightly older age having better health outcomes.
Study highlights vulnerability of rural coast to sea-level rise
A new review article highlights the vulnerability of rural coastlines to sea-level rise, with research showing widespread conversion of upland forests to wetlands. The study emphasizes the need for better understanding of factors influencing land conversion, including human barriers and policy incentives.
First-of-its-kind study in endothelial stem cells finds exposure to flavored e-cigarette liquids, e-cigarette use exacerbates cell dysfunction
A new study found that exposure to flavored e-cigarette liquids and e-cigarette use exacerbate endothelial cell dysfunction, a key risk factor for heart disease. The researchers observed pro-inflammatory markers and toxic effects on cells from various e-liquids.
Physician burnout costs the US health care system approximately $4.6 billion a year
A mathematical model found that physician burnout costs the US healthcare system approximately $4.6 billion per year, with potential economic value for reducing burnout through policy and organizational efforts. Accessing patient notes may also improve medication adherence and patient comfort.
Global Strep A vaccine one step closer
Researchers sequenced DNA of over 2,000 Group A Streptococcus samples from 22 countries to identify common genetic targets for a global vaccine. The study reveals that current vaccine candidates may have limited coverage in low-income areas where Strep A is most prevalent.
Music helps to build the brains of very premature babies
A study published in PNAS finds that premature infants who listened to tailored music had improved brain network development and functional connectivity compared to those without music. The research suggests that music can be a valuable tool to support the development of fragile newborns.
Colliding lasers double the energy of proton beams
A new laser-based method can double the energy of a proton beam produced by particle accelerators, enabling more compact and affordable equipment for cancer treatment. The technique involves colliding two less intense laser pulses to create highly charged protons with higher energy levels.
Sensitivity of human circadian system to evening light
Research reveals humans are more sensitive to evening light than previously thought, with large individual differences in sensitivity. Exposure to light after dusk can disrupt the circadian rhythm, leading to potential health consequences.
Fighting academic failures
Supporting socially vulnerable students is key to preventing academic failures. International studies have shown that family context impacts a child's school progress, but strict predetermination is not inevitable. Experts suggest measures such as subsidies, monitoring, and targeted support like special tutors, personalized curricula, ...
Coat of proteins makes viruses more infectious and links them to Alzheimer's disease
Researchers found that viruses, like respiratory syncytial virus, form protein corona layers on their surface when interacting with host biological fluids. These layers enhance viral infectivity and facilitate the formation of amyloid plaques associated with neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's.
E-cigarette use, flavorings may increase heart disease risk, Stanford-led study finds
A Stanford-led study found that e-cigarette flavorings may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease when inhaled. The researchers discovered that certain flavors, such as cinnamon and menthol, were particularly harmful to endothelial cells, which line the interior of blood vessels.
Imperfection is OK for better MOFs
Defects in MOFs have been found to tailor these versatile materials for specific applications, such as catalysis and gas separation. KAUST researchers have developed a method to image defects using transmission electron microscopy, revealing that specific defects can improve MOF performance.
Could gold be the key to making gene therapy for HIV, blood disorders more accessible?
A proof-of-principle study shows that gold nanoparticles loaded with CRISPR safely and effectively edited blood stem cells in lab models of HIV and inherited blood disorders. The researchers found that the Cas12a protein partner delivered precise genetic edits, which were maintained for eight weeks after injection.
ASU team throws new light on photosynthetic supercomplex structure
A team of scientists at Arizona State University has determined the structure of a massive photosynthetic supercomplex, uncovering crucial details about its functionality. The complex, composed of over 700 molecules, is unique in size and complexity, with 591 chlorophylls bound within.
The effects of the Internet on learning in higher education
Researchers investigating the effects of Internet-based learning on university students, finding mixed results in acquiring domain-specific knowledge and difficulties with critical thinking. The study also highlights the role of algorithms in shaping online learning environments.
Re-evaluating Humboldt's historical map
Historical documents suggest that a mountain surveyed by Humboldt was actually Mt. Antisana, which the authors resurveyed to compare with original observations. The resurvey found that vegetation belts have shifted upwards by 215-266 meters, consistent with global range shifts.
How language developed: Comprehension learning precedes vocal production
Researchers found that West African green monkeys quickly learned the meaning of unfamiliar drone sounds and mimicked an East African vervet monkey's call to warn against eagles. This suggests that alarm call structure is deeply rooted in evolutionary history.
New study dismisses green growth policies as a route out of ecological emergency
Researchers dismiss green growth policies due to limited emissions reductions under optimistic conditions. Degrowth strategies are necessary to achieve safe thresholds, with global GDP growth slowing to less than 0.5% required for 1.5C targets.
Children from disadvantaged backgrounds do less vigorous physical activity
Research found that children from disadvantaged backgrounds, including ethnic minorities, engage in less vigorous physical activity compared to their more advantaged peers. The study suggests that promoting vigorous physical activity can help reduce childhood obesity and its associated health risks.
Vatican hosts major atheism conference with University of Kent
The global Understanding Unbelief program has found that unbelievers exhibit significant diversity in their worldview. In all six countries surveyed, majorities of unbelievers identify as having 'no religion', challenging common stereotypes. Despite this, most unbelievers endorse objective moral values and human dignity.
Iconic Australian working dog may not be part dingo after all
A recent genetic study published in Genes journal found no detectable common DNA between domestic and wild Australian dogs, contradicting myths that kelpies originated from dingos. The research characterized gene variants of both kelpie types and compared them with those in sequenced Australian dingoes.
Diuretic withdrawal is safe for stable heart failure patients
Patients with stable chronic heart failure can safely discontinue diuretics without increased dyspnoea or reuse of the medication. The ReBIC-1 trial found no significant differences in symptom relief between patients who stopped and those who continued taking furosemide.
Lonely patients with heart failure least likely to follow treatment recommendations
Patients with chronic heart failure are more likely to adopt lifestyle advice when accompanied by family members, according to a new study. The study found that nearly 48% of patients did no physical activity and 25% never adhered to fluid restrictions.
Antibiotics found in some of the world's rivers exceed 'safe' levels, global study finds
A global study has discovered that concentrations of antibiotics in some world rivers exceed 'safe' levels by up to 300 times. The research team detected antibiotic contamination at 65% of sites monitored across six continents, with the most prevalent being trimethoprim and ciproflaxacin.
A gut check for heart failure patients
Researchers found that heart failure patients with lower fibre intake had less diverse gut microbiota, linked to increased cardiovascular events. Patients who consumed more fibre had improved gut bacteria, reducing their risk of death or need for a heart transplant.
Weekly pharmacy visits boost drug adherence and quality of life in heart failure patients
A study found that elderly patients with heart failure who visit a pharmacist weekly are more likely to take their medications and be active, resulting in improved quality of life. The intervention increased adherence by 86% compared to usual care.
Growing up high: Neurobiological consequences of adolescent cannabis use
Adolescent cannabis use linked to impairments in working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive function. Cannabis exposure also associated with schizophrenia-like effects and affective abnormalities.
In vitro fertilization linked to deadly heart disease in pregnancy
A new study reveals that women undergoing fertility treatment are at a higher risk of peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM), a life-threatening condition. PPCM affects about one in 1,000 pregnant women worldwide and is characterized by an enlarged and weak heart, leading to symptoms such as shortness of breath and swelling.
Hospitals fall short in teaching fall prevention to departing patients
A new University of Michigan study found that fall-related injuries are a leading cause of hospital readmissions among people 65 or older. Hospitals can improve patient recovery and mobility by emphasizing personalized fall prevention before discharge, especially for at-risk patients.
New study reveals gut is organized by function, and opportunities for better drug design
A new study from Rockefeller University reveals that the gut is organized into compartments with different immune system functions in each segment. This discovery has potential to improve drugs for gastrointestinal disorders and inform the development of oral vaccines.
Crabs' camouflage tricks revealed
Researchers found that shore crabs from mudflats closely match the appearance of the mud they live on, while those in rock pools rely on high-contrast patterns to break up their outline. This study contributes to understanding why shore crabs are so diverse.
New algorithm uses disease history to predict intensive care patients' chances of survival
Researchers develop a new algorithm using over 230,000 patient records to predict mortality risk and survival chances. The algorithm uses disease history from the past 23 years to make more accurate predictions than existing methods.
How single neurons and brain networks support spatial navigation
Research suggests both single neurons and large neural assemblies support spatial navigation; a potential link has been discovered between the two, with EEG oscillations potentially constituting the connection.
Deletion in mouse neutrophils offers clues to pathogenesis in multiple sclerosis
In a mouse model of atypical EAE, researchers found that dysregulated neutrophils cause damage and exhibit hyper-activated phenotypes, producing excessive reactive oxygen species. Neutralizing treatments reduced disease severity, highlighting the detrimental role of neutrophils in autoimmune neuroinflammation.