Scientists have traditionally studied how the brain controls movement by asking patients to perform structured tasks while connected to multiple sensors in a lab. While these studies have provided important insights, these experiments do not fully capture how the brain functions during everyday activities, be it walking to the kitchen for a snack or strolling through a park. For people living with Parkinson’s disease, this gap between laboratory research and real-world behavior has limited efforts to improve gait symptoms outside of the clinic.
Now, researchers from UC San Francisco have taken an important step toward closing that gap by successfully moving the laboratory into the living room. In a new study published February 13 in Science Advances , the team demonstrated that brain activity recorded from fully implanted devices while patients are at home can be used to reliably determine whether a person is walking or not.
By analyzing synchronized neural and movement data collected during more than 80 hours of unsupervised daily activity, researchers identified individualized patterns of brain activity associated with walking. These neural signatures allowed an implanted deep brain stimulation (DBS) device to classify movement states using signals generated during natural, at-home activities.
“This is the first demonstration that a fully implanted device can be used to detect a specific movement state in humans during real-world activity,” said senior study author Doris Wang , MD, PhD, a neurosurgeon and associate professor of Neurological Surgery at UCSF. “Our findings show that it is possible to identify meaningful neural signals outside the laboratory, which is an important step toward more personalized and responsive neuromodulation therapies.”
Gait impairment is one of the most disabling symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Patients often experience short, shuffling steps, difficulty initiating movement, and instability during turning. These changes increase fall risk and can significantly affect independence and quality of life. Current DBS therapy delivers continuous stimulation, but symptoms such as walking difficulty can fluctuate throughout the day and often do not respond to DBS settings that treat tremor, slowness, or stiffness.
In this early feasibility study, four participants with Parkinson’s disease were implanted with a bidirectional investigational DBS system that recorded neural activity from movement-related brain regions, including the motor cortex and globus pallidus. Wearable sensors provided simultaneous movement measurements, allowing researchers to match brain signals with periods of walking and other activities. The results showed that walking could be distinguished from non-walking states based on neural signal alone, with patterns that varied across individuals.
“We identified personalized neural biomarkers associated with gait and demonstrated that these signals can be used for real-time movement state classification within the constraints of an implanted device,” said Wang. “This establishes a framework for future adaptive DBS systems that could adjust stimulation in response to a patient’s activity state.”
The authors emphasize that the study was designed to demonstrate feasibility rather than clinical efficacy. The sample size was small, and additional studies will be required to determine whether movement-state detection can improve clinical outcomes. The research team is now planning future trials to evaluate whether stimulation settings optimized for walking can be dynamically applied using these neural biomarkers.
“By enabling the study of brain activity during natural behavior, the approach may ultimately expand the reach of brain–computer interfaces and adaptive neuromodulation beyond controlled laboratory environments and into everyday life,” said Wang.
Additional UCSF Authors: Rithvik Ramesh, BA, Hamid Fekri Azgomi, PhD, Kenneth H. Louie, PhD, Jannine P. Balakid, BS, and Jacob H. Marks, BA.
Funding: The work was supported by the Michael J Fox Foundation (MJFF-010435), NIH R01NS130183, UCSF Catalyst Grant, and the Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute.
About UCSF Health : UCSF Health is recognized worldwide for its innovative patient care, reflecting the latest medical knowledge, advanced technologies and pioneering research. It includes the flagship UCSF Medical Center, which is a top-ranked specialty hospital , as well as UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospitals, with campuses in San Francisco and Oakland; two community hospitals, UCSF Health St. Mary's and UCSF Health Saint Francis; Langley Porter Psychiatric Hospital; UCSF Benioff Children’s Physicians; and the UCSF Faculty Practice. These hospitals serve as the academic medical center of the University of California, San Francisco, which is world-renowned for its graduate-level health sciences education and biomedical research. UCSF Health has affiliations with hospitals and health organizations throughout the Bay Area. Visit http://www.ucsfhealth.org/ . Follow UCSF Health on Facebook , Threads or LinkedIn .
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Science Advances
Experimental study
People
At-Home Movement State Classification Using Totally Implantable Cortical-Basal Ganglia Neural Interface
13-Feb-2026