A new review published in Medicine Plus traces the development of deep brain stimulation (DBS) from early stereotactic techniques to modern adaptive stimulation. The article, “Deep Brain Stimulation: From Mechanism to Application,” was prepared by a team that included co-first authors Yanhao Zhao and Zimeng Huang, and corresponding authors Jianguo Zhang and Tingting Du. The team is based at Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, and the Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurostimulation.
DBS uses implanted electrodes to deliver programmed electrical pulses to specific brain regions. The review shows that its effects probably arise from several interacting processes rather than a simple on-off action. These include depolarization block, synaptic suppression or activation, an information lesion that interrupts pathological signals, disruption of abnormal oscillations, network reconfiguration, neuroplasticity, and changes in the local neural microenvironment.
The review maps DBS targets and clinical evidence across 16 neurological and psychiatric disorders. The evidence base and regulatory status differ by indication. DBS is used clinically for Parkinson’s disease, essential tremor, dystonia, drug-resistant epilepsy, and selected cases of severe, treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. Many other psychiatric, cognitive, and restorative applications remain investigational.
Looking ahead, the review describes a shift from continuous, anatomy-based stimulation toward brain-network- and biomarker-guided personalized neuromodulation. It highlights adaptive (closed-loop) DBS, directional leads, and network-guided targeting. At the same time, it calls for validated biomarkers, blinded trials, standardized adverse-event reporting, and long-term ethical oversight, with progress judged by meaningful patient outcomes rather than novelty alone.
By integrating the history, mechanisms, targets, and clinical evidence of DBS, the review provides a systematic reference for understanding its mechanisms, selecting clinical targets, and developing safer, more precise neuromodulation strategies.
Medicine Plus
Literature review