New research by Swansea University and Cambridge University has revealed the causes and devastating impacts of delays – that can last decades - in diagnosing lupus, an auto-immune condition.
The average diagnostic delay - time from first lupus symptoms to lupus diagnosis - among study participants was 7.5 years, with one patient having to wait 40 years. Participants diagnosed in more recent decades experienced longer average delays (7 years, 8 months) than those diagnosed in the 1990s (6 years, 10 months), despite improvements in diagnostic tests.
Participants from Wales reported delays ranging from less than one year to 35 years, before they were correctly diagnosed with lupus.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (‘lupus’) is an autoimmune disease with symptoms ranging from joint pains to potentially life-threatening heart, lung, brain, and/or kidney damage. Early diagnosis and treatment can slow disease progression and limit long-term damage.
The new research drew directly on the diagnostic journey experience of 268 lupus patients across the UK, analysing survey responses from all of these and in-depth interviews with 25 of them.
‘Diagnostic overshadowing’ was found to be a major cause of diagnostic delays. This entails the symptoms of an undiagnosed disease - in this case lupus - being wrongly attributed to something else, either a diagnosed/suspected patient condition, such as depression, or a presumed characteristic, eg “malingering”.
Most participants received multiple misdiagnoses before their lupus diagnosis. In the words of one: “GPs from 2003 to 2018 diagnosed stress, anxiety, post-natal depression, menopause and ‘overdoing it’.” (Participant-37, female, 50s).
Different types of misattribution by clinicians include:
Researchers identified different types of impact on patients, caused by these delays
The numerous patient recommendations to doctors included: “When we tell you it’s not all in our heads believe us” (Participant-98, female, 30s).
Rupert Harwood of Swansea University Medical School, lead author, said: “Our research highlights the devastating impact of diagnostic delay in lupus, including irreparable organ damage and poor quality of life. As lupus can be diagnosed within a couple of months, it’s a tragedy that most participants had to wait years or decades."
Dr Melanie Sloan of Cambridge University, senior author, said: “Timely diagnosis and treatment are critical to reducing long-term damage. The negative impacts of diagnostic delays are not just physical damage, but also damage to mental health and future medical relationships. Key areas for improvements include better training for clinicians in the numerous diverse symptoms autoimmunity can present with, and clinicians taking patient symptom reports seriously."
The research has been published in the medical journal Lupus .
Lupus
Case study
People
Diagnostic overshadowing in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): A qualitative study
9-Jun-2025
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.