What makes C-Diff superbug deadly?
Researchers have long focused on Toxin A, but a new study reveals Toxin B is the real culprit behind C-diff's deadly effects. The discovery has significant implications for treatment and prevention strategies.
Toxins
Articles tagged with Toxins
High-flux hemodialysis prolongs survival in many patients with CKD
High-flux hemodialysis reduces the risk of premature death in patients with CKD by eliminating large toxins. Patients with diabetes showed a significant survival benefit from high-flux dialysis, while benefits were not observed in all patient groups.
SourceAmerican Society of Nephrology·JournalJournal of the American Society of Nephrology·DateFeb 20, 2009
Queen's University Belfast plays leading role in Europe-wide tests for safer food
A team of scientists led by Professor Chris Elliott is developing new tests to detect chemical contaminants in food and animal feed. The Conffidence project aims to provide simple, inexpensive, and rapid methods to detect a wide range of toxins, including pesticides, heavy metals, and plant natural toxins.
Brown chemist finds gray mold's killer gene
Researchers have identified a set of genes responsible for producing the deadly toxin botrydial in gray mold, and found that shutting off this gene can stop toxin production. The discovery offers hope for finding natural ways to eliminate gray mold without using expensive fungicides.
Scientific hunch poised to save thousands from toxic fish poisoning
Researchers have found a potential treatment for ciguatera poisoning using the compound brevenal, which can block the effect of the toxin on sodium channels. Currently, there are few effective treatments available for acute impact of ciguatera poisoning on humans and marine mammals.
Small intestine can sense and react to bitter toxins in food
Researchers discovered that the small intestine can detect bitter toxins in food, slowing digestion and producing hormones that suppress appetite. This finding has potential applications for treating ailments like cancer and diabetes, and may explain why certain populations adapt to eat local foods that are toxic to outsiders.
A low-cholesterol diet leaves a bitter taste in the gut
A low-cholesterol diet can trigger an increase in bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) in the gut, according to a new study. This may help limit the absorption of toxins in the intestine.
Botox can improve first impressions for attractiveness, dating success
New research suggests that Botox can positively impact first impression judgments in relation to attractiveness and dating success. Facial appearance plays a significant role in shaping these perceptions, and cosmetic surgery has been shown to improve them.
Biological selenium removal: The solution to pollution?
Researchers explore 'dissimilatory metal reduction' to convert selenate into less-toxic elemental selenium, with potential for recovery and reuse. The process is efficient but requires careful temperature control to minimize formation of ecotoxicological risks.
Aerosol toxins from red tides may cause long-term health threat
NOAA researchers discovered that inhaled brevetoxins from red tides can damage DNA and attach to genetic code, potentially leading to cancer. Long-term exposure could add to cumulative DNA damage, increasing cancer risk.
Domoic acid from toxic algal blooms may cause seizures in California sea lions
A new study found that low-dose exposure to domoic acid during fetal brain development can lead to epileptic seizures and behavioral abnormalities in California sea lions. The toxin is produced by harmful algal blooms, which are increasingly common in the sea lions' habitat.
Advances in C. difficile research
A recent study highlights the importance of understanding C. difficile's toxins and virulence factors, which can cause severe hospital-acquired infections. The research also explores the bacteria's transmission, symptoms, and treatment options, including the development of a potential 'designer' probiotic.
Botulinum toxin effective in many neurological disorders, not headache
The American Academy of Neurology recommends botulinum toxin as an effective treatment for conditions such as cervical dystonia, spasticity, and excessive sweating. However, the toxin is not recommended for migraine or chronic tension-type headache treatment.
UK takes action against PVL-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus
Infections caused by PVL-Staphylococcus aureus can lead to necrotising haemorrhagic pneumonia with high mortality rates. The UK has seen an increase in PVL-related disease, with around 2% of Staphylococcus aureus strains producing the toxin.
Defining gene's role may lead to prevention of dangerous corn toxin
Researchers found that disabling the ZFR1 gene reduces toxin production by 82% in Fusarium verticillioides on corn kernels. The study identified a specific sugar transporter, FST1, necessary for FB1 production, which acts as a molecular sensor for toxin creation.
Insecticide combo delivers knockout punch
A combination of an insect protein and Bt toxin kills crop pests more effectively than either ingredient alone, inhibiting growth rate and reducing resistance. Researchers found a synergistic effect increasing mortality rates by over 10 times.
Snakes vault past toxic newts in evolutionary arms race
Researchers found that snakes in some areas have developed extreme resistance to tetrodotoxin, a toxin produced by poisonous newts. This means that the newts' toxicity levels are no longer effective against these snakes, allowing them to thrive and even dominate the populations.
Rutgers research reveals how deadly food poisoning and bioterrorism toxins could be tamed
Scientists at Rutgers University have made a breakthrough in understanding the mechanism of ricin-induced cell death. By inhibiting a natural defense mechanism called unfolded protein response (UPR), researchers may develop new therapeutic agents to counteract ricin poisonings, which can also be triggered by certain bacteria.
New U of C research examines commonly used toxin
A new study by the University of Calgary's Faculty of Kinesiology found that Botulinium type-A toxin (BTX-A) can easily spread to surrounding muscles after injection. This challenges the widely-held belief that BTX-A remains localized to the targeted muscle site.
AAAS symposium to address significant effects of the male parent in reproductive success
A multidisciplinary symposium will address evidence of paternal exposure to toxins affecting fetal development, producing deficits in offspring, and expressing in subsequent generations. The event aims to raise awareness and stimulate research on the significant impact of male parents on reproductive success.
First documented case of pest resistance to biotech cotton
A bollworm species has evolved resistance to biotech cotton's Bt toxin in the US, contradicting predictions of rapid pest resistance. The findings confirm the effectiveness of refuge strategies to delay resistance evolution.
New study suggests link between environmental toxins and early onset puberty in girls
A new study suggests that exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as mycoestrogens like zearalenone, may contribute to the early onset of puberty in young girls. The research found elevated levels of zearalenone in six out of 17 girls with central precocious puberty (CPP), a condition characterized by premature sexual development.
Story ideas from the Journal of Biological Chemistry
Researchers developed a mutated anthrax toxin that targets melanoma cells, with 100% of mice tolerated lethal doses. The toxin was more specific and effective than natural toxin, inhibiting angiogenesis and killing other tumors like colon and lung.
SourceAmerican Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology·JournalJournal of Biological Chemistry·DateDec 28, 2007
MRSA in the community: A new threat to children's health?
New community-associated MRSA strains have emerged, spreading amongst the public in the USA, and are now a concern for children's health. These strains produce a toxin called PVL, leading to severe infections with high mortality rates if left untreated.
Genetic technology reveals how poisonous mushrooms cook up toxins
Researchers at Michigan State University used genetic technology to discover a unique pathway in death cap mushrooms that produces the deadly toxin alpha-amanitin. The discovery sheds light on the underlying biochemical machinery and may lead to the development of novel chemicals with therapeutic potential.
SourceMichigan State University·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateNov 12, 2007
Decoding effects of toxins on embryo development
Zebrafish embryos exposed to 11 common pollutants showed distinct gene-expression profiles, allowing researchers to identify individual toxins. The new method offers a potential solution for evaluating developmental toxicity of pharmaceuticals and industrial chemicals.
UD plant biologists uncover top wetland plant's hidden weapon
Scientists have identified the toxin produced by Phragmites australis as 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, which causes structural protein disintegration in neighboring plant roots, leading to their death. The exotic strain releases higher concentrations of the toxin than native strains, contributing to its invasive success.
Study shows genetically engineered corn could affect aquatic ecosystems
A recent study suggests genetically engineered corn could have unintended consequences on aquatic ecosystems. Researchers found toxins from Bt corn were washing into streams near cornfields, causing increased mortality and reduced growth in caddisflies.
UVa researcher awarded $3.6 million grant to fight drug-resistant bacteria
Dr. Richard Guerrant receives funding to develop a new treatment approach for C. difficile by targeting its toxins instead of the bacteria itself, aiming to prevent deadly complications and reduce antibiotic use.
MIT unraveling secrets of red tide
Researchers at MIT have developed an elegant method to synthesize the lethal components of red tides, shedding light on how algae generate these toxins. The breakthrough could help scientists prevent red tide outbreaks and accelerate the development of cystic fibrosis treatments.
Transgenic maize is more susceptible to aphids
A study by Cristina Faria and colleagues found that transgenic Bt maize lines are more susceptible to the aphid Rhopalosiphum maidis than conventional maize. However, this increased susceptibility may be beneficial in regions where aphids are a major problem, as they can aid in controlling caterpillars.
Botulism bug has few genome wrinkles
The Clostridium botulinum genome, the source of the world's deadliest toxin, is remarkably stable and shows limited genetic variation. The organism uses a single-minded opportunistic approach to survive, relying on its ability to form dormant spores and attack animal hosts with its potent toxin.
Engineered protein effective against Staphylococcus aureus toxin
A research team developed an engineered protein that effectively neutralizes Staphylococcus aureus toxin, preventing symptoms in rabbits and reversing illness after exposure. The protein has potential advantages over antibodies, including smaller size and faster clearance from the body.
SourceUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, News Bureau·JournalNature Medicine·DateMay 21, 2007
Anthrax paralyzes immune cells with lethal toxin, UF research shows
Researchers at UF discovered that anthrax's lethal toxin immobilizes neutrophils by preventing actin assembly, leaving them unable to protect against infection. This finding may lead to a diagnostic blood test within hours of detection, allowing for quicker treatment and potentially saving lives.
Botox for sweaty hands
A 23-year-old woman with frequent hand sweat attacks experienced significant relief after Botox injections. The treatment was well-tolerated and improved her overall quality of life.
Detecting poisons in nectar is an odour-ous task for honeybees
Honeybees can learn to associate toxic odors with food and retain this ability for up to 24 hours. Researchers found that both sugar content and toxin levels affect a honeybee's memory for learned odours, suggesting they may have an innate ability to react to toxins.
A new, nanoporous ceramic filter offers hope to kidney-dialysis patients
A new, nanoporous ceramic filter developed by Lehigh University engineers could make dialysis sessions more efficient and shorter. The filter promises to double the amount of toxins removed during dialysis and increase glomular filtration rate (GFR), leading to improved mortality rates and quality of life for patients.
Algae toxin identification unravels fish-kill mystery
Researchers at the Hollings Marine Laboratory have uncovered a subtle chemical pathway by which Pfiesteria piscicida can produce a lethal toxin. The discovery resolves a long-standing mystery surrounding occasional mass fish kills on the East Coast.
SourceNational Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)·JournalEnvironmental Science & Technology·DateJan 19, 2007
'Red tide toxins' leave beachgoers breathless
Researchers found that Florida red tide toxins can impact respiratory function and increase respiratory symptoms in patients with asthma. The study suggests that coastal residents may react less to the toxins due to prior environmental exposure.
MRSA toxin acquitted: Study clears suspected key to severe bacterial illness
Researchers have exonerated Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) as the primary virulence factor for community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) disease. The study found that CA-MRSA strains are equally effective at destroying human white blood cells with or without PVL present.
SourceNIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases·JournalThe Journal of Infectious Diseases·DateNov 6, 2006
Red tide models and forecasts to be expanded in Gulf of Maine
The Gulf of Maine Toxicity program seeks to develop a full understanding of Alexandrium fundyense blooms and their impact on shellfish resources. The project's findings could lead to the harvesting of offshore surfclam and ocean quahog beds, valued at over $50 million annually.
Bitter taste identifies poisons in foods
Bitter taste perception varies among individuals due to genetic differences, influencing the detection of toxins like glucosinolates in vegetables. This study establishes a link between bitter taste receptors and toxin detection, providing insights into evolutionary mechanisms.
Water filtration technique removes dangerous freshwater algae toxins
A water filtration technique that combines activated carbon with membrane filters has been found to remove at least 95% of microcystin-lr, a toxin secreted by blue-green algae found in lakes and rivers. The technique outperformed other methods, including ultrafiltration membranes, which struggled to remove the toxin due to its small size.
Botox injections may improve facial-wound healing, minimize scars
Researchers found that Botox injections can minimize scarring by temporarily weakening surrounding muscles during the healing phase. The treatment showed significant improvement in wound-healing results, with median scores of 8.9 for botulinum toxin versus 7.1 for saline.
Botulinum toxin helps facial scars heal better, Mayo Clinic finds
Researchers found that botulinum toxin injections in early healing phase improve scar appearance and prevent muscle movement wrinkling the wound site. The treatment shows promise for minimizing scarring and optimizing healing outcomes.
Iraq's marshes show progress toward recovery
The Iraqi marshes have made notable strides in recovery since the Hussein regime devastated them in the 1980s and 1990s. Reflooding efforts led by local farmers have restored approximately 39% of the former extent, with many areas showing good water quality and rapid restoration of wetland functions.
Exercise during dialysis enhances results and overall physical performance, Queen's study
A five-month study published in the American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation found that exercise during dialysis increases urea removal by 20% and improves physical function. Participants exercised three times a week, resulting in enhanced dialysis efficacy and better quality of life.
Scientists design potent anthrax toxin inhibitor
A new anthrax antitoxin has been designed using a fatty bubble studded with small proteins that can effectively neutralize the toxin. The polyvalent inhibitor showed 10,000 times more potency than unattached peptides and prevented five out of nine rats from becoming ill when given in combination with antibiotics.
SourceNIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases·JournalNature Biotechnology·DateApr 24, 2006
Anthrax inhibitor counteracts toxin, may lead to new therapeutics
A polyvalent inhibitor has been developed that recognizes multiple sites on the anthrax toxin molecular structure, making it four orders of magnitude more potent. The inhibitor was tested in rats and protected them from anthrax toxin, showing promise as a potential therapeutic for anthrax exposure.
Unraveling the mysteries of poison
Scientists from the Max Planck Institute determined how toxins interact with bacterial potassium channels at an atomic level. They found that toxins attach to a particular area of the channel, changing its structure, and recognize specific amino acid sequences in the ion channel.
Driver of anthrax toxicity could lead to late-stage therapy
Researchers discovered that human cells deficient in LRP6 become resistant to anthrax toxin, while antibodies targeting LRP6 protect cells from toxicity. This finding suggests potential new avenues for treating late-stage anthrax disease.
Primary biliary cirrhosis more prevalent around toxic waste sites in NYC
A study found a significant cluster of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis near toxic waste sites in NYC, especially in Staten Island. The researchers suggest that exposure to environmental toxins may be a risk factor for the disease.
Toxic waves
A recent study suggests a connection between red tide toxins and human respiratory problems, as well as manatee fatalities, highlighting the need for greater awareness of the impacts of brevetoxins on both humans and marine life.
Human trial proves ricin vaccine safe, induces neutralizing antibodies; further tests planned
A human trial has shown that a ricin vaccine is safe and induces protective immunity in humans. The vaccine, called RiVax, produced neutralizing antibodies in all participants, even at the lowest dose tested.
SourceUT Southwestern Medical Center·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateJan 30, 2006
Whooping cough persistence traced to key toxin
Research reveals that pertussis toxin is responsible for prolonging the infection period in immune and vaccinated hosts. The study found that antibodies produced by vaccines are effective only seven days after administration, allowing the bacteria to grow and spread before the body can mount an effective response.
Botox for more than ironing wrinkles
Botox, a naturally occurring substance, is effective in treating hyperhidrosis, hand eczema, Hailey-Hailey disease, and anal fissure. It normalizes muscle activity, reduces pain and itch, and decreases the need for surgery.
Annals of Internal Medicine tip sheet for Dec. 6, 2005
A study of 2,160 people who had heart attacks found a high risk of stroke in the first month after the heart attacks. Hospital care at home was shown to be feasible and cost-effective, with patients receiving similar quality of care as those hospitalized.
Biologists discover new pathway into plant cells
Researchers at Oregon State University have identified a protein that can cross plant cell membranes and function as a toxin, allowing for potential manipulation of plant behavior. The discovery bears similarity to mammalian cell function and may lead to new tools for delivering compounds inside plant cells.
An essential regulator of body weight revealed
Researchers have discovered that NPY/AgRP neurons are crucial for regulating eating behavior and body weight. Eliminating these neurons in adult mice resulted in reduced appetite and significant weight loss, highlighting their importance in maintaining normal feeding behavior.
Botulinum toxin can ease intense facial pain
Researchers found botulinum toxin type A significantly reduced pain in all 13 patients with trigeminal neuralgia within 10 days of injection. By 60 days, four patients became medication-free and others reduced their medication use by over 50%.