'Supersize me' mice research offers grim warning for America's fast food consumers
Saint Louis University research found that a diet of 40% fat and high-fructose corn syrup leads to fatty liver disease and type II diabetes, even in sedentary mice
Science News for May 23, 2007
In new statistical approach, data decide model
Researchers developed a data-driven computational approach to analyze seismic data and discover unique patterns of gene expression. The technique, which combines inverse scattering and modern statistics, allows for the automatic generation of an appropriate model from raw data.
Sauser awarded NASA faculty fellowship for 2007
Dr. Brian Sauser, Stevens Institute of Technology Assistant Professor, has been awarded a NASA Faculty Fellowship to conduct research at the Johnson Space Center. He will focus on growing systems engineering competencies and team formation indices to support NASA's return to the Moon and Mars missions.
New genetic data overturn long-held theory of limb development
Scientists found that genes present in primitive bony fish like paddlefish are also found in tetrapods, overturning the long-held theory of limb acquisition. The study reveals a pattern of gene activity similar to that seen in tetrapod limbs in paddlefish fins.
Long-term ulcerative colitis study shows Remicade responders maintained improvement
A long-term study of REMICADE found that patients with moderate to severe ulcerative colitis maintained improved clinical symptoms for up to two years after treatment. The study showed that 92% of patients had mild or no disease activity at week 56 and 97% at week 104, indicating sustained efficacy.
Quasicrystals: Somewhere between order and disorder
Quasicrystals, crystal-like materials with atomic structures in between order and disorder, are shown to not conduct electricity like traditional crystals. Mathematician David Damanik offers a key proof for this, revealing that electrons behave uniquely within quasicrystals.
Flaws in colonoscopies may increase risk of colon cancer
New studies examine factors that affect colonoscopy quality, including age, location, and technician training. Research suggests that competence in efficient colonoscopy requires more than 150 cases, with success rates improving significantly after this threshold.
NHLBI Asthma Clinical Research Networks and ALA ACRC Network to present at ATS 2007
Researchers from NHLBI Asthma Clinical Research Networks and ALA ACRC Network will present new findings on the effect of inhaled steroids on children with asthma, as well as the impact of overweight and obesity on asthma severity. Substudies and subgroup analyses for three ACRC studies will also be presented.
Check and balance for neuron activity provides insight into schizophrenia, seizures
Researchers have identified a check and balance system for neuron activity managed by neuregulin-1, revealing new treatment targets for psychiatric diseases like schizophrenia and neurological disorders such as epilepsy. The findings also provide insights into the cognitive deficits associated with these conditions.
Tiny genes may increase cancer susceptibility, Jefferson scientists find
Studies found that small pieces of genetic material known as miRNAs are more likely to be located near genes affecting cancer susceptibility. This discovery could lead to new insights into cancer risk and potentially inform the development of targeted therapies.
SourceThomas Jefferson University·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateMay 23, 2007
Sexual orientation affects how we navigate and recall lost objects, but age just targets gender
Researchers at the University of Warwick found that sexual orientation affects mental tasks like navigating, but age does not discriminate based on gender. The study revealed that homosexual and bisexual individuals outperformed heterosexual counterparts in certain tasks.
A nurse makes the decision on who will live
A new study by Dr. Guyden and colleagues reveals that thymic nurse cells regulate T cell development by selecting thymocytes to live or die. The findings suggest that these cells have the capacity to internalize both non-functional and positively selected thymocytes, leading to a revised understanding of their function.
SourceSociety for Experimental Biology and Medicine·JournalExperimental Biology and Medicine·DateMay 23, 2007
Long-term treatment with VYVANSE, first prodrug stimulant, demonstrates significant efficacy in ADHD
Long-term treatment with VYVANSE shows significant efficacy in ADHD, with 95% of children experiencing overall improvement after 12 months. The study also found consistent time to maximum concentration of d-amphetamine from patient to patient.
UGA study reveals function of ubiquitous yet poorly understood microorganisms
Archaea use ammonia as their primary energy source in hot springs, a metabolic mode not previously found. This discovery sheds light on the earliest stages of evolution, suggesting crenarchaeota thrive in both extreme and low-temperature environments.
Resistance genes in our food supply
Research suggests that food can be an important avenue for antibiotic-resistant bacterial evolution and dissemination through horizontal gene transfer with commensal bacteria. Many food samples tested contained antibiotic-resistance gene-carrying bacteria, highlighting the prevalence of these microbes in the retail food supply.
Fragile X syndrome -- A stimulating environment restores neuronal function in mice
Researchers found that exposing Fragile X knockout mice to an enriched environment restored normal neuronal plasticity and increased synaptic strength in the prefrontal cortex. This suggests that stimulating environments can facilitate the development of synaptic plasticity in cortical areas involved in higher cognitive function.
Investigational nonstimulant Guanfacine XR significantly improved child, adolescent ADHD symptoms
A recent study found that guanfacine extended release significantly improved all core symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children aged 6 to 17 years. The investigational nonstimulant medication demonstrated clinically meaningful efficacy for up to 24 months of treatment.
Daytrana provides significant effectiveness in both boys and girls with ADHD
A double-blind study found DAYTRANA significantly reduced ADHD symptoms in boys and girls aged 6-12 by 56.5% and 57.4%, respectively. The patch offers a favorable safety profile and provides a platform to discuss gender differences in ADHD treatment.
Bacteria show promise in fending off global amphibian killer
Researchers have identified a bacterium that repels a deadly fungus causing worldwide amphibian deaths and extinctions. The discovery could lead to procedures for 'vaccinating' endangered populations.
Study evaluates the effectiveness of Aripiprazole in adolescents with schizophrenia
In a six-week study, Aripiprazole demonstrated significant improvement compared to placebo on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Total Score. The study found that approximately 85% of patients completed the study, and both doses of Aripiprazole showed improvement compared to placebo.
Tiny newborns face higher risk of death at community hospitals, Stanford/VA study finds
A Stanford University School of Medicine and VA Palo Alto Health Care System study found that tiny newborns who died in California between 1991-2000 might have lived if born at highly experienced regional medical centers. Consolidating risky deliveries at these centers could improve survival rates for very-low-birth-weight infants.
Sheep offer model for undernourishment in pregnant teen girls
A team of scientists found that limiting food intake during pregnancy impairs nutrient supply to fetuses and slows soft tissue growth. Adequate weight gain by pregnant teen girls is crucial to reduce low-birth-weight infant risk, suggesting a need for personalized dietary advice.
Pointing a finger at the source of fecal bacteria
Researchers used a combination of methods to pinpoint contamination sources in the Plum Creek watershed, identifying cattle and wildlife as dominant sources of fecal bacteria. The study highlights the importance of using multiple tools to track fecal contamination and inform pollution-control strategies.
Stem cells may look malignant, not act it
Researchers found that bone marrow stem cells can take on the appearance of malignant cells but do not have the same cellular behavior, casting doubt on the theory that they seed cancer. This discovery has implications for cancer treatment and study methods.
Adult brain cells rediscover their inner child
Researchers at Johns Hopkins Medicine have found that newly made nerves in an adult brain's learning center experience a one-month period of child-like learning. This discovery suggests that new adult nerves play a deeper role than simply replacing dead ones, and may help explain how adults adapt to new experiences.
COX inhibitors may weaken protective qualities of estrogen hormone therapy
Researchers found that COX inhibitors like traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may counteract the potential heart-protective effects of estrogen therapy. Women who used NSAIDs with hormone replacement therapy had a lost protective effect against heart attack and stroke.
Same-day coronary angiography and surgery safe for many patients
Researchers at Mayo Clinic have successfully developed a protocol for performing coronary angiography on the same day as elective valve surgery, reducing the need for separate hospital visits and improving patient outcomes. The study, which evaluated 226 consecutive patients, showed that 28.3% had severe coronary artery disease requiri...
Plants that produce more vitamin C may result from UCLA-Dartmouth discovery
Researchers have discovered the controlling enzyme, GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase, which serves as the biosynthetic pathway for plants to manufacture vitamin C. This breakthrough could lead to engineered plants with increased vitamin C content, improving plant resistance and human nutrition.
SourceUniversity of California - Los Angeles·JournalJournal of Biological Chemistry·DateMay 23, 2007
New technique effective in closing accidental colonoscopy wounds
Researchers at the University of Texas Medical Branch have developed a technique to close accidental colonoscopy wounds using small metal clips inserted through an endoscope. The new method has shown promising results in animal studies, with successful closure of perforations and reduced adhesions compared to surgical closure.
Dyson Foundation gives $5 Million for ophthalmology research at Weill Cornell Medical College
The Dyson Foundation has awarded $5 million to support the development of a state-of-the-art eye care facility at Weill Cornell Medical College. The new floor is expected to open in spring 2008 and will provide advanced treatment options for patients, honoring Dr. Jackson Coleman's legacy.
New study indicates that people may need more dietary choline than previously thought
Researchers found that adult men and postmenopausal women require significantly higher amounts of choline to prevent fatty liver and muscle damage. Eggs are an excellent source of this essential nutrient, providing nearly half the recommended daily supply per serving.
SourceEdelman Public Relations, New York·JournalAmerican Journal of Clinical Nutrition·DateMay 23, 2007
Rosiglitazone -- Seeking a balanced approach to avoid panic among patients
A systematic review of rosiglitazone trials suggests a 43% increased risk of heart attack and 64% risk of death from heart attack. However, recent studies DREAM and ADOPT suggest these findings may be overstated, warranting a more considered approach to its safety
Panel offers guidelines on skin reactions to new class of cancer drugs
New guidelines provide a rational treatment approach for managing skin reactions caused by Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors (EGFRIs), which are used to treat various types of cancer. The recommended treatment involves using moisturizers, protecting against sunlight, and targeted medications to manage the severity of the rash.
El Niño and African monsoon have strongly influenced intense hurricane frequency in the past
Researchers at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution compiled longest-ever record of Atlantic hurricane strikes, revealing strong connection between El Niño/Southern Oscillation and West African monsoon. Long-term trends indicate periods of more frequent intense hurricanes from 5,000 to 3,600 years ago and 1700 AD to present.
New guideline for treating Lyme disease
The American Academy of Neurology has published a new guideline for treating Lyme disease affecting the nervous system, finding conventional antibiotic courses highly effective. Prolonged antibiotic treatment does not improve outcomes for patients with persistent symptoms after standard therapy.
Psychological bullying hits just as hard
A study found that adolescents experiencing relational aggression perceive their schools as less safe and have a lower quality social atmosphere. Relational aggression is linked to increased carrying of weapons among boys but not girls.
Botox: More than cosmetic
Researchers at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine have found that Botox injections can reduce prostate size and alleviate urinary tract symptoms in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Up to 73% of patients experienced improved quality of life and reduced symptoms for up to a year after treatment.
12-month study demonstrated tolerability and efficacy of Daytrana
Daytrana demonstrated significant improvements in symptom control, tolerability, and safety in children with ADHD over a 12-month period. The study showed effective treatment of ADHD symptoms, with 83% and 78% of parents reporting 'very much improved' or 'much improved' outcomes.
Delaware researchers receive nearly $1M in US Department of Defense grants
Researchers at University of Delaware and Delaware State University received nearly $1 million to develop blast-resistant materials and MIMO radar systems. The goal is to create a powerful tool for detecting bombs, enemy targets, and assisting rescue operations.
Emory University researchers find persistent and severe asthma associated with obesity
A study of over 3,000 adults with asthma found that obese patients are more likely to have severe asthma and experience increased healthcare utilization. The researchers also noted that obese patients were less likely to be in asthma remission compared to non-overweight patients.
Moderate drinking lowers women's risk of heart attack
Women who drink in moderation have a significantly lower risk of heart attack compared to abstainers, with daily drinkers experiencing the most benefits. Moderate drinking reduces heart attack risk regardless of beverage preference or pattern.
Nanotechnology requires immediate changes in EPA
A new report by former EPA assistant administrator J. Clarence Davies calls for immediate action to address the challenges of nanotechnology. The report recommends over 25 steps to improve oversight of nanotechnology, including launching a voluntary program to collect risk information and setting up an interagency regulatory coordinati...
SourceWoodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars/Science and Technology Innovation Program·DateMay 23, 2007
Bronchial thermoplasty may allow severe asthma patients to wean off oral corticosteroids
A new study published at the American Thoracic Society Meeting found that bronchial thermoplasty improved pulmonary function, asthma control, and quality of life in severe asthma patients. After one year, 50% of patients were able to completely wean off oral corticosteroids, with significant improvements in medication use.
$2M award funds intelligent tutoring system aimed at improving math education
Researchers at Worcester Polytechnic Institute have received a four-year, $2 million award to continue development of the ASSISTment intelligent tutoring system. The system will provide teachers and parents with immediate feedback on student performance, helping them offer individualized instruction and track student progress over time.
The first issue of the HFSP Journal is now available
The first issue of the HFSP Journal showcases innovative interdisciplinary research at the interface between biology and physics. The journal features articles on topics such as magnetoreception, ERKII signaling, and protein evolution, highlighting the intersection of multiple scientific disciplines.
Follow-up care for breast cancer patients is 'devalued and deregulated'
A new study found that only 9% of breast cancer specialists adhere to guidelines for follow-up care, with varying frequencies of mammograms and discharge times. The research highlights the need for improved coordination between specialists and general practitioners to provide better patient care.
Botulism bug has few genome wrinkles
The Clostridium botulinum genome, the source of the world's deadliest toxin, is remarkably stable and shows limited genetic variation. The organism uses a single-minded opportunistic approach to survive, relying on its ability to form dormant spores and attack animal hosts with its potent toxin.
New adult brain cells may be central to lifelong learning
A study suggests that new adult brain cells play a crucial role in lifelong learning by exhibiting plasticity similar to young brains. The researchers found that these cells have a critical period of adaptability before settling into mature properties, enabling them to contribute to specific brain functions throughout life.
Small infants have greater survival rate in high level intensive care facilities
Researchers found that hospitals with lower-volume, lower-level NICUs had a significantly higher newborn death rate for very low birth weight infants. The study suggests increased regionalization of NICU births to high-level facilities may reduce infant mortality.
SourceNIH/Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development·JournalNew England Journal of Medicine·DateMay 23, 2007
Study reveals aspirin's colorectal cancer prevention mechanism
A study from Massachusetts General Hospital reveals that aspirin's colorectal cancer prevention mechanism depends on the inhibition of COX-2 enzyme. Regular aspirin intake only reduced the incidence of colorectal tumors that overexpress COX-2, highlighting a potential target for personalized treatment strategies.
Making science personal: Lilly Oncology to unveil 76 studies at ASCO 2007
Lilly Oncology will present data on three oncology agents, ALIMTA, GEMZAR, and enzastaurin, at the 43rd Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. The company's studies focus on various types of cancer, including non-small cell lung cancer and breast cancer.
When it comes to preventing amputation in diabetics, site, not size, matters
A new study published in Diabetes Care identifies two critical factors that increase the risk of recurrent wounds in diabetics: the location under the big toe and poor blood flow. This information can help physicians predict and prevent complications, including gangrene and amputation.
Disadvantaged TB patients urgently need social support to make medical treatment more effective
A study found that socially disadvantaged TB patients face complex needs and barriers to care, including poverty, homelessness, and lack of access to healthcare. Researchers emphasize the need for integrated social models of care to address these challenges and improve treatment outcomes.
Ireland Cancer Center researcher lays out benefits of aspirin to prevent colon cancer
A colon cancer researcher outlines the benefits of aspirin in preventing colon cancer in high-risk individuals. Dr. Sanford Markowitz' editorial provides a roadmap for how medical science should employ aspirin and new aspirin-like drugs to decrease the risk of developing colon cancer.
Advances in screening and markers improve early detection of colorectal cancer
Researchers have found a significant reduction in the overall colorectal tumor miss rate using advanced colonoscopy technologies, establishing a new benchmark for accurate screening and detection. High levels of C-reactive protein are also associated with increased risk of colorectal adenoma in men, but not in women.
UD scientists build an 'ice top' at the bottom of the world
The University of Delaware is building 'IceTop,' a surface array of detectors for the IceCube project, which aims to detect high-energy particles from space. The telescope will provide new insights into cosmic events and reveal their inner workings.