A protein that pulls the brake on nerve growth
Scientists at DZNE have discovered a protein called RhoA that regulates nerve cell growth by pulling the brake, potentially leading to new approaches for spinal cord injury treatment.
Science News Archive 2019 - Page 78
Browse by Month - 2019
Page 78 of 486
Study analyzed tax treaties to assess effect of offshoring on domestic employment
Researchers analyzed tax treaties to determine how offshoring affects domestic employment, finding that U.S. multinationals increase employment in the US when hiring abroad, albeit with regional dislocation and reallocation of workers.
Evidence of cross-species filovirus transmission from bats to humans
A study reveals that bats can transmit filoviruses to humans during bat-hunting festivals in Nagaland. The team found antibodies against two distinct filoviruses in human and bat blood samples, suggesting bats are the source of viral spillover events.
Survey suggests mentorship in medical school is vital to future of hematology
A three-year longitudinal study found that having a hematologist mentor during medical education is associated with an increased likelihood of fellows specializing in hematology. Fellows who co-authored papers or engaged in research activities with mentors in hematology were more likely to pursue careers in the field.
Common early sign of cardiovascular disease also may indicate cancer risk, study finds
A Mayo Clinic-led study found that microvascular endothelial dysfunction is associated with a greater than twofold risk of cancer. The condition, which affects the heart's small arteries, may be a useful marker for predicting cancer risk.
Vampire bats give a little help to their 'friends'
Researchers observed vampire bats developing strong social bonds during captivity that persisted in the wild, suggesting shared history plays a role in maintaining relationships. The study used pioneering technology to track bat interactions and found test bats had stronger bonds with each other than control bats.
Deaths from liver cancer have tripled in past 20 years in England
The incidence of liver cancer has tripled in the UK over the past 20 years, with the majority of cases diagnosed in men. The most deprived fifth of the population accounts for 25% of HCC cases, many of which have cirrhosis and are not treatable by surgery due to advanced scarring.
Complex cellular machine visualized to yield new insights in cancer
Researchers have developed a high-resolution visual map of the RSC complex, a crucial regulator of chromosome structure and gene expression. This study provides new insights into how RSC-like complexes are involved in cancer development and has implications for understanding chromosomal genes in healthy and cancer cells.
Study finds racial disparities in culturally competent cancer care
A new study from Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and University of Texas Southwestern finds that non-white minority cancer survivors are less likely to receive treatment from culturally competent providers, with significant disparities in access to these physicians. The study highlights the critical need for culturally competent care in c...
U. Iowa team is developing new delivery tools for gene editing
Researchers at the University of Iowa have made significant breakthroughs in delivering gene-editing proteins to airway cells without causing harm. The new peptide-based platform shows promise in treating diseases like cystic fibrosis, COPD, and asthma by repairing or modifying disease-causing mutations.
Slow-wave sleep critical to brain's automatic 'self-rinse' cycle
Researchers found that slow-wave sleep triggers waves of cerebrospinal fluid that flush out toxic metabolic waste products from the brain. This process supports memory processing and consolidation, and may be crucial for preventing neurodegeneration and diseases like Alzheimer's.
DNA exchange among species is major contributor to diversity in Heliconius butterflies
A new study finds that hybridization significantly influences the evolutionary history of Heliconius butterflies, contributing to their unique wing patterns. The research suggests that hybridization can provide genetic material for rapid adaptive divergence and radiation, leading to beneficial consequences in species evolution.
Oil and gas wastewater used for irrigation may suppress plant immune systems
A Colorado State University study found that crops irrigated with oil and gas wastewater have weakened immune systems, making them more vulnerable to bacterial and fungal pathogens. The study's authors suggest assessing plant immune response impacts before reusing treated wastewater for agricultural irrigation.
NASA sees development of Tropical Storm Maha at southwestern India Coast
Tropical Storm Maha has developed near the southwestern Indian coast and is strengthening, as indicated by its symmetrical shape. The storm's center is located approximately 848 nautical miles south-southeast of Karachi, Pakistan, with forecasted northwest movement over the next couple of days.
After release into wild, vampire bats keep 'friends' made in captivity
Researchers found that vampire bats who shared food and groomed each other in captivity were more likely to stick together in the wild. The bonds made in captivity weren't just a byproduct of confinement, but rather a reflection of social preferences and environmental influences.
Dynamic transition of the blood-brain barrier in the development of non-small cell lung cancer brain
Researchers analyzed BTB and BBB changes in NSCLC brain metastasis over time, revealing key changes including loss of aquaporin-4 and zona occludens-1. These findings provide a comprehensive analysis of the transition of the blood-brain barrier to the blood-tumor barrier.
Researchers discover universal mechanisms controlling terrestrial and astrophysical explosions
A new study published in Science reveals the critical criteria for driving a flame to self-generate turbulence and transition into detonation, applicable to both Type Ia supernovae and hypersonic jet propulsion. This discovery may aid the understanding of certain kinds of supernovae and potentially lead to advancements in air and space...
Movement and flow: Simulating complexity of fluids and strands in the virtual world
A team of computer scientists presents a novel multi-scale framework to simulate complex fluid-strand interactions, enabling realistic animations in visual effects. The method accurately models the complexity of fluid-strand dynamics across multiple scales, from thin strands to bulk fluids.
Mutated form of DNA repair protein may shed light on its role in preventing cancer
Researchers created a mutated form of DNA repair protein RAD51 to study its critical functions at stalled replication forks. The study found that RAD51's strand exchange activity is not required for fork regression, but is crucial for restarting replication once the obstacle has been removed.
Study examines kidney injury in patients taking immunotherapy cancer medications
A new study finds that acute kidney injury affects 17% of patients taking immunotherapy medications for cancer, while proton pump inhibitors increase the risk of sustained AKI. Nephrologists and oncologists must recognize these factors to diagnose and treat patients effectively.
SourceAmerican Society of Nephrology·JournalClinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology·DateOct 31, 2019
Delayed neural communication may underlie anticipatory behaviors
Computational modeling suggests delayed neural communication underlies anticipatory behaviors, such as tapping along with a metronome or coordinating rowing. The study found that non-musicians exhibit a larger anticipatory tendency than musicians due to pruned attention towards external stimuli.
Assessing effect of prescribing fewer opioids after corneal surgery
A recent study observed a significant reduction in opioid use and improvement in pain control among patients receiving fewer opioid tablets after corneal surgery. This decrease is attributed to the reduced prescription of opioids, highlighting the potential benefits of more conservative treatment approaches.
A new hazelnut has cracked its competitive marketplace
Researchers have released a new cross-bred hazelnut cultivar, 'PollyO', which boasts high nut yield and resistance to eastern filbert fungal blight. The variety has been recommended for areas with similar climates and is well-suited for baked goods and chocolate products.
NCI awards UCLA prostate cancer program with Research of Excellence grant
The UCLA prostate cancer program has been awarded an $8.7 million SPORE grant to develop new approaches for improving diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of prostate cancer. The grant will fund three translational research projects to find better ways to treat men with advanced stages of the disease.
In unvaccinated children, 'immune amnesia' occurs in the wake of measles infection
In unvaccinated children, measles infection can cause a significant weakening of the immune system, leading to impaired immunity against viruses and bacteria for months or even years. This phenomenon, known as 'immune amnesia,' was observed in two separate studies published in Science Immunology and Science.
This AI birdwatcher lets you 'see' through the eyes of a machine
Researchers at Duke University have trained an AI tool to identify up to 200 species of birds from just a photo. The system, which uses deep learning, also shows its thinking by highlighting key patterns in the image.
Discovery of 'cellular bike couriers' clue to disease spreading
Researchers at the University of Warwick have discovered a previously unknown cellular component called intracellular nanovesicles (INVs) that deliver proteins in heavy traffic. INVs are approximately 30 nanometres across and could provide clues to the process that allows cells, such as cancer cells, to migrate within the body.
Better vaccines, immune response with new additives
OHSU researchers have been awarded $2.1 million to develop new adjuvants that can enhance immune responses against infectious diseases. The goal is to create a range of adjuvants that can be used with different vaccines to protect against various pathogens.
Kidney cancer study uncovers new subtypes and clues to better diagnosis and treatment
Researchers identified four distinct immune-based subtypes of kidney cancer, which could help predict patient survival and response to treatment. The study also found that certain tumor microenvironment signatures were associated with better or worse overall survival.
Bats in Northeast India carry filoviruses that can infect humans
Researchers found filovirus antibodies in 5.9% of human samples and up to 13.3% of bat species, including those with Ebola virus, Bundibugyo virus, Sudan virus, Marburg virus, and Mengla virus antibodies. The study highlights the need for surveillance at the human-animal interface.
Three-drug combo improves lung function in most common genetic form of cystic fibrosis
A three-drug combination improved lung function and reduced symptoms in patients with the most common genetic mutation for cystic fibrosis. The therapy, approved by the FDA, targets the underlying cause of the disease and demonstrated significant benefits in lung function and quality of life.
Scientists may have discovered whole new class of black holes
Researchers found evidence for low-mass black holes, potentially opening up a new area of study about star explosions and formation. The discovery uses data from the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment and identifies a class of black holes smaller than previously known.
Rare mutations drive cystic fibrosis in Caribbean
A comprehensive genome sequencing study reveals rare CFTR mutations in Puerto Rican and Dominican patients, driving the disease's progression. This finding underscores the need for diverse clinical trials to develop personalized therapies, as transformative new drugs may not benefit minority populations.
Could sleep, exercise and alcohol help to prevent Parkinson's and Alzheimer's?
A new three-year project aims to test the impact of sleep, exercise and low levels of alcohol on the glymphatic system, a recently discovered pathway that removes waste products from the brain. The study may lead to treatments that can target an important cause of both Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.
Non-GM produce earns 'halo effect' under new labeling laws
A Cornell University study found that non-GMO labeled produce experiences a significant boost in demand when accompanied by a GMO label on other products. The 'halo effect' suggests consumers perceive non-GMO labels as more trustworthy and desirable.
Differences in human and non-human primate saliva may be caused by diet
Researchers discovered that human saliva is more watery and contains distinct protein profiles compared to chimpanzees and gorillas. The differences are attributed to varying diets, with human saliva being effective at breaking down starch and fat.
Cycles of reward: New insight into ADHD treatment
Researchers at OIST discover a feedback loop that modulates dopamine levels in response to methylphenidate, suggesting therapeutic effects may be indirect consequences of this regulatory process. The study sheds light on the complex interactions between dopamine systems and ADHD treatment.
SourceOkinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST) Graduate University·JournalProgress in Neurobiology·DateOct 30, 2019
In Southeast Asia, illegal hunting is a more threat to wildlife than forest degradation
A new study finds that illegal hunting using indiscriminate snares is more severe than forest degradation through selective logging for ground-dwelling mammal and bird communities. The research suggests maintaining habitat quality may not be sufficient to protect tropical biodiversity, and overhunting should be prioritized.
Insect decline more extensive than suspected
A large-scale biodiversity study found that insect decline is more extensive than previously thought, with many species affected in both grasslands and forests. The researchers identified the biggest losses in grasslands surrounded by intensively farmed land, where the most heavily impacted species were those unable to travel far.
Research brief: Invention of shape-changing textiles powered only by body heat
Researchers at the University of Minnesota's DAMSL and WTL labs created temperature-responsive textiles using shape memory alloys, enabling self-fitting garments with adjustable fit and conformance to irregular body shapes. The technology has significant implications for medical, aerospace, and commercial applications.
Researchers double sorghum grain number to improve food supply
Plant scientists have doubled the amount of grains a sorghum plant can produce by identifying novel genetic variations in the MSD2 gene. This breakthrough could lead to improved crop yields and address global food production challenges related to climate change and population growth.
SourceCold Spring Harbor Laboratory·JournalInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences·DateOct 30, 2019
Study gives Ontario men access to advanced prostate cancer imaging
A multi-centre registry trial is testing the use of a new PSMA tracer to detect early recurrence of prostate cancer. The trial provides valuable insights and has already shown promising results for patients like Wayne Smith, who was able to have a shorter round of hormone therapy.
Study shows how climate change may affect environmental conservation areas
A study of 993 Brazilian protected areas found 258 moderately vulnerable and 17 highly vulnerable to climate change. The Amazon and Atlantic Rainforest biomes are at greatest risk due to climate-driven changes in vegetation and native species distribution.
SourceFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo·JournalConservation Biology·DateOct 30, 2019
Study says Southern California earthquakes increased stress on major fault line
A University of Iowa-led study found that Southern California earthquakes increased stress on the Garlock Fault, a major earthquake fault line. The research showed 'aseismic creep' along a 12- to 16-mile section of the fault, indicating it is sensitive to stress changes.
Movement patterns predict frailty and disability in the elderly
Elderly individuals with random changes in daily movement are at greater risk of frailty, disability, and death. Analyzing daily motor activity using fractal physiology may help predict wellness and health outcomes.
SourceAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)·JournalScience Translational Medicine·DateOct 30, 2019
Calorie labels in fast food outlets linked to small drop in calories purchased
Labelling menus with calorie content led to a small immediate decrease in average calories purchased, but this reduction was followed by a gradual weekly increase over the next year. The study suggests that calorie labelling alone may not be enough to make sustainable reductions in calorie intake in fast food restaurants.
A stretchable stopwatch lights up human skin
Researchers have developed a stretchable light-emitting device that operates at low voltages and is safe for human skin. The device can be used in smart wearables, soft robotics, and human-machine interfaces.
New evidence that bacteria drive biodiversity in the Cape Floral Region
Researchers at Stellenbosch University have discovered a unique association between the Cape geophyte genus Oxalis and the nitrogen-fixing bacterial genus Bacillus. The bacteria help Oxalis fix nitrogen from the air and perform extraordinary feats of germination, with some species inheriting the bacteria from mother plant to seed.
Researchers describe how Vitamin E works in plants under extreme conditions
Researchers discovered that Vitamin E works in plants under extreme conditions by sending signals from chloroplasts to the cell nucleus. This retrograde signalling mechanism helps regulate key aspects of plant development, such as senescence and ripening of fruits.
Land restoration in Ethiopia pays off but climate change necessitates many strategies
Land restoration in Ethiopia has boosted crop yields and soil carbon, but increased runoff due to climate change threatens degradation. A combination of land restoration activities can increase crop yields by up to 170 percent.
SourceThe Alliance of Bioversity International and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture·JournalLand Degradation and Development·DateOct 30, 2019
Mitochondrial activity in lung tumors predicts response to drug inhibitor
Researchers at UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center identified a new biomarker tracking mitochondrial activity in lung tumors using noninvasive imaging. This level of activity may predict favorable response to complex I inhibitor and inform treatment decisions for individuals with lung cancer.
Blockchain offers promise for securing global supply chain
Researchers explore the potential of blockchain to secure international trade by improving speed, security, and traceability. The technology has the potential to reduce fraud and enhance cargo tracking, but widespread adoption faces challenges such as data sharing and regulatory frameworks.
News about drug delivery
Researchers at the University of Würzburg have discovered how increasing amounts of active ingredients in polymeric micelles reduce their dissolution and solubility. The study aims to improve drug delivery systems by understanding molecular interactions and potential structural changes to enhance absorption and dissolving capabilities.
Name that tune: Brain takes just 100 to 300 milliseconds to recognize familiar music
The human brain can recognize a familiar song within 100 to 300 milliseconds, with rapid pupil dilation and cortical activation related to memory retrieval. The study suggests that the brain's temporal circuitry is fast and efficient in recognizing familiar music, which may have implications for music-based therapeutic interventions.
NASA finds Tropical Storm Matmo consolidating off Vietnam coast
Tropical Storm Matmo is taking on a more rounded shape, indicating it's strengthening, and is expected to make landfall in central southeastern Vietnam. The storm's maximum sustained winds are near 46 mph with higher gusts.
Artificial intelligence learns muscle anatomy in CT images
A new AI tool uses deep learning to automate the segmentation of individual muscles from CT images, enabling the creation of personalized musculoskeletal models. This advancement has significant implications for patients with musculoskeletal diseases, such as ALS, and high-performance athletes seeking to improve their performance.
SourceNara Institute of Science and Technology·JournalIEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging·DateOct 30, 2019
Mass General team publishes on highest resolution brain MRI scan
A multidisciplinary team of MGH researchers has created the highest resolution MRI scan of the human brain, with a resolution of 1,000 times more detailed than standard clinical scans. This dataset has broad applications in understanding brain anatomy and diseases.
Lost Lou Reed recording for Andy Warhol discovered by Cornell musicologist
A cache of 12 previously unreleased songs by Hall of Fame artist Lou Reed has been unearthed on a cassette tape from 1975, according to a study published in the Journal of Musicology. Cornell musicologist Judith Peraino discovered the rare recordings while conducting archival research at the Andy Warhol Museum.
Unexpected outcomes: Damages to Puerto Rican coffee farms from Hurricane Maria varied
A study found that Hurricane Maria's damage to Puerto Rican coffee farms was not linked to the amount of shade on the farm. However, farmers' socioeconomic context and ability to fertilize their plants were key factors in determining resilience. Weeds played a significant role in the recovery process.
Study calls for screening for drug-resistant E. coli in capsulized fecal transplants
A new study by Massachusetts General Hospital researchers highlights the risk of drug-resistant E. coli infections in patients receiving fecal microbiota transplants, particularly those who are immunocompromised. The study's findings emphasize the need for improved donor screening to prevent transmission of these resistant organisms.