Articles tagged with Infants
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
A study by Felix Warneken and Mike Tomasello found that children as young as 18 months willingly helped complete strangers, even without any reward. The children's ability to infer when someone needed help suggests a natural inclination towards altruism.
Researchers propose that social systems arose as a group defense mechanism against predators, citing studies on male muriqui networks and affiliative hormones in primate species. Positive behaviors like grooming and physical touch increase levels of social bonding hormones.
Researchers found that newborns (10-72 hours old) prefer speech over nonsensical words in a study led by Dr. Athena Vouloumanos. The infants showed increased sucking behavior when hearing human speech compared to speech-like analogues, suggesting an experience-independent component to their preference for speech.
Healthy preterm infants have reduced lung function, according to a study published in the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. The researchers found that male sex and lower gestational age were significantly associated with reduced expiratory flows in this group.
Pittsburgh researchers found biomarkers in infant blood that can identify possible cases of shaken baby syndrome, a traumatic brain injury often misdiagnosed. The study's findings have significant implications for decreasing morbidity and mortality in infants with SBS.
A study by the University of Toronto found that morphine and a combination of morphine and tetracaine are effective in treating pain in newborns undergoing central line placements. The study also identified potential side effects of these medications.
The incidence of pertussis has increased in Canada, particularly among young infants, adolescents, and adults. Authorities have recommended booster doses for adolescents since 2004 to combat the disease.
A study conducted by researchers at the NIH found a strong association between H2 blocker treatment and necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants. Infants treated with H2 blockers were 1.71 times more likely to develop the condition, which can be life-threatening.
A significant majority of ELBW young adults have overcome earlier difficulties to become functional members of society. The study found no statistically significant differences in education achieved or employment status between ELBW and NBW participants at young adulthood.
A study by McMaster University found that extremely low birth-weight infants are achieving similar levels of education, employment, and independence as normal birth-weight infants by young adulthood. The study's results show no statistically significant differences in these areas between the two groups.
A study of 120 babies found that antidepressant use during pregnancy was associated with a 30% risk of neonatal abstinence syndrome. Infants exposed to SSRIs exhibited common symptoms such as tremor, gastrointestinal problems, and sleep disturbances.
A recent investigation by the US Consumer Product Safety Commission found that home paper shredder injuries disproportionately affect young children, with 71% of cases involving kids under 12 years old. The study highlights the dangers of easy access to shredders and lack of safety features, such as on/off switches and release mechanisms.
Research by Saint Louis University finds that SIDS strikes premature babies six weeks later than full-term infants. Doctors emphasize the need for SIDS prevention counseling beyond four months for preterm infants.
Researchers identified a common cardiac sodium channel variant, SCN5A S1103Y, as a risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in African Americans. The study provides new insights into the genetic causes of SIDS and highlights the importance of understanding the interplay between genetic and environmental factors.
A study found that African American infants with the common genetic variation Y1103 are 24 times more likely to die from SIDS than those without it. The variation affects sodium channels in cardiac muscle cells, increasing the risk of abnormal heart rhythms and sudden death.
The March of Dimes Global Report reveals that at least 3.3 million children under 5 years old die annually due to serious birth defects, with an estimated 3.2 million surviving with lifelong disabilities. The report highlights the global toll of birth defects on mortality and disability rates in middle- and low-income countries.
A Lancet study reveals a significant increase in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) deaths involving co-sleeping on sofas, particularly in deprived families. The data also shows a decline in SIDS deaths outside of the parental bed, with a 50% reduction over the past 20 years.
The study found that cleft lip and/or palate had the highest prevalence, followed by Down Syndrome, among the 18 major birth defects studied. National estimates for specific defects were calculated for the first time, providing valuable insights into birth defect prevalence nationwide.
The rotavirus vaccine candidate demonstrated 85% protection against severe disease and 100% protection against more severe disease in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The vaccine also showed lower incidence of serious adverse events compared to placebo, with no increased risk of intussusception observed.
A new oral vaccine, Rotateq, has been shown to virtually eliminate the most severe cases of rotavirus, a common childhood virus. The vaccine nearly eliminated serious rotavirus-related gastroenteritis and reduced hospital admissions by 96%.
Researchers analyzed data from over 5,000 premature births and found that black baby girls were twice as likely to survive compared to white baby boys. Baby girls also had a significant survival advantage when born weighing less than 1,000 grams.
A new Israeli study found that vaccinating all children against hepatitis A at 18 and 24 months reduced overall incidence of the disease for all ages by 95%. The study also showed a significant decrease in reported incidents among one- to four-year-olds, a demographic historically susceptible to infection.
Researchers found that newborn screening for SCID could be cost-effective due to the benefits of early diagnosis and the potential to save lives. A two-tiered strategy combining existing tests has been shown to improve accuracy without increasing costs, making it a promising approach for nationwide screening programs.
Researchers found a significant association between women who have experienced recurrent SIDS and complications in future pregnancies, including smaller gestational age infants and preterm deliveries. The study suggests a possible mechanism for recurrent SIDS that may be linked to previous infant death.
Research found that infant birth weight is inversely related to salty taste acceptance, suggesting a lasting influence on flavor and food preferences. The study's results could inform programs aimed at reducing salt intake, which is linked to high blood pressure.
A recent study found that infant mortality for black and white infants born at minority-serving hospitals is significantly higher than at non-minority hospitals. The study suggests that these hospitals may provide lower quality care to very low-birthweight infants.
A study published in Archives of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery found that toddlers with sleep apnea are more likely to experience respiratory problems when sleeping on their backs. The research contradicts previous findings, suggesting that body position may play a role in the severity of OSAS in young children.
A study found a significant association between gingivitis and preterm birth, suggesting that periodontal disease is an independent risk factor for preterm birth. Periodontal therapy reduced preterm birth rates by 68% in pregnant women with pregnancy-associated gingivitis.
A study found that male SIDS infants had 120% higher testosterone levels than non-SIDS males, while females had 50% higher levels. The researchers suggest this may contribute to the risk of SIDS due to its effect on breathing during sleep.
A study found that early cognitive deficits in premature infants, such as poorer attention and recognition memory, fully account for lower cognitive scores at 2- and 3-years-old. The researchers also discovered a cascade of effects where speed influenced memory, which then impacted general cognitive ability.
A study of premature babies born at 26 weeks gestation found that certain aspects of brain development were compromised compared to full-term infants. The brains of premature babies showed delayed growth and changes after birth, indicating that early stimulation may hinder normal brain maturation.
Research at the University of Washington reveals that infants as young as 9 months old begin to follow gaze-following behavior, which is crucial for understanding emotions and learning language. By 18 months, babies who mastered this skill earlier understand nearly twice as many words.
Children whose mothers had placental malaria were more likely to get sick with the disease themselves. First-time mothers' infants showed a surprising lower risk of developing malaria, regardless of their mother's infection status. These findings suggest that both previous pregnancies and placental malaria impact infant susceptibility.
Two studies have clarified the risk factors for mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis C virus, revealing a higher rate of infection in infant girls. The studies found that time in labor, internal fetal monitoring devices, and maternal history of injection drug use were associated with transmission.
Research found that prenatal exposure to alcohol may cause visual problems in infants, with those born to mothers who binge drank during pregnancy at higher risk. Infants aged 30 and older whose mothers drank during pregnancy also showed poorer visual acuity, suggesting age-related physiological changes may play a role.
A study published in the New England Journal of Medicine found that cooling newborns to prevent death and injury from oxygen deprivation during birth may reduce infant disability and death. After 18-22 months, 44% of cooled infants developed moderate to severe disabilities or died, compared to 62% of those receiving standard care.
Researchers found that hypothermia significantly reduced brain injury and death from oxygen loss in newborns. The study, led by Seetha Shankaran, M.D., at Wayne State University, showed a 44% lower rate of moderate to severe disability or death in infants treated with cooling compared to those in the control group.
A new study at UCI Medical Center will investigate the impact of exercise on growth in premature babies, using bedside nurses to perform daily range of motion exercises for four weeks. The study aims to identify approaches that optimize weight gain and reduce length of stay in neonatal care.
The incidence of preterm birth and low birthweight infants are pressing obstetrical issues, according to Michael Paidas. He emphasized the need for risk assessment with fetal fibronectin and cervical length to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes.
A study suggests a possible link between amoxicillin use in early infancy and an increased risk of dental fluorosis, a condition caused by excessive fluoride exposure. The research found that the duration of amoxicillin use was related to the severity of fluorosis on permanent teeth.
Despite exposure to environmental chemicals, breast-feeding remains a healthy option for infants. Research suggests few adverse effects have been documented, and none have been clinically or epidemiologically demonstrated.
The current treatment approaches for port-wine stains, facial hemangiomas, and vascular malformations are presented. Pulse-dye laser therapy is found to be an effective treatment for port-wine stains, while observation may suffice for stable lesions.
Researchers found that homeless mothers are 2.9 times more likely to have a pre-term delivery, while those with substance abuse are 6.9 times more likely to give birth to an infant weighing less than 2000 grams. This highlights the urgent need for healthcare support and interventions for these vulnerable populations.
Researchers found that mothers with dental caries who had C-section births passed a specific bacterium to their babies, leading to an earlier onset of cavities. The study suggests that family dentists should inform patients about the potential risk if they had a C-section delivery.
Researchers studying neonatal rat models aim to understand the role of norepinephrine in opiate withdrawal and explore its potential as a treatment. Clonidine, traditionally used for high blood pressure, may provide relief from symptoms in newborn infants.
A Yale University study will examine dietary calcium insufficiency in inner city infants, highlighting the alarming trends of decreased calcium intake over the past 30 years. The research aims to establish guidelines for calcium in infants below age three and predict a 10-20% prevalence of abnormal biomarkers.
Research suggests that babies are more flexible in perceiving musical rhythms than adults, which may be due to their developing brains being less biased by cultural norms. By 12 months old, however, infants' abilities to detect rhythmic patterns in foreign music decrease significantly.
A four-year study by University of Cincinnati researchers found that living near 'stop and go' traffic increases infant wheezing rates, with African American infants at highest risk. The study suggests that exposure to diesel exhaust particles from 'stop and go' traffic may play a role in developing allergic conditions.
The report found that children are more likely to live in poverty, have low birthweight, or commit a violent crime. However, the adolescent birth rate has reached a record low, and immunization rates have increased. Additionally, child mortality rates have declined, with fewer deaths among young children.
Recent study examines ELBW infants born in 1992-1995, revealing 64% with chronic conditions, including cerebral palsy, asthma, and low IQ. These children require specialized medical and educational services to manage their needs, highlighting the importance of proactive planning.
Despite progress, most US babies are not fully covered under newborn screening programs. Currently, 23 states screen for over 20 disorders, while others have limited or no testing.
Researchers found that cerebral palsy was more likely to occur in infants who had no symptoms early in life and sustained injury to deep structures of the brain. The study included over 199,000 children born between 1997 and 2002 and reported a higher rate of significant long-term neurologic impairment.
A study found that bedsharing and couchsharing are associated with increased risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), even in non-smoking parents. The safest sleep environment is a separate room for the first six months, with the infant placed on their back to sleep.
A new study found that inhaled nitric oxide significantly improved brain development in premature infants, with only 24% experiencing delayed mental development or disabilities compared to 46% of those who received standard treatment. The therapy has the potential to become standard for about 30,000 children a year.
A new study by Stanford/Packard researchers found that nitric oxide has varying effects on premature infants. Infants weighing over 1,000 grams benefited from the treatment, with a decreased likelihood of death or long-term lung damage. In contrast, those under 2 pounds experienced higher brain hemorrhage and mortality rates.
Researchers discovered that preemie brains can regrow neurons and glial cells in response to injury. The study suggests that the mammalian brain is more plastic than previously thought, allowing it to recover from serious brain injuries.
Research in macaque monkeys suggests that infant abuse is transmitted through early experience, rather than genetic inheritance. The study found that abused mothers were more likely to abuse their own offspring, but only if raised by non-abusive caregivers.
A well-designed NICU can conserve energy, improve environment management, and reduce respiratory support, lung disease, and length of stay. Modified environments can also reduce staff stress and improve patient and family experience.
A study conducted by George Hollich and colleagues found that moderate background noise can distract infants from learning language, emphasizing the need for visual cues. The research showed that when infants could see a speaker's face while hearing them speak, they focused longer on the spoken word.
Research suggests that drinking during pregnancy can increase the risk of infection in newborns, with excessive alcohol use increasing the risk by more than three times. Maternal smoking also increases the risk of infection, and concurrent abuse of both alcohol and smoking may have synergistic effects.