Articles tagged with International Law
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
The UN has failed to uphold its founding principle of protecting civilians and ensuring medical attention for those injured during conflicts. The Editorial suggests that the medical profession could play a crucial role in advocating for humanitarian health needs, calling on governments and international organizations to take action.
Researchers introduced the 'Dirty War Index', a tool linking prohibited outcomes to international humanitarian laws. The DWI ratio helps analyze and prevent harmful effects of armed conflicts on populations, with examples from the Colombian civil conflict showing paramilitaries had the highest civilian death rate.
The supplement addresses complex issues surrounding second trimester abortion, including methods, values, and public policy. In-depth country-based research is needed to bring out facts and support second trimester abortion as a legitimate form of women's health care.
A new report highlights the need for better toxicity data and private-sector outreach strategies to manage nanowaste. The EPA must conduct outreach to the private sector about how RCRA and CERCLA apply to nanomaterials, while firms and investors must consider emerging liabilities and environmental risks.
The NWO Spinoza prize is awarded to Dutch researchers who make groundbreaking contributions to their field. This year's winners are Prof. Deirdre Curtin (law), Prof. Marcel Dicke (ecological entomology), Prof. Leo Kouwenhoven (physics), and Prof. Wil Roebroeks (archaeology), each receiving €1.5 million.
Researchers argue that movie exhibitors can increase profits by adopting variable pricing, which would allow for price differentiation based on event movies, weekends, and holidays. The study suggests that consumers welcome discounts but may resent surcharges, making it easier for exhibitors to implement variable pricing.
Alberto Bressan has been selected to receive the Antonio Feltrinelli Prize for his groundbreaking research on hyperbolic conservation laws. The prize is awarded annually in the area of physical and mathematical sciences, recognizing achievements that contribute to the development of new mathematics.
The American Political Science Association (APSA) announced its 2006 award recipients, recognizing outstanding scholarly achievements in various fields. The awards included book and dissertation prizes, as well as career honors for notable public service and journalistic contributions.
The Coalition's failure to collect data on Iraqi civilian deaths is a grave concern, rendering the Geneva Conventions' principle of protecting civilian lives farcical. The Lancet comments that this omission makes it impossible to verify the Coalition's claims of respecting Iraq's people and upholding international law.
International Commissions and the Power of Ideas examines the impact of commissions on global governance and policy, with a focus on individual commission's character and record. The book provides a comprehensive analysis of commissions' role in creating action plans and shaping mind-body of global governance.
The book Making States Work examines the roles of international actors, local elites, and civil society in building public institutions. Key findings include successes in Mozambique and Costa Rica, as well as case studies on state failures in regions such as the Great Lakes and South Central Asia.
A lawyer warns US physicians that treating detainees labeled as 'unlawful combatants' may go against their ethical code. The 1949 Third Geneva Convention entitles these prisoners to basic human rights, but the US government's label is unrecognized in International Humanitarian Law.
A new set of principles aims to simplify sales law for European consumers and retailers, reducing differences between countries. The Utrecht rule proposes that consumers can choose between repair and exchange, while other transactions follow the quickest and cheapest solution.
Recent research shows that jurors' comprehension of scientific evidence is a significant challenge, particularly when dealing with complex and nuanced facts. Dr. Solan identifies several problems, including diminished juror comprehension, inappropriate influence by expert credentials, and varying understandings of causation concepts.
A comprehensive study by Cornell University expert Lance Compa finds widespread labor rights violations in the US, with employers frequently firing workers who try to form unions and millions excluded from organizing laws. The report highlights the need for US labor law reform to meet international human rights standards.