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Science News for January 26, 2009


Unmasked and vulnerable

A clinical trial found adult mask wearers were four times more likely to be protected against respiratory viruses. Masks are particularly important during pandemics when vaccine development is delayed and supplies may be scarce for frontline workers.

SourceUniversity of New South Wales·JournalEmerging Infectious Diseases·DateJan 26, 2009

'Happiness gap' in the US narrows

Research by University of Pennsylvania economists finds the American population as a whole is no happier than it was three decades ago, but happiness inequality has narrowed significantly. The study found that non-whites report being significantly happier than they were in the early 1970s, while whites are slightly less happy.

SourceUniversity of Chicago Press Journals·JournalJournal of Legal Studies·DateJan 26, 2009

Shaken self-confidence? Certain products and activities can fix it

Researchers discover that subtle manipulations like using non-dominant hands can lower self-confidence, but purchasing products or affirming unrelated values can restore it. Participants who chose healthier options after being shaken out of their confidence were more likely to have been given the opportunity to bolster their self-view.

SourceUniversity of Chicago Press Journals·JournalJournal of Consumer Research·DateJan 26, 2009

JCI table of contents: Jan. 26, 2009

A study by Wajahat Mehal and colleagues found that aspirin reduces liver damage caused by acetaminophen overdose. In contrast, glucocorticoid therapy may cause varying levels of brain injury in neonates, depending on the type of steroid used. These findings have important implications for treatment strategies.

SourceJCI Journals·JournalJournal of Clinical Investigation·DateJan 26, 2009

New study: Short coverage lapses limit children's access to health care services

A new study published in Medical Care Research and Review found that even short gaps in health coverage can significantly decrease the likelihood of a child receiving medical care. The study suggests improving enrollment retention in SCHIP, Medicaid, and private coverage to ensure children maintain access to necessary healthcare.

SourceRobert Wood Johnson Foundation Health & Society Scholars·JournalMedical Care Research and Review·DateJan 26, 2009

'Birth control' for centrioles

Researchers at Rockefeller University Press have uncovered a mechanism that limits centriole duplication, allowing cells to fashion extra centrioles only once per cell cycle. This discovery could lead to the development of new cancer treatments by restricting tumor cells' ability to replicate centrioles.

SourceRockefeller University Press·JournalJournal of Cell Biology·DateJan 26, 2009

Consumers desire more genetic testing, but not designer babies

A study found that consumers desire more genetic testing for life-altering conditions such as mental retardation, blindness, and cancer, but are less interested in prenatal testing for traits like superior intelligence or athletic ability. The study suggests that consumers prioritize screening for diseases over enhancements.

SourceNYU Langone Health / NYU Grossman School of Medicine·JournalJournal of Genetic Counseling·DateJan 26, 2009

New asthma research opposes current drug treatment, says UH prof

A new study supports a University of Houston professor's theory that blocking the beta-2 adrenoreceptor receptor instead of stimulating it could be a safer and more effective strategy for long-term asthma management. The research, published in PNAS, reveals that a mouse model without the key gene produces fewer asthma-like symptoms.

SourceUniversity of Houston·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateJan 26, 2009

'Great speciators' explained: It's intrinsic

New research reveals that white eyes in the Zosteropidae family form new species at a faster rate than any other bird, with the fastest known rate among birds being around 2.24-3.16 species per million years. This supports the 'Great Speciator' hypothesis, suggesting intrinsic traits of sociability and adaptability drive the system.

SourceAmerican Museum of Natural History·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateJan 26, 2009

Caution: Lose more than weight with imported diet pills

Researchers found that these diet pills contain a range of addictive substances, including amphetamines, benzodiazepines, and diuretics. Physicians are advised to be aware of the dangers of these imported diet pills, which can cause serious side effects such as chest pains, palpitations, and insomnia.

SourceSpringer·JournalJournal of General Internal Medicine·DateJan 26, 2009

Move over, sponges

A comprehensive analysis confirms that Placozoans are the most primitive non-bilateral animals, with a genome that shares key tools for nervous system development. This challenges traditional views of animal evolution, placing Placozoans as the closest living surrogate to the ancestor of all animals.

SourceAmerican Museum of Natural History·JournalPLOS Biology·DateJan 26, 2009

Research identifies risk factors that affected World Trade Center evacuation

A study by Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health identified key risk factors that delayed or prolonged the evacuation from the World Trade Center Towers on September 11. The researchers found that lack of awareness and experience, as well as personal concerns and poor footwear, contributed to time delays.

SourceColumbia University's Mailman School of Public Health·JournalDisaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness·DateJan 26, 2009

Study compares exercise regimens for obese older adults

A randomized clinical trial involving sedentary obese older adults found that a combination of resistance and aerobic exercises improved insulin resistance and functional limitations. The study showed greater improvements with combined exercise compared to individual types of exercise.

SourceJAMA Network·JournalArchives of Internal Medicine·DateJan 26, 2009

Cutting salt isn't the only way to reduce blood pressure

A new study found that increasing potassium intake and reducing sodium consumption can significantly lower the risk of cardiovascular disease. Researchers analyzed 24-hour urine samples from over 2,900 participants and discovered a strong correlation between the ratio of sodium-to-potassium in urine and cardiovascular disease.

SourceLoyola Medicine·JournalArchives of Internal Medicine·DateJan 26, 2009

Common medication associated with cognitive decline in elderly

A study published in Journal of the American Geriatrics Society suggests that certain medications may be associated with cognitive decline in older adults. The research found that chronic use of medications with anticholinergic properties can lead to memory difficulties and impaired daily functioning.

SourceWiley·JournalJournal of the American Geriatrics Society·DateJan 26, 2009

Helium rains inside jovian planets

Scientists at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and the University of Illinois have determined the temperature at which helium becomes insoluble in dense metallic hydrogen. This finding has significant implications for models of the interior structure and evolution of Jovian planets, including Saturn and Jupiter.

SourceDOE/Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateJan 26, 2009

UT Southwestern researchers identify compound that frees trapped cholesterol

Researchers at UT Southwestern Medical Center identified a compound that liberates cholesterol trapped in cells, shedding light on its transport and suggesting a possible therapeutic target for NP-C disease. The findings show improved liver function and decreased neurodegeneration in mice treated with the compound.

SourceUT Southwestern Medical Center·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateJan 26, 2009

Hypertension and cholesterol medications present in water released into the St. Lawrence River

Researchers from Université de Montréal have detected chemotherapy products and hypertension/cholesterol medications in wastewater released into the St. Lawrence River. The study highlights a growing concern about pharmaceutical waste's impact on the environment, with minimal quantities of these substances present in treated water.

SourceUniversity of Montreal·JournalJournal of Environmental Monitoring·DateJan 26, 2009

Major immune system branch has hidden ability to learn

Researchers have discovered that the innate immune system's natural killer cells can learn from experience and fight more effectively when called into battle a second time. This new ability, known as 'memory-like,' was found in natural killer cells that could respond more easily and vigorously to reactivation.

SourceWashU Medicine·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateJan 26, 2009

Was it the chicken salad or the swim?

A new study reveals that non-food factors such as swimming and private well water exposure pose significant risks for sporadic bacterial enteric infections, comparable to food-borne risk factors. The findings highlight the importance of controlling these environmental exposures to prevent outbreaks.

SourceInfectious Diseases Society of America·JournalThe Journal of Infectious Diseases·DateJan 26, 2009

Comet impact theory disproved

New research published today disproves the recent comet impact theory that triggered continent-wide wildfires in North America 12,900 years ago. The study found no evidence for large-scale fires across the continent but supports a link between global warming and increased wildfires globally.

SourceUniversity of Bristol·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateJan 26, 2009