Antioxidants 'beef up' plastic wrap
Researchers add antioxidants to plastic wrap, extending beef shelf life by two to three days. Synthetic antioxidants show significant increase, while natural antioxidants have minimal effect.
Science News Archive August 2000 - Page 3
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Molecular-scale roughness identified as factor in bacteria’s ability to stick to surfaces
Researchers at Penn State used atomic force microscopy to study the surface of glass and found that molecular-scale roughness is a key factor in bacterial adhesion. The study suggests that traditional theories on bacterial adhesion may need to be revised.
Adhesive tricks to recycle old computers
Researchers at Cornell University have developed an environmentally friendly adhesive that can be easily removed and cleaned up, making it possible to recycle outmoded computers. The adhesive, dubbed Alpha-Terp, can be broken down using heat or industrial solvents, allowing for the reuse of valuable components.
Autism screening for all children recommended by guidelines
The American Academy of Neurology recommends routine developmental screening for all children from infancy through school age, focusing on early detection of autism. The guidelines also emphasize the importance of genetic or metabolic testing to rule out conditions that may be confused with autism.
Balanced diet lowers homocysteine, reducing risk of heart disease
A well-balanced diet, such as the DASH diet, significantly lowers blood levels of homocysteine, a by-product of protein metabolism. This reduction is predicted to lower the risk of heart disease by 7 to 9 percent. Additionally, reductions in blood pressure and cholesterol from the DASH diet should further reduce heart disease risk.
New treatment makes fruit juices safer
Researchers at the University of Florida have developed a new treatment method using carbon dioxide to eliminate bacteria from fresh fruit juice, preserving its flavor and appearance. The process is as effective as heat pasteurization in reducing pathogens, but without the undesirable taste change.
One year later: Chandra 'changes way we look at the universe'
Chandra has revealed unprecedented images of a blast wave from an exploding star, a flare from a brown dwarf, and a small galaxy being cannibalized by a larger one. The observatory's high resolution has enabled scientists to pinpoint sources of the X-ray background glow, leading to a better understanding of our universe.
New crop protection method could save US farmers billions
Researchers have discovered that naturally occurring microorganisms can reduce the severity of scab disease, a fungal disease costing US farmers over $3 billion annually. The approach, known as microbial spray, increases naturally occurring bacteria in crops close to harvesting time, reducing the need for chemical fungicides.
Mathematician receives distinguished writing award
Ezra A. Brown, professor of mathematics at Virginia Tech, received the George Pólya Award for his article 'Square Roots from 1;24,51,10 to Dan Shanks' published in College Mathematics Journal in March 1999. The award recognizes excellence in mathematical exposition.
Molecular architects create new cancer preventives
Researchers at Johns Hopkins University have created a new compound that helps delay the onset and reduce the number of skin cancers in lab mice. The compound, a modified form of vitamin D, does not cause calcium loss, making it a potential alternative approach to reducing cancer risk.
New $100k prize established for UC San Diego human cognition pioneer David Rumelhart
A new $100,000 prize has been established at UC San Diego to honor human cognition pioneer David Rumelhart. The prize will recognize significant contributions in the field of human cognition and be awarded biennially.
We are family: the imperative for a chimpanzee genome project
A Chimpanzee Genome Project is proposed due to the remarkable differences in diseases affecting humans and chimps. The project aims to identify genetic factors contributing to these disparities, which could lead to better treatments for both humans and captive apes.
First human studies promising for popular nutritional supplement
Two human studies suggest CLA may help overweight individuals lose weight and fat, maintain weight loss, retain lean muscle mass, and control adult-onset diabetes. In one study, participants experienced a statistically significant reduction in body fat gain with no serious side effects.
Cars and bridges that almost never rust
A new plastic coating called polyaniline has been discovered that can prevent rust and corrosion in metal structures, lasting up to 10 times longer than traditional coatings. This polymer-based coating reacts with iron and steel to create an organic metal that halts corrosion.
Lessons in chemistry and gallantry offered in the same lecture
Virginia Tech Professor James Wightman to tell the story of Benjamin Franklin and Agnes Pockels' groundbreaking work in surface chemistry. Pockels, a German hausfrau, was the first to determine cause and measure monolayer effects, paving the way for Langmuir-Blodgett films.
New random and block copolymers bring fuel cells closer to everyday use
Researchers at Virginia Tech are developing new proton-exchange membrane (PEM) materials with improved behavior, including the ability to operate at higher temperatures. These advancements aim to reduce polymer properties' impact on fuel cell applications.
Rising ammonia emissions attributed to cars, not livestock
Researchers found unexpectedly high levels of ammonia in the exhaust of gasoline-powered cars on a southern California freeway ramp. The study suggests that cars are adding twice as much ammonia to the air as livestock do, with a small share of vehicles producing most of the pollution.
Changes in diet related to prevalence of asthma and allergies
Research found that a poor diet, particularly low intakes of vegetables and vitamin E, significantly increases the risk of wheeze in children with asthma symptoms. The study suggests that a Western diet may be an important contributing factor to the rising prevalence of asthma and allergies in developed countries.
Researchers advancing use of polymers for nonlinear optical materials
Virginia Tech researchers create optoelectronic devices using ionically self-assembled monolayers, overcoming stability challenges in nonlinear optical materials. The breakthrough could lead to conformal coatings for Mach-Zender interferometers and enable new applications in laser systems and data storage.
Lard-fired boiler cleaner than fuel oil
Researchers found that lard and choice white grease produce less nitrogen oxides, ash, and carbon monoxide when burned compared to No. 6 fuel oil. The study suggests that these alternatives could be a cleaner and more sustainable option for the food processing industry.
Mastering gravity: making liquids dance
Researchers at Case Western Reserve University have developed a technique to simulate various gravitational environments using a magnetic levitation method. This allows them to study the behavior of liquids and solids in conditions ranging from Earth's gravity to zero-G environments, providing new insights into fluid dynamics.
New approach to ensuring unadulterated honey pot
Penn State researchers have created a rapid test method to identify adulterated honey using spectroscopy, capable of detecting as little as 1% beet sugar invert. The new approach aims to meet US standards for natural honey products with nutraceutical properties.
The ins and outs of facial processing
Researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital used fMRI scans to study how the brain processes facial expressions from different racial groups. The results showed differences in amygdala response, suggesting people may become more familiar with their own racial group's faces.
Student suggestions enhance lab exercises
A new teaching method combines computer-assisted methods with hands-on laboratory exercises to help undergraduate students understand molecules. The integrated experiment allows students to explore molecular characteristics on the computer and test predictions in the lab.
Depression treatment should take health beliefs into account
A recent study found that patients with greater self-control of their health experience improved depression symptoms, regardless of treatment type or duration. The research highlights the importance of assessing anxiety disorders and patient beliefs in controllability of depressive symptoms for effective treatment.
Researchers seek effective, fast, clean coatings
A team of researchers at Virginia Tech has developed a new coating that is cross-linked by oxygen in the air and provides scratch and chemical resistance. The goal of this innovative coating is to harden quickly in under two hours without producing any byproducts or odors.
Passive smoking at work increases rate of sick leave among employees
A health survey of Hong Kong police officers found that longer exposure to passive smoking was associated with more time off work, doctor visits, and medication use. Non-smoking men exposed for over a year were twice as likely to take time off and 30% more likely to have respiratory symptoms.
SourceCenter for Advancing Health·JournalJournal of Epidemiology and Community Health·DateAug 20, 2000
Chemist uses DNA to trigger an alternative chemotherapy method
Researchers have designed an innovative approach to chemotherapy that utilizes genetic material to selectively destroy cancerous cells. By combining complementary DNA sequences, a prodrug and catalyst can be triggered to release a cytotoxic agent.
SourceWashington University in St. Louis·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateAug 20, 2000
Flame retardant structural materials also inexpensive
Researchers at Virginia Tech have developed a new type of flame retardant material that is also lightweight and strong. The materials, which are based on phenolic resin, have been shown to burn at near-zero rates, making them ideal for use in structures such as offshore oil platforms and tunnels.
Worrying rise in chronic lung disease in women over past decade
Research published in Thorax found that COPD rates in women have almost doubled over the past decade. The study analyzed data from over 4 million patients and found significant increases in COPD cases among older women. Despite this, women with severe COPD tend to survive longer than men with similar severity.
Virginia Tech researchers explore surface modifiers that would allow more universal adhesives
Researchers have designed a new type of polymer surface modifier that could result in more universal adhesives. The development uses block polymers where the adhesive properties can be tuned on a surface, allowing it to interact with different molecules or a range of molecules.
New class of supramolecular complexes bind to DNA
Virginia Tech researchers have developed a new class of supramolecular complexes that can bind to DNA and are water soluble. The complexes, created by coupling anticancer drug cisplatin with ruthenium(II) chromophores, can be easily modified synthetically.
Faster coagulation rates found in natural systems could impact industrial processing
Researchers have found that large aggregates of bacteria and plankton collide with particles millions of times faster than predicted, leading to enhanced coagulation in wastewater treatment and industrial manufacturing. This discovery has significant implications for the ocean's carbon dioxide balance and global atmospheric conditions.
Scientists develop polymers with nitric-oxide releasing particles
Researchers at University of Michigan have developed polymers that release nitric oxide gas, mimicking human endothelial cells. The polymers can be used to prevent blood clots on biomedical devices and coat implantable blood sensors for continuous vital monitoring.
Small molecules used to block proteins in HIV
Researchers have developed a new approach to block HIV protease by using small molecules as a 'molecular wedge' to prevent protein interaction. This method may help prevent drug resistance and could be used to treat various diseases, including autoimmune disorders. The study is currently being tested at the National Institutes of Health.
American award recognizes Swiss researchers
Researchers discovered growth hormone inhibitor octreotide, treating acromegaly and gastroenteropancreatic tumors. The drug has also shown promise in preventing eye damage in patients with type I diabetes.
Terra spacecraft and ER-2 aircraft begin study of Southern Africa's environment
The NASA Terra spacecraft and ER-2 aircraft conducted the first synchronized scientific observations over Southern Africa as part of the six-week SAFARI 2000 initiative. The target was to measure carbon monoxide levels in the atmosphere, a major component of air pollution.
Michigan researchers receive national award
The Ovshinskys will be designated one of 12 Heroes of Chemistry by the American Chemical Society for their development of better batteries for electric cars and roof shingles that convert sunlight to electricity. They are also working on making use of hydrogen as fuel practical and affordable.
Creeping reduces quake risk on Berkeley fault, sayScienceauthors
A new model of the northern Hayward Fault in California's San Francisco Bay Area suggests that a major earthquake along that portion of the fault may be less likely than previously suspected. Aseismic creep has been relieving strain on the northern part of the fault, making a large earthquake on this segment unlikely.
The ultimate pocket protector--radiation detection made easy
A dosimeter, a portable device, detects gamma rays and neutrons to ensure workplace safety in nuclear power plants and research labs. It uses lithium isotopes to measure neutron particles and has been recognized as one of the 100 most significant technological achievements for the year 2000.
Treatment could help thousands who experience blockage after angioplasty procedure
Researchers at Penn State have developed a procedure that virtually eliminates tissue growth and subsequent blockages after angioplasty, reducing the risk by 90%. The ceramide-coated balloon catheters inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell growth, preventing arterial obstruction.
Ohio researcher receives national award
M. David Francis, an Ohio-based physical biochemist, received a national award from the American Chemical Society for his pioneering work on fluoride additives in toothpaste and pharmaceuticals.
Pittsburgh researcher receives national award
Raman Venkatesh, a chemical engineer from Pittsburgh, has developed a self-contained system called ISEP that removes perchlorate and nitrate from drinking water. The technology is cost-effective, safe, and fits into existing water-treatment plants, improving access to clean drinking water for communities.
Hopkins researchers uncover new information about tumor angiogenesis
The study identified 46 genes overexpressed in tumor endothelium, up to ten fold, and 33 genes expressed at significantly lower levels, revealing a different environment for tumor growth. The researchers believe endothelial cells are promising therapeutic targets to halt cancer cell growth.
New Jersey researchers receive national award
In 1975, medicinal chemists Miguel A. Ondetti and David W. Cushman designed captopril, the first of an innovative class of drugs controlling high blood pressure and heart disease.
Genetic program builds the pipeline that nourishes tumor growth
A genetic program has been identified that constructs the pipeline supplying blood and nutrients to colorectal tumors. This program involves a group of 46 genes known as tumor endothelial markers (TEMs), which are elevated tenfold or more in tumor endothelium.
Connecticut researchers receive national award
Two Connecticut chemists and their Croatian colleagues have been honored by the American Chemical Society for discovering a new and unusual kind of antibiotic. The team's work on azithromycin has led to the development of a commercially viable oral antibiotic that kills a broad spectrum of microbes, including those causing chlamydia.
Gigantic new telescope to unlock secrets of the universe
The Green Bank Telescope (GBT) is the world's largest fully steerable radio telescope, opening a new era of astronomical research. With its record-breaking capabilities, scientists will be able to study the universe in unprecedented detail, making groundbreaking discoveries and advancing our understanding of the cosmos.
Swiss research team receives American award
A Swiss research team led by Peter Buehlmayer has discovered valsartan, a drug controlling high blood pressure without side effects. The team's work has improved the lives of millions worldwide, offering hope for those affected by hypertension.
New conserve water educators guide now available
Montana State University has released a new Conserve Water Educators Guide to help inform others about basic water science topics with a focus on water conservation. The guide provides contemporary materials for educators, water managers, and community leaders to educate the public about water conservation.
Webster research team receives national award
Damodar Pai, John Yanus, and Milan Stolka developed a new photoconductor made from small molecules that turns light into an electrically charged template with near-perfect efficiency. Their innovation led to practical commercial devices for home and office use, making laser printers more durable and affordable.
UBC researchers find key to reducing inflammation
A UBC research team led by Prof. Chris Overall discovered a protein that reduces inflammation and halts the flow of white blood cells. The discovery, published in Science, may lead to new treatments for chronic inflammatory diseases such as arthritis and lung disease.
Catalytic converters fix one pollution problem, cause another
Researchers found high levels of ammonia in vehicle exhaust due to catalytic converter usage. Ammonia contributes to the formation of small airborne particles, a concern for human health.
Research shows many television news directors, reporters believe high-tech 'toys' shaping reports
Research by Dr. C. A. Tuggle found that many TV news directors and reporters believe high-tech 'toys' are being used to extend coverage beyond a story's real value. The study also shows that live reporting is becoming more common, but often ratings poorly with viewers.
SourceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill·JournalJournal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media·DateAug 16, 2000
Hair follicles provide the stem cells for the skin's entire epidermis
Researchers at NYU Langone Health and the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine have discovered that hair follicles are the source of new cells for the skin's outermost layer, the epidermis. These stem cells reside in a protected area called the bulge, which migrates to the epidermis, replenishing the skin throughout life.
'Unsafe' levels of dioxin in gourmet ice cream; more dioxin in Ben & Jerry's than gasoline refinery effluent, researchers report
A study by researchers found that Ben & Jerry's World's Best Vanilla Ice Cream contains almost 200 times the 'safe' daily dose of dioxin. The level of dioxin could cause up to 2,000 extra cancers among lifetime consumers.
Enzyme offers target to attack drug-resistant tuberculosis
Researchers discovered an enzyme called isocitrate lyase (ICL) that allows TB bacteria to persist in macrophages and evade immune attack. A drug targeting ICL may reduce treatment time for chronic infection. The enzyme's crystal structure has been determined, providing clues for designing drugs to attack persistent TB bacteria.
Simple and inexpensive, an artificial nose senses smell by seeing colors
Researchers have developed an artificial nose that senses smell by visualizing color changes in metalloporphyrin dyes, offering improved sensitivity and humidity resistance compared to human noses. The technology has various applications in industries such as food and beverage, perfume, customs checkpoints, and chemical workplaces.
UF researchers: technique cuts pollution from burning treated wood
A new technique developed by UF researchers reduces toxic pollution from incinerating CCA-treated wood, making it less likely to leach into groundwater. The method introduces limestone to react with arsenic, forming larger particles that stay in the ash instead of escaping through smokestacks.
Census of chemists shows modest gain in earnings
The median annual salary for chemists increased by 3% to $70,000, with industry paying the most. However, women chemists earn significantly lower salaries and have limited job opportunities.