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Science News for September 5, 2017


More durable, less expensive fuel cells

The University of Delaware team developed a new technology that can make fuel cells cheaper and more durable. They created a catalyst of tungsten carbide nanoparticles, which improves water management and reduces the burden on the humidification system in fuel cells.

SourceUniversity of Delaware·JournalNature Communications·DateSep 5, 2017

Recommendations vary for vision screening in young children

The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends vision screening for children aged 3-5 to detect amblyopia. However, the evidence for this age group is considered moderate, while it is insufficient for children under 3 years old. Early detection of vision abnormalities can prevent permanent vision loss in affected eyes.

SourceJAMA Network·JournalJAMA·DateSep 5, 2017

High-flying ducks cross Himalayas

Scientists tracked ruddy shelducks crossing the Himalayas using satellite data, finding they fly above 5,000 metres and reach 6,800 metres altitude. This challenge likely requires adaptations to cope with lower oxygen levels, surpassing even bar-headed geese' records.

SourceUniversity of Exeter·JournalJournal of Avian Biology·DateSep 5, 2017

Research shows how DNA molecules cross nanopores

A new study published in Nature Communications reveals that DNA molecules move faster as they enter a nanopore and slower when exiting, due to buckling under compressive forces. This finding could inform the design of biosensors and have real-world applications in polymer properties measurement.

SourceNorthwestern University·JournalNature Communications·DateSep 5, 2017

Engineer develops key mathematical formula for driving quantum experiments

Washington University engineer Jr-Shin Li has developed a mathematical formula to design broadband pulse sequences, leading to enhanced signal sensitivity in various quantum experiments. The formula, published in Nature Communications, is the first to use analytical methods, resolving challenges associated with numerical optimization.

SourceWashington University in St. Louis·JournalNature Communications·DateSep 5, 2017

ACA marketplace plans offer fewer mental health providers compared to primary care

A new study by University of Pennsylvania researchers found that ACA marketplace plans offer significantly fewer mental health providers than primary care, highlighting the need for better regulation and incentives. The study suggests that narrower network design and lower reimbursement rates may contribute to this disparity.

Glowing cancer tool illuminates benign, but dangerous, brain tumors during pituitary surgery

A new imaging tool using targeted fluorescent dye successfully lit up benign brain tumors in patients undergoing removal surgery, allowing surgeons to identify tumor tissue. The technique improved surgical outcomes, with a 73% gross-total resection rate and perfect concordance for post-operative MRI results.

SourceUniversity of Pennsylvania School of Medicine·JournalJournal of Neurosurgery·DateSep 5, 2017

When not to eat your kids

Researchers found mangrove rivulus fish recognize single embryos as related to themselves despite hunger, suggesting a chemical cue role. The study's results demonstrate an early-stage embryonic kin recognition ability in this species.

SourceSpringer·JournalBehavioral Ecology and Sociobiology·DateSep 5, 2017

Story tips from the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory, September 2017

Researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory are developing new materials to repair heavy-duty vehicle engines, reducing energy consumption and extending their lifespan. The lab is also working on smart home solutions to optimize energy usage in homes, using advanced algorithms and sensors to collect data on energy demand.

SourceDOE/Oak Ridge National Laboratory·JournalAdvanced Functional Materials·DateSep 5, 2017

Preventing exercise-induced bronchospasm

Researchers have identified the best ways to diagnose, prevent, and treat exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) in children with and without asthma. Effective treatments include pharmacological interventions and practical preventative methods such as wearing face masks and selecting warmer exercises.

SourceFrontiers·JournalFrontiers in Pediatrics·DateSep 5, 2017

Sharp rise in common ownership

A recent analysis found that nearly half of hospitals have shared ownership with providers in post-acute care or hospice sectors, up from 25 percent in 2005. This trend has significant implications for antitrust, payment, and regulatory policies, as well as the quality and cost of care.

SourceHarvard Medical School·JournalHealth Affairs·DateSep 5, 2017

FDG-PET/CT predicts melanoma patients' response to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy

Early FDG-PET/CT scanning can accurately predict melanoma patients' response to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy, providing a more effective treatment approach. The study developed criteria with high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy, identifying a small increase in tumor uptake as an indication of responsiveness.

SourceSociety of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging·JournalJournal of Nuclear Medicine·DateSep 5, 2017

Outreach interventions improve colorectal cancer screening

Two studies published in JAMA Network found that outreach interventions improved colorectal cancer screening completion rates among patients who were not up-to-date or nonadherent with CRC screening. The studies showed that fecal immunochemical test and colonoscopy outreach programs led to higher screening process completion rates comp...

SourceJAMA Network·JournalJAMA·DateSep 5, 2017

Unplanned Fox News viewing influences likelihood of voting for Republican presidential candidates

A new study in the American Economic Review found that viewers who stumble upon Fox News first while channel surfing are more likely to vote for a Republican presidential candidate. The study used voter records and survey data to compare individuals from different cable news channel positions, finding a significant association between ...

SourceEmory Health Sciences·JournalAmerican Economic Review·DateSep 5, 2017

Mice on ketogenic diets live longer and healthier in old age

Two independent mouse studies found that ketogenic diets improved memory in older animals and increased their chances of living longer. The diets also preserved physical fitness and altered insulin signaling pathways in the mice. Further research is needed to fully understand the effects of a ketogenic diet on human health and aging.

SourceCell Press·JournalCell Metabolism·DateSep 5, 2017

Contributions to veterans in the US criminal justice system identified

Research from the University of Missouri identifies themes that could help policymakers keep veterans out of jail, including alcohol and drug use, difficulty adjusting to civilian life, and economic disadvantages. The study found that trauma encountered in the military, relational stress, and struggles with civilian culture contribute ...

SourceUniversity of Missouri-Columbia·JournalJournal of Qualitative Criminal Justice & Criminology·DateSep 5, 2017

Scientists find new evidence about how to prevent worsening pneumonia

Researchers found that a synthetic peptide called TIP strengthens the barrier function of lung capillaries, preventing fluid accumulation and potential deadly complications. The study suggests a promising strategy for reducing dangerous fluid volume in lungs, particularly for vulnerable populations like children under five.

SourceMedical College of Georgia at Augusta University·JournalFrontiers in Immunology·DateSep 5, 2017

Study shows transgender students are at significant risk for suicidal thoughts

A study published in JAACAP found that transgender youth in California are at significant risk for suicidal thoughts, with nearly 35% reporting suicidal ideation. The study used statewide representative data and highlights the need for school-based interventions to address victimization and provide access to gender-affirming healthcare.

SourceElsevier·JournalJournal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry·DateSep 5, 2017

Side effects of antidepressants used for chronic pain relief

A recent study found that almost all antidepressants present significant side effects, but some individuals may better tolerate certain side effects. Personalized medicine is recommended to match chronic pain patients with suitable antidepressant medication, taking into account their individual health profiles and existing health issues.

SourceFrontiers·JournalFrontiers in Neurology·DateSep 5, 2017

Eat fat, live longer?

A recent mouse study at UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine reveals that a high fat, ketogenic diet increases median life span by 13% and improves quality of health in later life. The study also shows improvements in memory and motor function, as well as prevention of age-related markers of inflammation.

SourceUniversity of California - Davis·JournalCell Metabolism·DateSep 5, 2017

Scientists developed 'smart fertilizer'

Researchers created a new generation of fertilizers using bio-decomposable materials that break down into innocuous products. The smart fertilizers provide a gradual release of active nitrogen compounds, reducing leaching and increasing plant biomass.

SourceSiberian Federal University·JournalJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry·DateSep 5, 2017

Study shows contrasting long-term cognitive effects of psychiatric drugs in schizophrenia

A long-term study on schizophrenia patients found that low cumulative exposure to benzodiazepine and antidepressant medications has no significant effect on cognition. However, high-dose use of antipsychotic drugs was associated with poorer cognitive functioning, while a break in treatment was linked to better outcomes.

SourceEuropean College of Neuropsychopharmacology·JournalEuropean Psychiatry·DateSep 5, 2017

Longer, stronger summers in the Gulf of Maine

The Gulf of Maine is warming at a rate of 0.4 degrees Celsius per decade, with summer temperatures increasing by two months in the last three decades. This has significant implications for marine species such as lobster and herring, which are shifting their distribution patterns in response to the changing climate.

Blood is thicker than water for the common reed -- At least that's what the soil tells us

Researchers found that bacterial communities in soil are primarily structured by plant lineage rather than environmental factors. The study's results suggest that invasive plants are successful due to their freedom from cultivating microbial defense mechanisms, allowing them to allocate resources for growth and reproduction.

SourceNortheastern University College of Science·JournalNature Communications·DateSep 5, 2017

Was the primordial soup a hearty pre-protein stew?

Researchers at Georgia Tech formed hundreds of possible precursor molecules in the lab and found that depsipeptides formed quickly and abundantly under conditions common on prebiotic Earth. These molecules could have served as a chemical stepping stone, accelerating the birth of long peptides that make up proteins.

SourceGeorgia Institute of Technology·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateSep 5, 2017

Adding commercial soy in developing countries brings unique challenges

Growing commercial soybean in developing countries requires changes to traditional agricultural practices, including weed and pest control, soil correction, and access to certified seed supply chains. This shift can lead to poverty reduction, nutrition improvement, and rural economic development, but also a tradeoff of higher chemical ...

A revolution in lithium-ion batteries is becoming more realistic

Scientists have discovered a new class of materials that can replace liquid electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries, potentially leading to smaller, lighter, and safer devices. The breakthrough material showed exceptional ionic conductivity, even at low temperatures, and its properties are comparable to those of liquid electrolytes.

Racial and ethnic differences seen in antibiotics prescribed for viral illnesses in pediatric EDs

A multi-center study found significant racial and ethnic differences in antibiotic prescribing for viral acute respiratory tract infections in pediatric Emergency Departments. Non-Latino white children were nearly twice as likely to receive antibiotics, while Latino and black children received lower rates of unnecessary prescriptions.

SourceChildren's National Hospital·JournalPEDIATRICS·DateSep 5, 2017