Can a single layer of cells control a leaf's size?
A single layer of cells controls leaf size, with epidermal cells influencing overall size and cell division rates. Epidermal cells also affect the number of cells produced in the mesophyll layer.
Science News Archive February 2010 - Page 2
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Does promiscuity prevent extinction?
A study by the University of Exeter and Liverpool found that polyandry, where females have multiple mates, reduces the risk of populations becoming extinct. This is because all-female broods are less likely to occur due to the suppression of the SR chromosome, which can lead to population decline.
The mathematics behind a good night's sleep
Researchers at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute developed a new computer model using mathematics to predict how environmental, medical, and physical changes affect sleep. The model provides clues to the basic dynamics of the sleep-wake cycle, offering a non-invasive way to study the brain and sleep.
Stickleback genomes shining bright light on evolution
Researchers have identified genomic regions that enabled an ocean-dwelling fish to adapt to freshwater environments in several independently evolved populations. The study, combining new technologies, found similar gene regions across different lakes and populations.
Emerging science, tech advances highlight new NIH Common Fund programs
The NIH Common Fund has announced seven new scientific initiatives to tackle the toughest health problems facing the nation and the world. The programs focus on emerging science and technology advances in areas such as stem cells, protein capture, and global health.
Why BPA leached from 'safe' plastics may damage health of female offspring
BPA exposure during pregnancy leads to epigenetic changes causing permanent reproductive issues in females, including fertility problems and hormone-related cancers. The study also suggests that early exposure can genetically program the uterus to be hyper-responsive to estrogen.
SourceFederation of American Societies for Experimental Biology·JournalThe FASEB Journal·DateFeb 25, 2010
MeCP2 goes global -- redefining the function of the Rett syndrome protein
Researchers propose that MeCP2 affects the entire genome in neurons, leading to increased histone acetylation and spurious transcription of 'junk DNA'. This discovery challenges the previous view of MeCP2 as a target-specific transcription factor.
Scientists glimpse nanobubbles on super nonstick surfaces
Brookhaven National Laboratory scientists have created a super nonstick surface that repels water due to the presence of nanobubbles. The surface was made by creating a regular array of nano-cavities on an otherwise flat surface, which traps tiny air bubbles and prevents water from wetting it.
Volcano monitoring will target hazard threat to Marianas, US military and commercial jets
Scientists are using infrasound to monitor volcanoes in the Northern Mariana Islands, a U.S. commonwealth, for early warning of eruptions that could threaten passenger airlines and cargo ships. The technology aims to discriminate between different eruptive styles, improving alert systems for volcanic ash clouds.
Personalized medicine in warfarin therapy
Researchers at Ohio State University have developed a rapid and accurate method to genotype single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that affect warfarin dose, enabling personalized treatment for patients. This new approach has the potential to improve patient outcomes and reduce adverse effects associated with warfarin therapy.
Princeton scientists find an equation for materials innovation
Researchers at Princeton University have made a breakthrough in quantum physics, discovering an equation that allows computers to model the properties of materials up to 100,000 times faster than previously possible. This new formula enables scientists to study the flaws in materials more effectively, leading to potential advancements ...
Field study exposes how sea turtle hatchlings use their flippers to move quickly on sand
Researchers at Georgia Tech studied sea turtle hatchlings' movement on sand, revealing they adapt by digging into the ground with their flippers. The turtles can reach high speeds on both hard and loose sand, with their movements controlled by balancing speed with stability.
Vitamin D deficiency likely among some kidney disease patients starting dialysis
A study found that 79% of dialysis patients were vitamin D deficient, with black race, female sex, and winter season being strong predictors. Low blood albumin levels may lead to protein loss in the urine, affecting vitamin D transport.
SourceAmerican Society of Nephrology·JournalClinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology·DateFeb 25, 2010
Do men with early prostate cancer commit suicide more frequently?
A nationwide Swedish study found no increased risk of suicide among men diagnosed with early nonpalpable prostate cancer detected by PSA testing. However, those with locally advanced or metastatic disease faced a twice-higher suicide rate compared to the general male population.
Novel compound found effective against H5N1 avian influenza virus
Researchers found a single dose of CS-8958 administered two hours after infection resulted in higher survival rates and lower virus levels compared to standard oseltamivir treatment. The compound also protected mice against lethal H5N1 infection when given seven days before infection.
Prozac and Celexa exhibit anti-inflammatory effects
Research found fluoxetine (Prozac) and citalopram (Celexa) significantly inhibited disease progression of collagen-induced arthritis in mice. The study suggests potential drug development opportunities for arthritic conditions like rheumatoid arthritis.
HIV drug that protects a fetus should be avoided for 1 year after childbirth, researchers say
Researchers found that single-dose nevirapine can trigger resistance to AIDS-drug cocktail, but this resistance fades after 12 months. Women who need treatment within a year of using nevirapine for HIV prevention can use standard ART regimens.
AcademyHealth Minority Scholars Program creates opportunities in HSR and disparities research
The AcademyHealth Minority Scholars Program offers scholarships, methods training, and mentoring to underrepresented minorities in the field of health services research (HSR) and disparities research. The program aims to build a pipeline of disparities researchers to address health care access, cost, and quality issues.
Avoiding dairy due to lactose intolerance is unnecessary in most cases
The National Institutes of Health panel concludes that eliminating dairy from the diet due to lactose intolerance may impact diet and health. People with lactose intolerance can tolerate at least 12 grams of lactose with no or minor symptoms, and gradually reintroducing dairy into their diet can help manage symptoms.
Fish can recognize a face based on UV pattern alone
Researchers found that damselfish can distinguish between different species using only their ultraviolet facial patterns. The fish's ability to see in the UV range allows them to convey information about their identity and attract mates, while remaining inconspicuous to predators.
Does the devil really wear Prada? The psychology of anthropomorphism and dehumanization
Research by Adam Waytz et al. reveals that anthropomorphism gives non-human entities moral care, while dehumanization is linked to social connection. The study highlights the complexities of identifying humans in a psychological sense.
SourceAssociation for Psychological Science·JournalCurrent Directions in Psychological Science·DateFeb 25, 2010
Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy associated with survival in select breast cancer patients
A large population-based study found that contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) offers a survival benefit to a select group of breast cancer patients, primarily those under 50 years old and ER-negative. The procedure was associated with a 4.8% increased survival rate at five years for these patients.
SourceUniversity of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center·JournalJNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute·DateFeb 25, 2010
The Lancet/the Lancet Neurology weekly press release
A new study published in The Lancet and The Lancet Neurology found that carotid stenting is not as effective as standard surgery in preventing stroke or as safe in the short-term. Surgery was shown to almost halve the risk of stroke and death within 30 days after treatment, compared to stenting.
Reliable biomarkers needed for early detection of liver cancer
A new study has found that current biomarkers des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin (DCP) and alpha fetoprotein (AFP) are not optimal for early detection of liver cancer. The study suggests that combining both markers can increase sensitivity but decrease specificity, indicating a need for further investigation.
Combined drug therapy to treat TB and HIV significantly improves survival
A new study published in the New England Journal of Medicine found that initiating antiretroviral therapy during tuberculosis treatment significantly reduces mortality rates for co-infected patients. The trial, which involved 642 patients, showed a 56% reduction in mortality rates compared to those who received sequential therapy.
SourceColumbia University's Mailman School of Public Health·JournalNew England Journal of Medicine·DateFeb 25, 2010
Nouns and verbs are learned in different parts of the brain
Research confirms that brain areas for noun and verb processing are distinct, with nouns primarily activating the left fusiform gyrus and verbs activating other regions like the left inferior frontal gyrus. The study used functional magnetic resonance imaging to show neural differences in learning new nouns and verbs.
Others may know us better than we know ourselves, study finds
A psychologist's study found that individuals are more accurate in assessing internal traits like anxiety but less so for external traits like intelligence. Friends are better barometers of intellect-related traits, while strangers can spot extroversion. The self has difficulty judging evaluative traits due to perceived stakes.
SourceWashington University in St. Louis·JournalJournal of Personality and Social Psychology·DateFeb 25, 2010
Rwandan genocide survivors provide new insights into resilience and PTSD
A study of Rwandan genocide survivors found that genetic variations in the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene affect PTSD risk. Survivors with certain genetic markers showed increased resilience to stress-related problems, while others were more vulnerable. The findings provide new insights into the complex relationship between t...
Antibodies linked to cardiovascular disease increase in patients with active lupus
Researchers found that SLE patients with high disease activity have higher levels of anti-Apo A-I, anti-HDL, and anti-CRP antibodies, contributing to the development of atherosclerosis. This association may place SLE patients at risk for cardiovascular disease.
A mother's sensitivity may help language growth in children with autism spectrum disorder
A new study from the University of Miami finds that maternal sensitivity is a key predictor of language development in toddlers with autism. The researchers discovered that sensitive structuring, which involves teaching and engaging children in a gentle manner, was more predictive of language growth among children developing autism tha...
Report: To create jobs, streamline tech transfer, entrepreneurship policy
A report from the Association of University Research Parks recommends 10-point plan to streamline federal policies for tech commercialization, aiming to create jobs and businesses. The plan includes targeted investments, flexible grant policies, and connections with private sector.
Childhood stress such as abuse or emotional neglect can result in structural brain changes
Research using MRI reveals that childhood stress and abuse can lead to permanent brain structure changes, making individuals more susceptible to developing depression. The study's findings have significant implications for early intervention and prevention strategies.
New strategy develops 2 prototype drugs against cancer, retinal diseases
Researchers have developed two potential drug candidates that block cancer-promoting pathways in novel ways. The peptides offer a new approach to interfere with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) pathways.
SourceUniversity of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateFeb 25, 2010
Effective prostate cancer treatment discovery
Monash University scientists have identified a new way to treat castrate-resistant prostate cancer cells using estrogen receptors. The study shows that activating these receptors can cause cell death in patients with advanced prostate cancer.
University of Hawaii at Manoa team going after regional climate patterns of global warming
A University of Hawaii at Manoa research team has identified two distinct ocean temperature patterns that will impact regional climates, leading to increased or decreased rainfall in various regions. The findings suggest that certain areas may experience dramatic shifts in precipitation patterns, with potential consequences for global ...
UCLA 'dark matter' conference highlights new research on mysterious cosmic substance
Researchers will present their findings on the latest dark matter detection experiments and detectors, shedding light on one of science's last great frontiers. The UCLA symposium aims to advance our understanding of dark matter, a mysterious substance thought to make up almost 25% of the universe.
NOAA, NASA and Old Dominion researchers measure impacts of changing climate on ocean biology
The study aims to understand how changing climate affects phytoplankton growth and organic carbon distributions. Researchers will collect data on sea surface temperatures, salinities and chlorophyll levels to refine biogeochemistry models.
Montana State University geologist wins national prize for Web site to improve education
A team of researchers, including MSU geologist David Mogk, won a national award for their web site 'On the Cutting Edge', which promotes sharing scientific content and teaching methods. The site offers over 4,000 pages of educational resources, attracting 550,000 visitors in 2008.
Gene-based stem cell therapy specifically removes cell receptor that attracts HIV
Researchers at UCLA successfully removed CCR5 receptor, which HIV binds to, from human immune cells using a gene-based approach. This strategy shows promise for treating HIV-infected individuals by reducing the virus's ability to infect cells.
How health care is paid for appears to impact outcome
A seven-year study found that Medicare reimbursement led to higher nursing home admissions and shorter hospital stays compared to VA facilities. However, death rates were similar for veterans with hip fractures treated under either system.
SourceIndiana University School of Medicine·JournalJournal of the American Medical Directors Association·DateFeb 25, 2010
Proton beam therapy shows encouraging long-term outcome for patients with locally advanced sinonasal cancers
Proton beam radiation therapy has been shown to provide encouraging results for patients with locally advanced sinonasal malignancies, with high local control rates at five and eight years after treatment. The study found no significant difference in local control rates based on histological subtype, T stage, or prior surgery.
Dialysis patients: Fatigue may predict heart attack
A study found that dialysis patients with high fatigue scores are more than twice as likely to have cardiovascular events, such as a heart attack or stroke. Fatigue was the strongest predictor of cardiovascular risk, even in patients without known risk factors.
SourceAmerican Society of Nephrology·JournalClinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology·DateFeb 25, 2010
Exploiting the body's own ability to fight a heart attack
Researchers at the University of Rochester Medical Center have created a new way to measure the activity of a molecule involved in ischemic preconditioning, which strengthens cardiac tissues after a heart attack. The discovery could lead to the development of a new medication or treatment to help patients better resist heart damage.
Lacosamide validated as promising therapy for uncontrolled partial-onset seizures
Researchers found that lacosamide 400 mg/day provides good efficacy and tolerability for patients with uncontrolled partial-onset seizures, while higher doses may provide additional benefits. The study confirms the safety and effectiveness of adjunctive lacosamide treatment in reducing seizure frequency and severity.
Why symptoms of schizophrenia emerge in young adulthood
Two studies found that anomalies in the DISC1 gene and its interaction with Kal-7 protein disrupt dendritic spine formation, leading to weaker connections between neurons. This abnormal connectivity is thought to contribute to the onset of schizophrenia symptoms in young adulthood.
Wii video games may help stroke patients improve motor function
A study found that virtual reality gaming using the Wii system improves motor function in stroke patients, with significant speed and grip strength gains. The Wii technology activated mirror neurons involved in brain plasticity, enabling effective rehabilitation.
A new way forward for nanocomposite nanostructures
Researchers have developed a generic means for depositing many nanocomposites on multiple surfaces with nanoscale precision using atomic force microscopy probes. The technique simplifies nanocomposite deposition and enables the direct writing of highly complex structures, including rows of nanoparticles less than 10 nm wide.
For better trade, give peace a chance
A new study published in Conflict Management and Peace Science suggests that peace is a vital ingredient for trade to flourish, rather than trade leading to peaceful relations. The authors found that conflict reduces trade and that ignoring this relationship can produce biased estimates.
Obesity and physical inactivity poses arthritis risk, especially for women
A study published in Arthritis Care & Research found that obesity and physical inactivity contribute to a higher prevalence of arthritis and activity limitations in the US compared to Canada. Women are particularly vulnerable, with a higher incidence of arthritis and activity limitations in both countries.
Good parenting triumphs over prenatal stress
A study finds that fetuses exposed to high levels of stress hormone cortisol may have trouble paying attention or solving problems later on. However, if mothers provide sensitive care during infancy and toddlerhood, the negative link disappears almost entirely.
Larynx preservation treatments result in low instance of severe voice disability, nutritional dysfunction
A recent study found that larynx preservation treatments using chemotherapy followed by radiation have a low-risk of severe voice disability, with only 15% of patients experiencing severe vocal impairment. The treatment also resulted in minimal eating or swallowing problems, with 57% of patients unaffected.
Nanotechnologists from Penn collaborate to form near-frictionless diamond material
Researchers have fabricated a near-frictionless diamond material that is 3,000 times more wear-resistant at the nanoscale than silicon. This discovery has significant implications for atomic imaging, probe-based data storage, and emerging applications like nanolithography and nanometrology.
Pretreatment SUV associated with head and neck cancer treatment outcomes, may help decide treatment plans
A study found that pretreatment SUVmax is a strong predictor of disease-specific survival, overall survival, and disease-free survival in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients. Higher SUV-LN was associated with distant metastasis, suggesting more aggressive treatment approaches may be needed.
Accelerated radiation therapy reduces toxicity in patients with advanced head and neck cancers
A multi-institutional randomized phase III trial analyzed 721 patients with stage III-IV carcinoma of the oral cavity oropharynx hypopharynx or larynx. The study found accelerated radiation therapy reduced chemotherapy toxicity, similar disease-free and local-regional failure rates compared to standard radiation.
How can policymakers cope with ambiguity?
A Northwestern University professor explores making public policy with limited information, recommending the elimination of inferior options and application of decision criteria to avoid poor outcomes in issues like global warming and vaccination policies.
SourceNorthwestern University·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateFeb 25, 2010
Mouse model may provide insight into the schizophrenic brain
Researchers manipulate a schizophrenia susceptibility gene in fetal mice to unravel the link between prenatal brain development and adult cognition. The study finds that transient reduction of the Disrupted-in-Schozophrenia-1 gene leads to aberrant changes in adult animals, including perturbation of specific dopaminergic brain pathways.
$250,000 grant awarded for groundbreaking ligament and tendon repair research
Researchers, led by Dr. Robert C. Bray, will investigate the role of neuropeptides in ligament and tendon healing. The study aims to improve patient care through enhanced understanding of chronic injury repair.
New Business Horizons special issue on US health care
This Special Issue of Business Horizons addresses critical issues in US healthcare, including rising costs, quality, and accessibility. The issue features research on topics such as consumerism, information technology, lean-manufacturing concepts, and patient-centered medical homes to improve healthcare delivery and management.
Brain implant reveals the neural patterns of attention
Researchers have determined the relationship between brain waves and attention using a brain-computer interface device. High-frequency beta oscillations are linked to anticipation of oncoming information, while slower delta oscillations act as an internal metronome to fine-tune attention.
Family members reduce stress in advanced cancer patients with 14 minute massages
A study by Collinge & Associates found that 14-minute massage sessions by family members significantly reduced stress and anxiety scores in advanced cancer patients. The research also showed improvements in fatigue, depression, and nausea, with effects comparable to professional massage therapy.