Articles tagged with Cohort Studies
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) was strongly associated with the development of respiratory symptoms, including cough, wheeze, and dyspnea, in healthy never-smokers. The study found a particular risk among individuals with bronchial hyper-reactivity who were persistently exposed to ETS.
A new research project will investigate how prenatal and childhood environmental factors affect mental well-being, including exposure to maternal stress during pregnancy and childhood separation from parents.
A Canadian study found that medical induction of labor increases the risk of amniotic-fluid embolism, a rare but serious complication. The study examined three million hospital births in Canada and found a significant association between AFE and medical induction.
A study by Rutgers University found that portion distortion, where consumers perceive large portions as normal serving sizes, may contribute to expanding waistlines. The research suggests that efforts to educate the public on limiting excess calories from foods like salad dressing have been successful.
A large study found that increasing paternal age is significantly associated with increased rates of spontaneous abortion. Women with partners aged 35 or older had nearly three times as many miscarriages as compared to women conceiving with men younger than 25 years of age.
The ESO ELT Project Office will work closely with experts from the scientific community and industry to design a telescope that will improve performance by over tenfold compared to current telescopes. A baseline design is expected to be presented to the ESO Council in late 2006.
A new Harvard study reveals that being overweight as a teenager is associated with an increased risk of premature death in younger and middle-aged women. The research found that even moderately overweight adolescents faced a higher risk of mortality.
Researchers found that occupants of the middle back seat are 59-86% safer than front-seat passengers and 25% safer than other back-seat passengers. The study analyzed data from fatal crashes in the US between 2000 and 2003, controlling for various factors to confirm the safety advantage of the middle back seat.
A study of 143,325 participants found a strong association between pesticide exposure and Parkinson's disease, with a 70% higher incidence among those exposed. The association was strongest among individuals who used pesticides at home or in gardening, regardless of occupation or sex.
A study reviewing 40 years of disaster research found that PTSD affects a substantial burden of people who experience disasters. The most important risk factors for developing PTSD are the extent of exposure and the scope of the disaster.
A study of 940,000 adults found similar lung cancer death rates for men and women, but higher rates among African-American women. Never-smoking African-Americans may have a higher risk of lung cancer mortality compared to non-smoking whites.
Patients with advanced COPD and rapid lung function decline are 10 times more likely to die than those with normal lung function. The study found that 25% of the population fell into the high-mortality category, with 40 times higher hospitalization rates for those in advanced stages.
Pacemaker reliability improved between 1990 and 2002, while implantable defibrillator (ICD) failure rates increased significantly between 1998 and 2002. The ICD malfunction rate trended down during the first half of the 1990s but then rose substantially in the latter years.
A study of 200 participants on 29 mock juries found that diverse groups performed better than all-white groups in several measures. Whites in diverse panels cited more case facts and made fewer errors in discussing evidence.
Women who consumed up to two drinks per day scored higher on the Mini Mental State Exam compared to non-drinkers or occasional drinkers. The study suggests moderate drinking is protective for women's cognition, contradicting previous research on large vessel atherosclerosis as a mediating factor.
The e-cohort study aims to provide information on factors affecting the work and health of nurses and midwives in Australia. The research also hopes to examine population health outcomes, retention rates, and workforce shortages.
A study by Ohio State University found that while sucralose was rated as the most acceptable alternative to sugar, many other sugar substitutes were deemed unpalatable due to sour and bitter tastes. Xylitol, a sweetener used in chewing gum, was also highly rated.
A study found that cities with reduced fine particulate matter pollution (PM2.5) had lower adjusted mortality rates, especially for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. The largest drops in mortality rates were seen in cities with the greatest reduction in PM2.5 concentrations.
A large cohort of post-menopausal women was studied to examine the relationship between physical activity and colon cancer risk. The results show no association between physical activity levels and a lower incidence of colon cancer.
A recent study by Joanne M. Murabito and colleagues found that having a sibling with cardiovascular disease increases the risk of developing CVD, even after adjusting for traditional risk factors. The research analyzed data from over 4,500 participants and found a 55% increased risk for incident CVD in those with a sibling CVD history.
A high-fiber diet from whole plant foods, but not isolated to cereal consumption, has been related to lower risks of chronic conditions such as heart disease and diabetes. However, a pooled analysis of 13 prospective cohort studies found no association between dietary fiber intake and reduced risk of colorectal cancer.
A study found that transcatheter arterial embolization procedures using a digital flat-panel system resulted in lower radiation doses to patients' skin, ranging from 130-467 mGy. This compares to higher doses of 510-1,882 mGy with conventional units.
A significant association was observed between statin use and reduced fracture risk in a large cohort of mostly male veterans. The study, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), found that statins reduced fracture risk by 36% compared to no lipid-lowering therapy.
A meta-analysis of epidemiological studies found a positive correlation between milk consumption and an increased risk of ovarian cancer. High intakes of dairy foods and lactose may contribute to this association, with a 13% increase in risk seen for every 10 grams of lactose consumed daily.
A study by the Framingham Heart Study found that despite increasing rates of high blood pressure with age, treatment rates for older adults remain low. Seventy-four percent of people aged 80 and older have high blood pressure, but only a minority receive treatment.
A new report outlines recommendations for reviewing advanced first-responder resuscitation fluids and adjunct therapies. The study identifies promising products with potential to improve treatment of life-threatening hemorrhage, and provides guidance on product investigations, data inclusion, and funding.
A study of 1,779 patients with infective endocarditis found that healthcare-associated S aureus IE was common worldwide, with distinct features compared to community-acquired forms. MRSA is now a relatively common cause of IE globally, associated with persistent bacteremia and requiring better treatment strategies.
This report delves into the patterns of modern life, exploring how seven deadly sins – pride, anger, lust, avarice, gluttony, envy, and sloth – shape individual experiences and societal norms. The study reveals complex relationships between these vices and factors like income, education, and employment.
A recent study conducted by Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health reveals high rates of sexually transmitted infections among young drug users. The study found that nearly 73% of participants were injection drug users and that women were more likely to have syphilis than men.
A study by Columbia University found a potential link between maternal toxoplasmosis gondii infection and an increased risk of schizophrenia in adult offspring, particularly those with high antibody titers. The researchers suggest that inflammation may be the underlying mechanism behind this association.
A study by Kira Birditt found that older people are less likely to argue and yell when upset with others. They report fewer interpersonal tensions and use less destructive behaviors, suggesting that they may become better at regulating their responses as they age.
A study published in the Canadian Medical Association Journal found that thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke is a safe and effective therapy. The results indicate excellent outcomes for over one-third of patients and low rates of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage and orolingual angiodema.
The study found that mortality decreased over time for both young and old patients, but the risk of postoperative stroke remained unchanged among older patients. Older patients undergoing elective procedures may experience similar outcomes to those of younger patients if there is a clinical need for CABG.
A systematic review found that Hepatitis C significantly impacts quality of life, affecting physical and social function, general health and vitality. Researchers established a minimally clinically important difference in vitality scale to monitor patient outcomes.
Researchers analyzed viral RNA from 39 couples in a long-term HIV study to identify variations of the virus that were transmitted during sex. The findings showed distinct patterns in HIV-1 variant diversity for male-to-female versus female-to-male transmission.
A recent study found no correlation between increasing flu vaccination coverage in the elderly and declining death rates. The authors suggest that this disconnect may be due to disparities in who is likely to receive vaccination, particularly among those with fragile health. This finding has implications for influenza vaccination policy.
After discontinuing DMPA, adolescent girls experienced significant gains in bone mineral density, with their levels comparable to those of other women in their age group. The study's findings suggest that DMPA use may not have a lasting impact on bone health in young women.
The American Academy of Neurology has developed a standardized case definition for polyneuropathy, which improves the accuracy of diagnosis and treatment. The new guideline uses a combination of neuropathic symptoms, signs, and abnormal electrodiagnostic studies to diagnose distal symmetrical polyneuropathy.
A recent study found that male circumcision significantly reduces the risk of HIV transmission from women to men, with uncircumcised men facing a more than two-fold increased risk per sexual act. The study's results provide new insights into the rapid spread of HIV in settings where circumcision is not common.
A study of 646 breast cancer survivors in Quebec found that only slightly more women were unemployed at the end of three years compared to a similar group without cancer. Most women who stopped working did so voluntarily, and negative events like firings were rare in both groups.
The Life Sciences Research Office review of scientific literature concludes that dental amalgam does not cause serious adverse health consequences, except in rare cases of allergic reactions. The study's findings contradict claims that mercury release from dental amalgam leads to various health issues.
Researchers found that males are more attracted to subordinate partners for high-investment activities like marriage and dating. The study suggests an evolutionary advantage for males who prefer less accomplished partners.
The NIH panel's statement highlights the need for enhanced communication among patients, families, and providers, as well as recruitment of under-represented populations in end-of-life research. The panel also recommends creating networks of researchers and patient cohorts to facilitate coordinated studies.
A study found that short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased BMI in a large cohort of participants. This hormonal imbalance may contribute to the development of obesity in societies where excess calories are easily accessible.
A new method reconstructs people's previous day experiences to capture their emotions, revealing intimate relations as most enjoyable activities. The study found taking care of children was less enjoyable than expected, while general life circumstances had a limited impact on daily feelings.
A large cohort study found that eating five or more servings of fruits and vegetables daily may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, but not cancer. Green leafy vegetables showed the strongest inverse association with both conditions.
A U-M study found that remarriages with similar marital histories can be detrimental to the new relationship, draining emotional and financial resources. This phenomenon, known as
A new study found that prostate cancer treatment can significantly impact men's quality of life, with both radical prostatectomy and radiotherapy causing declines in sexual function, urinary incontinence, and bowel issues. The study, which followed over 1,100 men with clinically localized prostate cancer, suggests that the treatments d...
A large UK study found that Gulf war veterans reported significantly more symptoms of disease than non-Gulf war veterans in almost all ill health categories. The study also found that nearly 1 in every 20 UK servicemen who served in the first Gulf war believe they have Gulf war Syndrome.
Researchers found a significant link between deep periodontal pockets and ECG abnormalities, with those having pockets over 2mm at greater risk. Periodontitis may contribute to cardiovascular disease by causing inflammation in atherosclerotic lesions.
Researchers analyzed data from over 60,000 women and 25,000 men to determine if there is a difference in lung cancer risk between sexes. The study found no evidence of a higher risk in women, although some subtypes may be more prevalent.
A study by the American College of Radiology suggests that plain film X-rays are not clinically useful in 72% of cases for children with non-traumatic stomach pain. The imaging study confirms diagnoses of constipation and bowel obstruction, but is unnecessary when other tests like CT or ultrasound are already anticipated.
Researchers found that elderly women with low vitamin B-12 levels experience rapid hip bone loss, a risk factor for fractures. Simple dietary supplements or multivitamins may help slow bone loss rates.
Researchers aim to develop enhanced warning signals to aid elderly drivers in detecting critical information, as visual and auditory abilities decline with age. The study will examine the relationship between warning signal perceptions and driving skills in both young and elderly drivers.
The study found significant disparities in experiences of racism, discrimination, and everyday stress among African Americans, Afro-Caribbeans, and non-Hispanic whites. The researchers also discovered that African Americans are less likely to believe that white people want to see them get a better break in life.
The study found that wearing seat belts by rear seat occupants can prevent about 1 in 6 deaths of restrained front targets. Wearing restraints also reduces the risk of death for all rear targets, with a 15% increase when an occupant in the same seat row is not restrained.
A study found that 10% of employees experience work-family conflict, leading to increased risk of prolonged fatigue and absenteeism. The study revealed that characteristics from both work and home situations contribute to this conflict, with flexible work arrangements reducing the risk.
A new analysis has found that long-term exposure to air pollution is associated with a 31% increase in the risk of dying from ischemic heart disease. The risk is comparable to that of being a former smoker, according to researchers at NYU Langone Health.
The University of Michigan and Columbia University are developing a searchable child care research archive with a $7.5 million grant from the US Department of Health and Human Services. The online resource will provide valuable information for policy makers, parents, and researchers to inform decision making about child care.
A University of Michigan study found that women prefer men who are dominant and promiscuous (cads) for short-term relationships, but kind and monogamous (dads) for long-term ones. The 'sexy son hypothesis' suggests that this preference may be evolutionary in nature.