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Science News for December 2, 2013


Understanding hearing

Researchers at TUM developed a computer model of acoustic coding in the inner ear and neuronal information processing by the brain stem, allowing for improved coding strategies and faster testing of new devices. This advancement has the potential to significantly reduce development cycles and provide better hearing outcomes for patients.

Salk scientists crack riddle of important drug target

Researchers at the Salk Institute created a new approach to determine the structure of key cellular receptors using artificial amino acids, revealing crucial details about their binding pockets. This breakthrough could aid in designing drugs that target diseases such as diabetes and osteoporosis.

SourceSalk Institute·JournalCell·DateDec 2, 2013

Increased risk for cardiac ischemia in patients with PTSD

A new study published in Biological Psychiatry found that patients with PTSD are at higher risk of cardiac ischemia, with no correlation to other cardiovascular risk factors. Researchers detected elevated rates of myocardial ischemia in 17% of participants with PTSD, highlighting the need for tailored treatments.

SourceElsevier·JournalBiological Psychiatry·DateDec 2, 2013

Genetic mutation may play key role in risk of lethal prostate cancer in overweight patients

A new study found that men with a specific genetic mutation are more than 50% likely to die from prostate cancer if they're overweight or obese. The researchers analyzed data on 1,243 participants and discovered that obesity was linked to higher levels of insulin and growth factor receptors in tumors containing the mutation.

SourceHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health·JournalJNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute·DateDec 2, 2013

JCI early table of contents for Dec. 2, 2013

Researchers identified a distinct Treg cell population expressing ICOS that predicts better clinical outcomes in melanoma patients treated with high-dose IL-2 therapy. A SOD1 pharmacological inhibitor reduced tumor growth in mice, suggesting inhibition of antioxidants as a viable chemotherapeutic option.

SourceJCI Journals·JournalJournal of Clinical Investigation·DateDec 2, 2013

When aluminum outshines gold

Researchers at Rice University have discovered aluminum's valuable plasmonic properties, which make it suitable for harvesting solar energy and creating large-area optical devices. The study also found that aluminum exhibits quantum mechanical effects stronger than gold in certain nanomatryushka structures.

SourceRice University·JournalACS Nano·DateDec 2, 2013

Scientists discover that short-term energy deficits increase factors related to muscle degradation

A new study reveals that a high-protein diet can help preserve muscle mass during weight loss by slowing the ubiquitin proteasome system, which is primarily responsible for degrading skeletal muscle. Researchers found that adequate protein intake can minimize muscle loss during weight loss efforts.

Messy children make better learners

Researchers found that toddlers who interacted with food in a high chair learned words for nonsolid objects more effectively due to familiarity with the setting. The study showed that changes in environment and exploration help children acquire early vocabulary, linked to better later cognitive development.

SourceUniversity of Iowa·JournalDevelopmental Science·DateDec 2, 2013

Burmese python genome reveals extreme adaptation

The Burmese python genome study found large numbers of rapidly evolved genes linked to extreme characteristics such as rapid increases in metabolism and organ growth after feeding. The researchers discovered that snakes have undergone incredible changes at all levels of their biology, including physiological and molecular changes.

SourceUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateDec 2, 2013

A living desert underground

Researchers at the University of Arizona have discovered a surprisingly diverse ecosystem of microbes living in the perpetual darkness of Kartchner Caverns, a limestone cave system. The microbes thrive on limited nutrients, including nitrogen-containing compounds, and can even harness energy from minerals dissolved in rock fissures.

Forget the needle consider the haystack

Computer scientists at Princeton University have developed a method that allows researchers to identify quickly the connections between seemingly disparate groups in large collections of information. By using a mathematical method to calculate the likelihood of a pattern repeating throughout a subset of data, the tool can cut dramatica...

SourcePrinceton University, Engineering School·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateDec 2, 2013

Energy drinks plus alcohol pose a public health threat

A new study by University of Michigan researchers found that mixing energy drinks with alcohol leads to heavier drinking and more severe alcohol-related issues. The study, published in the Journal of Adolescent Health, analyzed data from over 650 college students and suggests that the combination may lead to 'wide awake drunk' situations.

SourceUniversity of Michigan·JournalJournal of Adolescent Health·DateDec 2, 2013

Oxygen levels increase and decrease the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory therapies

Researchers found that oxygen levels alter the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid drugs in neutrophil lifespans. This discovery may help tailor anti-inflammatory agents to specific diseases, improving treatment outcomes for patients with severe asthma, COPD, and other inflammatory conditions.

SourceFederation of American Societies for Experimental Biology·JournalJournal of Leukocyte Biology·DateDec 2, 2013

Annals of Internal Medicine tip sheet for Dec. 3, 2013 -- 'Overweight and healthy' is a myth

The American College of Physicians recommends that individuals with heart disease should only receive red blood cell transfusions if they have severe anemia. Additionally, researchers found that the concept of 'healthy and overweight' is a myth, as individuals in the same BMI category can have varied metabolic features. The study's fin...

SourceAmerican College of Physicians·JournalAnnals of Internal Medicine·DateDec 2, 2013

Microplastics make marine worms sick

Research by Plymouth University and the University of Exeter found that microplastic ingestion can decrease energy reserves in marine worms. The study also revealed that ingested plastic can deliver harmful chemicals to organisms, leading to reduced health. This has significant implications for the food chain and marine ecosystems.

SourceCell Press·JournalCurrent Biology·DateDec 2, 2013

Brain connectivity study reveals striking differences between men and women

A Penn Medicine brain imaging study found greater neural connectivity from front to back and within one hemisphere in males, while females displayed greater connectivity between the left and right hemispheres. This difference may explain why men excel at single-tasking and women are better at multitasking and social cognition.

SourceUniversity of Pennsylvania School of Medicine·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateDec 2, 2013

Rice U. study: It's not easy 'being green'

A new Rice University study explores the complex relationship between self-evaluations and supportive behaviors towards environmental issues. Researchers found that individuals who experience mixed self-evaluations, including both positive self-assets and negative self-doubt, tend to exhibit less extensive issue-supportive behavior.

SourceRice University·JournalAcademy of Management Journal·DateDec 2, 2013

Researchers revise Darwin's thinking on invasive species

A new model suggests that characteristics like phenotype and interaction mechanisms are key to understanding the chances of an invasive species succeeding. The study challenges Darwin's original theory on naturalization conundrum, indicating that ecological relationships alone are a weak predictor of invader success.

SourceWashington State University·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateDec 2, 2013

US mothers from 1965 to 2010: more TV, less housework

A study by the University of South Carolina's Arnold School of Public Health found that US mothers are less physically active than previous decades, spending more time watching TV than cooking, cleaning, and exercising. This decline in physical activity has led to a decrease in energy expenditure, potentially predisposing children to o...

SourceUniversity of South Carolina·JournalMayo Clinic Proceedings·DateDec 2, 2013

Integrated pest managment techniques can help manage the Bagrada bug

The Bagrada bug, an invasive stink bug, can be managed through Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques. IPM strategies include understanding the bug's biology and host range to develop effective control methods. Farmers and growers can benefit from downloading this free, open-access article for guidance on managing this invasive pest.

SourceEntomological Society of America·JournalJournal of Integrated Pest Management·DateDec 2, 2013

Special journal issue focuses on imaging screening

A special issue of the Journal of the American College of Radiology addresses imaging-based screening and radiology's role in preventive medicine. The issue explores breast density legislation, digital breast tomosynthesis, lung cancer screening, and CT colonography reimbursement, highlighting both benefits and controversies.

SourceAmerican College of Radiology·JournalJournal of the American College of Radiology·DateDec 2, 2013

Art could help create a better 'STEM' student

A new project at the University of Houston aims to incorporate art into STEM education to increase the quality of STEM graduates. Jay Young's research focuses on how creativity can be used to solve problems in math and science, with findings suggesting that artistic endeavors are essential for better problem-solving skills.

Himalayan flowers shed light on climate change

Researchers from Monash University and RMIT University found that Himalayan flowers evolved to attract bees as pollinators in response to bee colour vision. The study reveals the impact of climate change on plant-pollinator interactions in mountainous environments.

SourceMonash University·JournalJournal of Ecology·DateDec 2, 2013

Mice can inherit learned sensitivity to a smell

Scientists have discovered that mice can pass on learned sensitivity to a specific odor to their offspring via epigenetic alterations in the sperm or eggs. This phenomenon has significant implications for understanding psychiatric disorders and developing therapeutic strategies for intergenerational trauma effects.

SourceEmory Health Sciences·JournalNature Neuroscience·DateDec 2, 2013

The Affordable Care Act: Translational research experiment to improve health

A team of researchers from the Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute emphasize the importance of translating biomedical research into real-world healthcare solutions. By likening the Affordable Care Act to traditional clinical trials, they highlight its potential to advance health care and wellness in the United States.

SourceTufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute·JournalScience Translational Medicine·DateDec 2, 2013

Amplifying our vision of the infinitely small

A new method to detect and identify molecules has been discovered by Richard Martel's team, enabling the use of optical scanners to pinpoint particles. The technique uses nanoprobes composed of dye molecules aligned inside carbon nanotubes, which amplify Raman signals up to a million times stronger than other molecules.

SourceUniversity of Montreal·JournalNature Photonics·DateDec 2, 2013

Bronchial thermoplasty shows long-term effectiveness for asthma

A study published in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology found that bronchial thermoplasty reduces severe asthma exacerbations, emergency department visits, medication use, and missed workdays for at least 5 years. The treatment also shows stable rates of respiratory adverse events and respiratory-related hospitalizations.

SourceNational Jewish Health·JournalJournal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology·DateDec 2, 2013

ACP recommends tighter transfusion strategy to treat anemia in patients with heart disease

The American College of Physicians recommends restricting red blood cell transfusions to severe anemia cases in patients with heart disease. ACP also advises against using erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in mild to moderate anemia with heart conditions due to increased risks of thromboembolic events and stroke rates.

SourceAmerican College of Physicians·JournalAnnals of Internal Medicine·DateDec 2, 2013

How bacteria respond so quickly to external changes

A new model from Uppsala University predicts how bacteria can rapidly adapt to environmental changes through smart regulation of gene expression. The study shows the ultimate limit for bacterial protein level adjustments in response to changing environments.

SourceUppsala University·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateDec 2, 2013

First Nations adults have more than double the risk of end-stage kidney disease

A study found that First Nations adults with diabetes are more than double the risk of developing end-stage kidney disease. The high rates of kidney disease among First Nations people are attributed to younger onset of diabetes, leading to increased survival time and likelihood of progression to end-stage renal disease.

SourceCanadian Medical Association Journal·JournalCanadian Medical Association Journal·DateDec 2, 2013

Nanorobot for transporting drugs in the body

Scientists at Aarhus University and Duke University have developed a DNA nanorobot that can encapsulate and release active biomolecules, including enzymes. The nanorobot uses temperature changes to open and close its structure, allowing for targeted drug delivery to diseased cells.

SourceAarhus University·JournalACS Nano·DateDec 2, 2013

Detailed image shows how genomes are copied

DNA polymerase epsilon's unique P-domain enables it to build long DNA strands without falling off, a crucial property for genome reproduction. The study identifies specific mutations linked to colorectal and cervical cancers, offering insights into their development.

SourceUmea University·JournalNature Structural & Molecular Biology·DateDec 2, 2013

Treatment plans for brain metastases more accurately determined with aid of molecular imaging trace

Researchers used 18F-FDOPA PET imaging to differentiate between radiation-induced lesions and new tumor growth in brain metastases patients, achieving an accuracy of 83% with visual scoring. The study found that 18F-FDOPA PET imaging was highly prognostic of progression-free survival and overall survival.

SourceSociety of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging·JournalJournal of Nuclear Medicine·DateDec 2, 2013

Head out to the ski slopes, for happiness' sake

A study by Hyun-Woo Lee and colleagues found that skiing and snowboarding experiences enhance happiness and satisfaction. Flow, or losing oneself in the activity, had the greatest direct impact on satisfaction, followed by involvement. The research supports positive psychology's benefits of physical activity in enhancing well-being.

SourceSpringer·JournalApplied Research in Quality of Life·DateDec 2, 2013

Kids whose bond with mother was disrupted early in life show changes in brain

Research finds that children whose bond with mother was disrupted early in life show similar responses to adoptive mother and strangers in the amygdala, indicating potential long-term effects on social interaction. Longitudinal study of 67 youths aged 4-17 reveals reduced amygdala differentiation and increased indiscriminate friendliness.

SourceUniversity of California - Los Angeles·JournalBiological Psychiatry·DateDec 2, 2013

Dual protein knockout could lead to new male contraceptive

Researchers have found that blocking two proteins on smooth muscle cells can cause complete male infertility without affecting long-term sexual behavior. A potential oral male contraceptive drug could be developed within ten years, offering a safe and reversible alternative to current methods.

SourceMonash University·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateDec 2, 2013

Study shows reforestation in Lower Mississippi Valley reduces sediment

A modeling study by US Forest Service researchers shows that reforesting the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley can significantly reduce runoff from agricultural lands and sediment entering rivers and streams. Converting agricultural lands to forests in or near battures can greatly lessen water outflow and reduce sediment load, with a t...

SourceUSDA Forest Service ‑ Southern Research Station·JournalEcological Engineering·DateDec 2, 2013