Researchers have developed a new mRNA vaccine technology using albumin-recruiting lipid nanoparticles to deliver vaccines precisely to lymph nodes, avoiding liver toxicity. The approach outperformed traditional delivery systems in laboratory tests, producing strong antitumor T-cell responses and high levels of neutralizing antibodies.
A new study reveals that North Atlantic common dolphins are living shorter lives, with female dolphins' longevity decreasing from 24 to 17 years. This decline has led to fewer calves born, posing a threat to the species' survival and the marine ecosystem it maintains.
Researchers from The University of Osaka develop a groundbreaking synthetic method to incorporate boron-rich carboranes into aromatic compounds, eliminating complex steps and hazardous conditions. This 'dump-and-stir' technique enables large-scale production using inexpensive aryl bromides and chlorides.
A study by Portland State University's Liu-Qin Yang and colleagues found that challenge stressors can energize employees, boosting performance and collaboration, while hindrance stressors lead to emotional downs. The research also highlighted the importance of motivational mindsets in responding to stress.
Phillip Fulmer, legendary University of Tennessee football coach, is the recipient of the American Heart Association’s 2026 Paul “Bear” Bryant Lifetime Achievement Award. The honor recognizes his outstanding career achievements and contributions to the sport.
The study reveals that the Patagonian ice sheet underwent periods of expansion and contraction, contrary to earlier assumptions. The driving force for long-term fluctuations was found to be changes in summer seasons and solar radiation, known as integrated summer energy.
The congress brings together experts to explore mitochondria's role in cellular dynamics, metabolic control, and therapeutic targets. Key findings include the emergence of mitochondria as biological sensors and decision-makers, translating environmental signals into cellular fate.
A prospective cohort study found that increased lymphocyte counts, decreased serum LPS levels, and specific mucin expression patterns are associated with antralization. The study suggests that acid reflux is closely linked to antralization.
Researchers at UMC Utrecht discovered that converting monoclonal antibodies from IgG to IgM isotype can significantly broaden their ability to recognize and bind multiple human-relevant bacterial pathogens. This finding could guide the future design of antibody therapies against bacterial infections.
Researchers at the University of Missouri have developed an AI-powered method to detect hidden hardware trojans in chip designs, offering a 97% accurate solution. The approach leverages large language models to scan for suspicious code and provides explanations for detected threats.
The AAO-HNSF 2025 Annual Meeting & OTO EXPO celebrates global collaboration and knowledge exchange, featuring 800 international attendees from over 75 countries. The event highlights pioneering techniques in complex airway reconstruction, including Dr. Gilbert's innovative approaches to cricotracheal resection.
A study by Rutgers University researchers found that female, younger, and more educated firearm owners are more likely to seek therapy and use psychiatric medications. The study highlights the need for targeted interventions to reach underserved demographics and communities.
The University of Limerick has developed a groundbreaking new battery that combines lithium and sodium ions for improved performance. The breakthrough, published in Nano Energy, increases the battery's capacity by doubling it compared to traditional sodium-only batteries.
A recent study by University of Oulu researchers reveals significant shifts in Arctic tundra vegetation, with crowberry expansion and bilberry decline dominating the region. This long-term trend is likely linked to climate change and extensive reindeer grazing, which suppresses taller shrub growth.
Recent studies reveal a class of short period binary systems where white dwarfs are inflated and their surface temperatures can reach 10-30 thousand degrees Kelvin. Tidal forces can strongly influence the evolution of these stars, causing them to inflate and increase in temperature.
Researchers at the University of York suggest Dark Matter could impart a subtle red or blue tint to light as it passes through regions with Dark Matter presence. Detecting such effects could open up a new way to study invisible mass in the cosmos.
Researchers develop autonomous nano-robotic systems that utilize scanning electron microscopy for real-time visual feedback, enabling high-precision manipulation of nano-objects. The integration of machine learning-enhanced vision algorithms and novel actuation techniques facilitates adaptive, perception-driven atomic engineering.
A study published in BMC Medicine reveals that vascular dysfunction is a key mechanism in long COVID, especially in postmenopausal women. The researchers identified the VEGFA protein as a central element in this process, highlighting its role in blood vessel formation and vascular function.
A study of 744 bridges worldwide reveals that North American and African bridges are most at risk, with spaceborne monitoring able to detect problems before they become disasters. The proposed solution integrates satellite data into risk frameworks to significantly lower the number of high-risk bridges.
Researchers at Tohoku University unveiled a 77-fold increase in photoluminescence quantum yield by adding a single silver atom to high-nuclear Ag nanoclusters. This discovery paves the way for practical applications in optoelectronics and sensing technologies.
Research team from Toho University discovered that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a major omega-3 fatty acid, directly relaxes smooth muscle in the male reproductive tract by blocking specific calcium channels. This finding may help explain DHA's broader health benefits and suggest potential new approaches to treating male infertility.
Researchers from Uppsala University uncovered the earliest occupation and creation myth links of the Karnak Temple, establishing a 4000-year history of human settlement. The team's analysis suggests that the temple was built on an island of high ground formed by river channels, reflecting Ancient Egyptian cosmogony.
Researchers discovered reduced concentrations of key lipids in patients with NSAID-exacerbated respiratory disease (N-ERD), whereas healthy controls showed increased levels with low-dose aspirin. Elevated lipid mediators linked to inflammation were also observed, suggesting potential new diagnostic and treatment options.
The new Singapore Standard (SS) 718 leverages Near-Infrared spectroscopy to authenticate edible bird’s nest, providing a fast and non-destructive on-site method. This standard strengthens consumer trust and levels the playing field for producers in the industry.
Researchers at Okayama University of Science successfully developed a new wine grape variety 'Muscat Shiragai', created by crossing the wild species Shiraga grape with Muscat of Alexandria. The group has filed for new variety registration, expecting formal acceptance within four to five years.
By studying how atoms interact with each other and with light, researchers have found that direct atom–atom interactions can strengthen collective bursts of light known as superradiance. This discovery could lead to breakthroughs in quantum technologies such as quantum batteries and precision sensors.
Research at the University of Jyväskylä found that intensive forest management leads to habitat loss and reduced biodiversity in Finland. Harvesting still occurs in forests with high biodiversity values, highlighting the need for better protection.
A study reveals two competing nitrogen activation pathways in negatively charged metal tricarbon clusters, including cleavage and chemisorption. The research provides molecular-level insights into developing efficient catalysts for dinitrogen fixation.
A new study reveals that fluctuations in hydrothermal vent temperatures can indicate magmatic and tectonic processes deep beneath the seafloor. The research offers a powerful new tool for monitoring and predicting tectonic activity at mid-ocean ridges, one of the most active segments of the global ocean.
A University of Cincinnati study found increased neutrophil-driven inflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) seven days post-stroke, compared to earlier time points. The researchers also identified miR-3613 and miR-3690 as key regulators of this process, suggesting potential new treatment targets.
A £2 million Wellcome Discovery Award will fund a five-year project to study the molecular interaction between Plasmodium falciparum and the placenta. The research aims to catalogue disrupted molecular and cellular pathways that could be targeted for intervention, contributing to the development of diagnostics and vaccines.
The Globus Striped GridFTP framework, introduced in 2005, has had a lasting influence on research and practice in high-performance computing. The paper's techniques have improved data transfer speeds and security, enabling scientists to fully utilize the bandwidth of high-speed research networks.
New research reveals that mixtures of commonly used medications in the environment can increase the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Laboratory tests showed that combining these medications with ciprofloxacin led to an increased selection for genes that confer resistance, highlighting a potential threat to human health.
Researchers propose that neural activity in each animal becomes linked through perception, allowing individuals to maintain bearings towards others relative to stable features in the environment. This synchronization gives rise to spontaneous alignment and collective movement.
A new method has created reliable growth charts for six rare genetic conditions using data from almost 600 children worldwide. The LMSz method provides condition-specific charts that can help healthcare professionals make informed decisions and give families a clearer picture of their child's growth, supporting better medical care.
Researchers developed noninvasive on-skin biosensors that analyze sweat and skin biomarkers for real-time diabetes management. These sensors offer a painless and continuous monitoring solution, transforming daily diabetes care.
Scientists have detected tremor signals at the Oldoinyo Lengai volcano in Tanzania, revealing details about magma movement and volcanic activity. The findings provide valuable insights into the dynamics of magma movement and offer a step forward for volcano seismology.
A new nanomaterial-based wireless multi-sensing platform revolutionizes pressure injury detection by detecting multiple physiological signals, including pressure, temperature, and NH₃ gas. The platform operates wirelessly via power transfer and is cost-competitive with conventional sensors.
A research team has achieved high-efficiency ethylene electrosynthesis from acetylene by optimizing the interparticle distance of Cu cubes in gas diffusion electrodes. The study demonstrates the key role of mesoscopic mass transport in electrocatalysis, enabling efficient production under industrially relevant conditions.
New WiFi technology can create images of individuals and surroundings by passively recording communication in radio networks, raising concerns about privacy. Researchers call for protective measures and privacy safeguards in the forthcoming IEEE 802.11bf WiFi standard.
A new smartphone-based AI system accurately predicts avocado firmness and internal quality with high accuracy, enabling consumers to avoid overripe avocados. The technology has the potential to assess the ripeness and quality of other foods, reducing global food waste by 50% by 2030.
The AAO-HNSF 2025 Annual Meeting & OTO EXPO recognized outstanding contributors across multiple categories, including Academic Bowl Champions LSU Shreveport, Scientific Poster Awards, and SIM Tank Competition winners. The event celebrated innovation, research excellence, and educational achievement in otolaryngology.
The meeting showcased promising new tools for early intervention, refined surgical techniques, and expanded understanding of systemic health connections. Advanced algorithms predict hearing outcomes with remarkable accuracy using cardiovascular health indicators.
The Global Tipping Points Report 2025 reveals that the world has crossed its first climate tipping point, with devastating consequences for coral reefs and potential sea level rise. The report warns of further tipping points in systems such as the Amazon rainforest and Atlantic Ocean circulation.
Researchers developed a more accurate cough-detection model using wearable health monitors' audio and movement data. The new model can distinguish between coughs and nonverbal sounds, improving the accuracy of respiratory disease tracking.
Gene therapy offers new hope for hereditary deafness, while precision surgical techniques improve cancer outcomes. The AAO-HNSF 2025 Annual Meeting also highlighted access to specialized ENT care, with key strategies for workforce planning and efficient care delivery models.
Researchers review approaches to overcome THz endoscopy limitations in medical diagnostics, discussing advantages and drawbacks of notable systems. Notable examples highlight the potential of THz endoscopy in medical applications, despite challenges related to commercial endoscope availability.
A study reveals that the Mar Menor lagoon has sediments with excessive levels of lead, arsenic, and other toxic metals accumulated over centuries due to mining activities. The research highlights the ongoing risk these metals pose to aquatic organisms and ecosystems, even after the closure of mines in the 1990s.
Researchers from the University of Sharjah conducted a comprehensive review of scientific literature to identify nanofiltration (NF) membrane technologies as the most effective method for removing pharmaceutical contaminants from water sources. The study found that NF membranes show high efficacy in removing a broad spectrum of pharmac...
A new review published in Sleep Medicine Reviews sheds light on the biological mechanisms behind obstructive sleep apnea's effects on heart disease, diabetes, and other age-related conditions. OSA-induced stressors trigger cellular senescence, accelerating molecular aging.
A team of researchers achieved efficient PET-RAFT polymerization using low-toxicity copper indium selenide (CuInSe2) quantum dots, extending the excitation into the shortwave infrared region. The hybrid system effectively triggered polymerization through biological tissue.
Researchers aim to create a thin, endoscopic 3D printer that can be inserted into the body to print tissue where it will later perform its function. The new technology has the potential to revolutionize regenerative medicine by allowing for direct printing of biological tissue inside the human body.
Researchers develop nanostructured anatase TiO2 cathode exposing reactive (001) facet, doubling capacity and setting a new benchmark for Mg2+ storage performance. This design principle unlocks multivalent-ion storage, propelling magnesium batteries toward market readiness.
A new study from the University of Vaasa finds that reducing clothing consumption improves body image and overall well-being. By extending the lifespan of clothes, individuals can reduce social comparison and increase self-esteem.
Researchers developed HandProxy, a software that allows users to interact with virtual spaces by commanding a disembodied hand. The AI-powered hand can perform complex tasks without being explicitly told every step, making it more flexible than current VR voice-command features.
Researchers have discovered that activating lysosome biogenesis alleviates senescence in Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. By promoting progerin clearance, this approach shows promise as a potential therapeutic avenue for HGPS and other age-related disorders.
Satellite images reveal ancient stone mega traps, known as chacus, built by hunters and pastoralists in northern Chile. The structures were likely used to capture vicuña, a wild relative of the alpaca, and provide evidence of foraging populations that pre-date settled agricultural systems.
The ESMO Congress 2025 will cover key topics including precision oncology, antibody-drug conjugates in breast cancer, dose optimisation strategies, new treatment modalities for melanoma, and immunotherapy-based approaches across various cancer settings. Promising Phase-3 studies on ADCs in bladder and lung cancer are also expected.
A new study found that child neurologists often lack knowledge and education on motor difficulties in children with autism. Motor impairments are common in autistic children, affecting their development, language skills, and social interactions. The study recommends more training for medical students and residents to recognize and addr...
A large-scale study of over 250,000 days of smartphone usage data from 10,000 US adults found no significant correlation between phone use and lower mood scores. Demographic factors such as age and gender were stronger predictors of mood.
A meta-analysis of 16 studies found that diverse pasturelands have no effect on milk production or methane emissions, but a higher proportion of legumes can promote milk yield. The study suggests that farms should consider the benefits of diverse grassland areas for overall productivity and ecosystem benefits.
Terrence Sejnowski, a renowned neuroscientist at Salk Institute, has been awarded the 2025 NIH Director's Pioneer Award to develop advanced computational techniques for analyzing working memory. His research aims to better understand and treat memory disorders in mental health conditions.
Researchers have discovered a link between maternal PFAS levels during pregnancy and their children's brain structure and function. The study found that maternal PFAS were linearly associated with many aspects of their children's brain structure, including the corpus callosum, posterior grey matter volume, and hypothalamus.
Researchers analyzed over 1,700 Instagram photos to track the invasive Carpobrotus species, finding that its populations flower longer than native ones in invaded regions. This reproductive advantage may help explain their invasive success, and the findings offer practical guidance for coastal managers.
Researchers found that an island spider species, Dysdera tilosensis, has reduced its genome by half through adaptation to its habitat. Despite this, the species exhibits greater genetic diversity than a continental counterpart, challenging traditional views on genome size evolution.
Salterella, a tiny Cambrian creature, has been reclassified with cnidarians due to its unique shell structure and mineral composition. The research team suggests that Salterella's shell served a distinct purpose, possibly related to feeding or stability.
Researchers developed a lattice-anchoring strategy to stabilize α-FAPbI3 perovskite for ultra-sensitive and stable X-ray detection. This breakthrough enables cost-effective, real-world imaging applications with improved sensitivity and stability.
A culturally adapted behavioral intervention delivered in Spanish by community health workers significantly reduced unhealthy alcohol use among Latinx adults. Participants showed nearly twice the reduction in heavy drinking days compared to those who received an educational booklet.
A recent study found that light color affects phytoplankton growth and nutrient cycling in lake ecosystems. The researchers discovered that the less light available to microalgae, the more important the color of light became for their growth.
Research by Gianluca Carnabuci and Balázs Kovács identifies low-contrast patent categories as catalysts for innovation, exposing inventors to diverse domains and driving radical advances. Patents in fuzzy categories generate more economic value, worth almost $3 million more than comparable patents.
Researchers have developed a breakthrough anode material for sodium-ion batteries that delivers exceptional performance from -35°C to 65°C. This innovation harnesses quantum-size effects to enable durable, high-energy batteries suitable for aerospace, electric vehicles, and grid systems.
Advanced machine learning techniques reveal that China's collateral monetary policy stimulates shadow banking growth while increasing bank risks, particularly among non-primary banks. The 2018 New Asset Management Regulation effectively mitigated these effects, demonstrating the value of targeted regulatory interventions.
Researchers discover that genetic glitches in the blood system, caused by aging, can spark obesity, diabetes, and fatty liver disease. Simple blood tests may help identify at-risk individuals to prevent chronic illnesses.
Studies from the University of Georgia found that excessive screen time among young girls can lead to increased family conflict and widened gaps in emotional sharing between parents and kids. Delaying smartphone ownership or placing time limits on screentime may help mitigate these issues.
Researchers at Rice University developed a new catalyst that reduces iridium needed in proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers, maintaining industrial-level performance for over 1,500 hours. The innovation uses just one-sixth as much iridium as conventional systems, addressing a significant economic and supply chain bottleneck.
Researchers from A*STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology have identified two critical stem cell populations that drive colorectal cancer formation in different colon regions. The study reveals how NOX1 and NPY1R proteins mark distinct stem cell populations, providing new targets and models for developing region-specific cancer t...
A team of researchers from the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics identified the key glycosyltransferase UGT76G4 and elucidated its molecular basis for regioselectivity towards C19 in steviol glycosides. This discovery provides a breakthrough for efficient biosynthetic methods to produce Reb M, a next-generation natural sweetener.
Researchers discovered that three-legged lizards can survive by adapting their gait and using abundant food sources, highlighting the limitations of Darwin's natural selection theory. The study found less than 1% of wild lizards have a limb deficit, with nearly half being Caribbean anoles.
Researchers have developed a new metal alloy that can withstand extremely high temperatures, making it suitable for use in energy-efficient aircraft turbines and other high-temperature applications. The alloy, composed of chromium, molybdenum, and silicon, exhibits great potential for reducing fuel consumption by up to five percent.
A study published in The Lancet Healthy Longevity found that quitting smoking, even in the 50s or older, significantly reduces cognitive decline. Cognitive scores of quitters declined 20% less for memory and 50% less for verbal fluency over six years after cessation.
A study of 40 women with PTSD following recent sexual assault trauma found a marked reduction in brain synchronization between the amygdala and prefrontal cortex. This disruption may be a biological signature of the disorder rather than a state-dependent marker, potentially leading to personalized treatment response.
A study found that anesthesiologist-led care for patients undergoing surgery for hip fractures leads to faster surgery times and fewer complications. This approach reduces unnecessary delays, allowing patients to receive timely treatment and start recovery sooner, ultimately improving their outcomes.
Critical raw materials are projected to grow from 1 million tonnes in 2022 to between 1.2 and 1.9 million tonnes by 2050. Europe can recover more of these essential materials by improving collection, design, and recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment.
The recombinant shingles vaccine achieved over 50% effectiveness against any herpes zoster outcome in both older and immunocompromised adults. The study suggests individuals previously vaccinated with live zoster should be revaccinated with two doses of RZV to maintain protection.
Researchers developed a mathematical model predicting stalagmite shapes based on calcite precipitation rates and water flow. The study shows that flat-topped, columnar, or conical shapes emerge depending on concentration and flow rate of dripping water.
A large genetic study found associations between cannabis use and various traits, including psychiatric disorders, cognitive measures, and physical health problems. The study identified two genes, CADM2 and GRM3, linked to lifetime cannabis use and frequency of use.
Dana-Farber researchers present promising phase 3 trial results for breast, lung, and bladder cancers, including improved quality of life for metastatic breast cancer patients. The trials also explore new approaches to kidney cancer treatment and real-world data analysis for metastatic breast cancer.
A new study found that slow-tempo music did not reduce delirium or anxiety in critically ill older adults, but a trend showed fewer days with delirium among those who received more doses of music. Researchers suggest personalized approaches and targeted populations for future studies.
Researchers discovered that triggering a reversible, hibernation-like hypothermic state in male mice improved motor performance and preserved neural health following brain injury. The study found less neuroinflammation and improved neuron survival in the injured brain area.
The new guidelines recommend dietary approaches such as eating kiwis, rye bread, and drinking high-mineral water to alleviate chronic constipation. The guidelines also suggest taking psyllium fibre supplements, certain probiotic strains, and magnesium oxide supplements to improve symptoms.
A new report reveals that companies taking action for gender equality see lower staff turnover, more women in leadership, and better shareholder value. The study also highlights the benefits of gender-balanced executive teams delivering higher company value, with a potential added value of $93 million on average.
Full-term children exposed to antenatal corticosteroids are at higher risk of infections until age 21, a new study finds. Preterm children, however, show no association between ACS and infections.
Researchers at CUNY ASRC introduce twistelastics, a technique using tiny rotations to manipulate mechanical waves, allowing unprecedented adaptability in sound and vibration control. The breakthrough enables flexible wave behavior for applications in medical imaging, consumer electronics, and microfluidics.
Researchers developed AI models to identify high-risk children for sepsis within 48 hours, enabling early preemptive care. The study used electronic health record data from the Emergency Department and showed robust balance in identifying at-risk children without overidentifying those who are not at risk.
The platform allows users to create personalized LLM-based chatbots, serving as a 24/7 teaching assistant or scraping campus websites to find needed resources. Illinois Chat has already been utilized in various departments and research groups, providing valuable feedback to make it more practical.
FAU will implement evidence-based prevention strategies for at-risk youth, including LifeSkills Training, mindfulness programming, and peer mentorship. The program aims to drive long-term systems change, train professionals, and serve 600 youth annually over five years.
OpenVCAD, a new open-source tool, enables efficient design of multi-material objects by mapping shapes and materials in 3D printing. The software package acts as a set of convenience tools for composing complex functions and assigning them to objects in a 3D printer.
Researchers from the University of Osaka have identified a crucial protein, TMEM217, that regulates sperm movement. By restoring the signal, they successfully treated immotile sperm and enabled them to fertilize eggs in vitro, leading to healthy births.
Researchers developed a new approach to overcome treatment resistance in aggressive cancers by activating macrophages, a type of immune cell abundant in advanced tumors. The custom anti-αvβ3 antibody triggers powerful anti-tumor responses and is highly selective, making it a potentially safer alternative.
A new study suggests that people over 60 who experience excessive daytime sleepiness may be at a higher risk of developing cognitive problems after surgery. The study found that those with moderate to severe daytime sleepiness had greater global cognitive decline six weeks after surgery.
The report presents expert views on AI's potential benefits and risks in healthcare, including its application in clinical care, biomedical research, and business domains. The authors discuss the need for regulation, evaluation, and implementation of AI in healthcare to ensure its safe and effective use.
A comparative effectiveness study found that liraglutide, semaglutide, and dulaglutide have similar risks for kidney and cardiovascular outcomes in veterans with type 2 diabetes. Head-to-head trials are needed to confirm these findings.
Researchers at The University of Osaka developed an mRNA therapy that restored sperm production and achieved the birth of viable offspring in a mouse model. This treatment showed promise for treating non-obstructive azoospermia, a genetic condition causing male infertility.
Researchers found that brain activity corresponds to perceived beat when listening to music via sound but not through touch. This ability is crucial for human social interactions through music and may be strengthened by long-term practice.
New University of Virginia research explores the most common and effective types of counseling and support for people who have had a near-death experience. The study found that acceptance and validation, as well as support from groups or online sources knowledgeable about NDEs, are key to successful support.
A major international study has identified two enzymes that play a crucial role in helping prostate cancer cells grow and survive. Blocking these enzymes can destabilize the androgen receptor, making tumours more vulnerable to existing therapies.
Researchers at the University of Cambridge have developed a new lab-grown human embryo model that replicates early human development, including the production of blood stem cells. The 'hematoids' model mimics the natural developmental process, offering potential medical advances in screening drugs and studying blood disorders.
A study published in JAMA found that both low and high increases in social media use during early adolescence are negatively associated with cognitive function. Specifically, adolescents with higher or lower social media use tend to perform poorly in certain aspects of cognition.
Researchers suggest chemotherapy drugs may be responsible for 'chemo brain' symptoms, citing reduced lymphatic vessel growth and impaired cognitive function. The study highlights the need to consider long-term neurological side effects of cancer treatment on quality of life.
A recent study found that UK heatwaves have led to unseasonable drying of vegetation, bypassing natural ecological processes that limit the spread of wildfires. The extreme heat conditions increased the risk of wildfire incidents, with a 500% increase in 999 calls and 14 major incidents during the 2022 heatwave.
A new Australian fossil fuel site, set to start production in 2026, will contribute significantly to global warming. The project's emissions are expected to cause approximately 0.00039 degrees Celsius of additional global warming, posing risks to human health and the environment.
The infrared spectrometer Enfys, a key instrument for the European Space Agency's ExoMars Rosalind Franklin Rover, is shipped from Aberystwyth University to Italy for testing. The rover will drill up to two meters beneath the Martian surface to search for signs of past or present life.