Articles tagged with Molecular Evolution
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
Researchers at MIT have discovered a single scaffolding protein, TCOF1, responsible for forming a biomolecular condensate within the nucleolus. The findings suggest that this condensate played a crucial role in the evolutionary shift from a bipartite to a tripartite nucleolus 300 million years ago.
Researchers Dr. Robert Lemanis and Dr. Igor Zlotnikov propose that intricate shell structures may have been nature's defense strategy against predators, providing crucial reinforcement against external forces. This new insight offers a glimpse into the distant past, where survival against the odds was paramount.
Researchers propose a novel theory of aging that suggests cell competition is a key factor in the process. The selective destruction theory (SDT) proposes a mechanism of aging that is independent of accumulating damage and consistent with epigenetic rejuvenation.
Researchers find that Acinetobacter baumannii can achieve significant functional modifications in protein complexes over short evolutionary time spans, particularly in hair-like cell appendages. This diversity may affect the pathogen's interaction with its environment and inform personalized therapies.
The 'survival of the accessible' model provides an alternative explanation for evolutionary changes in flu viruses, highlighting the importance of mutational bias and variant accessibility. The research reveals how specific mutations can gain or lose function, influencing protein activity and potentially driving pandemics.
A recent study by researchers at the University of Zurich found that the Notch signaling pathway plays a crucial role in shaping and varying tooth enamel. The team used genetically modified mouse models to analyze the effects of the Notch-ligands on teeth, revealing that their absence affected tooth morphology and enamel formation.
Researchers have made significant progress in reprogramming cells to supply the ribosome with building blocks other than alpha-amino acids. The ultimate goal is to make the translation system fully programmable, allowing for the production of an unlimited variety of new molecular chains with unique properties.
A new study from the Gibson Lab at Stowers Institute for Medical Research sheds light on how some of Earth's earliest animals evolved. Researchers discovered that a common genetic toolkit is deployed in different ways to drive embryological development, producing diverse adult body plans.
Origin-of-life chemists suggest glyoxylate reaction scenario could have yielded simple sugars without drawbacks of formaldehyde-based reactions. The researchers aim to demonstrate this hypothesis in the laboratory and explore potential commercial applications.
Researchers used ancestral sequence reconstruction to study protein interactions in cyanobacteria, finding that they can evolve independently of direct selection pressure. The discovery challenges classical evolutionary theory and suggests that fortuitous compatibility may be the basis for a significant fraction of cellular interactions.
A massive supercomplex in mitochondria comprising all four respiratory complexes induces a membrane curvature necessary for proper mitochondrial function. The supercomplex assembly actively contributes to the shaping of the macroscopic architecture of mitochondria.
Phytochromes play a dual role in seed germination of Aethionema arabicum, stimulating but also inhibiting germination. The study reveals that high light intensity and duration inhibit germination, while short exposure favors germination, indicating a genetic basis for adaptation to environmental requirements.
A new study found that E. coli K-12 has accumulated numerous genetic changes compared to its original isolated bacteria, making it less suitable as a model organism. This discovery highlights the rapid evolution of bacterial genomes and challenges the long-standing use of a single strain in research.
A new study finds that warmer temperatures cause a pathogenic fungus to experience adaptive responses, leading to increased disease-causing potential. The research, led by Asiya Gusa at Duke University, suggests that rising global temperatures may contribute to the evolution of more virulent fungal pathogens.
Researchers discovered that non-vascular bryophytes like Marchantia polymorpha adapt their architecture in response to shade, using phytochromes to regulate branching. The study found a liverwort-specific microRNA and SPL gene controlling meristem function, differing from vascular plants.
Researchers studied cavefish metabolism to understand how humans might adapt over long periods of inactivity, finding genetic changes that enable muscle endurance and efficient energy storage. The study suggests potential implications for understanding and mitigating the negative effects of sedentary lifestyles on human health.
A new study reveals that certain types of lipids found in ancient fossils are produced by specific living bacteria. By identifying these microorganisms and understanding how they produce the lipids, scientists can create more accurate climate reconstructions. This discovery also sheds light on the early evolution of life on Earth.
Researchers at UCSF's Cell Design Institute engineered cells with customized adhesion molecules to form complex multicellular ensembles in predictable ways. The discovery represents a major step toward building tissues and organs through regenerative medicine.
Research reveals that symbiotic bacteria, Burkholderia gladioli, produce antifungal compound lagriamide to protect Lagria beetles' eggs, larvae, and pupae from fungal infections. The bacterial community remains intact during molting stages, providing crucial defense against pathogens.
Researchers discovered a molecular switch in flavivirus that controls virus assembly, maturation, and entry into new cells. This switch is triggered by pH-dependent conformational changes in viral envelope proteins.
Researchers have reconstructed what life was like for some of Earth's earliest organisms using light-capturing proteins in living microbes. The findings could help recognize signs of life on other planets with atmospheres similar to ancient Earth.
Researchers discovered that by four days after mating, close to 20% of fruit fly sperm proteins are female-derived. Female proteins bind to sperm inside the female, potentially supporting their viability.
Scientists at the University of Tokyo have successfully created an RNA molecule that undergoes Darwinian evolution, developing from a simple single molecule into diverse complex molecules. This breakthrough experiment provides empirical evidence for the emergence of complex life systems from simple biological molecules.
A study on a beetle species reveals how two distinct cell types form a specialized gland for making and secreting defensive compounds. The findings suggest that the gland's evolution was driven by coevolution between the cell types, leading to the creation of a functional secretion with adaptive value.
Membraneless organelles, a new form of cellular compartment, are being studied by Professor Edward Lemke. His team has successfully designed and incorporated these organelles into living cells, enabling innovative functions such as protein engineering and imaging techniques.
The German Research Foundation (DFG) has approved a new Research Training Group focusing on the evolution of complex genetic regulation systems. The GenEvo group will bring together researchers from evolutionary and molecular biology to analyze regulatory processes and their selection under evolutionary pressures.
Claudia Bank wins the 2019 SMBE Allan Wilson Junior Award for her innovative research on population genetics of adaptation and speciation. The award recognizes her multidisciplinary basic research at Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência.
A new mechanism has been discovered that allows eukaryotic cells to synthesize proteins absent in prokaryotes, leading to the enrichment of genes coding for transfer RNAs involved in this process. This finding may lead to the development of strategies to inhibit protein production in diseases caused by their overabundance.
A recent study has analyzed nearly 2,400 protein-coding genes to understand the family relationships and evolutionary history of Hemiptera insects. The findings reveal that piercing and sucking mouthparts likely evolved over 350 million years ago, providing insight into the group's diverse feeding strategies.
A UMass Lowell researcher is translating the toughness of spider silks to develop high-performance synthetic biomaterials. The project aims to understand what makes Darwin's bark spider dragline silk ultra-tough and its potential applications in improving helmets, body armor, medical devices, sports gear, and more.
The study reveals that acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) have a long evolutionary history, dating back over 600 million years. ASICs are now found in various invertebrates, including sea urchins, starfish, and tunicates.
Research finds yellow-bellied kingsnake has three subspecies with distinct habitats on each side of the Mississippi, challenging long-held biodiversity theory. This discovery highlights the importance of understanding ecological environments in shaping species diversity.
Researchers at Hokkaido University have discovered a key to understanding molecular evolution in space by revealing the temperature-dependent energy-state conversion of molecular hydrogen on ice surfaces. This finding challenges existing theories and opens new horizons for studying molecular formation and evolution.
Research has identified molecular clues driving the effectiveness of scorpion toxins, including the tuning that makes them more toxic to insects. The study found eight protein hot spots indicative of adaptive evolution, which could lead to promising new candidates for insecticides.
Researchers found complex oxygen-rich compounds and polyethers in the Sutter's Mill meteorite, expanding our understanding of extraterrestrial organic molecules. The discovery suggests a greater availability of these molecules for molecular evolution and life on Earth.
A collection of essays in Astrobiology presents various perspectives on defining life, including a minimal chemical life model and the importance of feedback loops. The authors propose new ideas and theories to help determine what is and is not considered living.
Researchers discovered molecular evidence supporting Darwin's theory of evolution, finding that complex machines evolved through a process of combination and modification of existing proteins. The study provides a blueprint for understanding the evolution of cellular machinery, contradicting Intelligent Design explanations.
A new approach has been developed to reconcile the conflict between fossil and molecular data in evolutionary studies. A recent study found a strong match between the two methods, with lineages defined by their physical appearance showing an imperfect but very good fit to molecular data.
Martin Cohn, a UF developmental biologist, has been named an HHMI Early Career Scientist for his groundbreaking work on limb development and evolution. His research has led to new insights into the formation of human problems such as birth defects.
Researchers discovered that snakes have undergone massive functional redesign of core metabolic proteins, enabling their remarkable physiological adaptations. This study provides insight into vertebrate physiology and opens up new directions for research on molecular evolution and adaptation.
A study found that common human viruses, such as HRSV and HMPV, are responsible for outbreaks of respiratory disease in wild chimpanzees. The researchers suggest that minimizing human contact and implementing guidelines to reduce the risk of disease transmission can help protect great apes.
Researchers found that gene expression levels become more variable with age in both humans and rats, supporting the notion of stochastic aging. The observed increases in expression variation are surprisingly small, leaving room for further explanations regarding the relationship between aging-related changes and molecular mechanisms.
Researchers have designed a technique to steer the evolution of enzymes towards desired outcomes, creating specific products. The technique uses mathematical models and site-directed mutagenesis to rapidly evolve promiscuous enzymes into specialized ones.
Lipman Hearne biochemist will receive a $500,000 MacArthur grant for outstanding contributions to drug research. The award recognizes their exceptional originality and dedication to their creative pursuits.
The Ellison Visiting Scholars Program brings African scientists to the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) to study infectious diseases, including the African trypanosome that causes human sleeping sickness. The program aims to develop strategies for combating these diseases with the help of MBL's cutting-edge facilities and expertise.
Researchers at Duke University Medical Center uncovered evidence of genomic imprinting in marsupial opossums but not monotremes like platypuses. The study suggests that the 'battle of the sexes' theory for imprinting evolution may be supported by competition for nutrient allocation among young animals.
NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory has detected nearly a thousand faint X-ray-emitting stars in the young star-forming region of the Orion Nebula. The discovery will help unravel the astrophysical principles underlying violent magnetic activity in young stars.
Researchers reconstructed the stages of sex chromosome evolution, tracing the modern X and Y chromosomes back to ordinary autosomes. The study found that these chromosomes differentiated into distinct blocks, with genes clustered together on one chromosome but scattered across the other.
A new study reveals that fruit-fly mating conflicts lead to continual changes in genes, a game of leapfrog that could have significant evolutionary consequences. Females frequently alter their genetic profiles to adjust the males' competitive odds.