Researchers detected nonvisual traces of fire in ancient stone tools and fossil remains from Evron Quarry site, pushing the timeline of controlled fire use back to 800,000 years. The discovery suggests that early humans were experimentalists and could have played a crucial role in human evolution.
A nationwide study found that nearly 8 out of 10 physicians believe the chances of a desired outcome are greater than the probability of individual steps leading to that outcome. This phenomenon, known as conjunction fallacy, can lead to unnecessary delays and harm to patients.
Researchers from Ruhr-University Bochum have identified modified plant compounds that can effectively inhibit the replication of the hepatitis E virus. The study found that these compounds, known as rocaglates, have a stronger effect than natural ones, with some showing inhibition at concentrations as low as 0.5 nanomolar.
Scientists analyzed over 30% of populations in an ecological database and found evidence of chaotic dynamics, contradicting previous findings. The research suggests that intrinsic limits exist to ecological forecasting and caution against equilibrium-based approaches for conservation and management, particularly for short-lived species.
Research reveals associations between cardiovascular risk factors, low physical fitness, and decreased neural activity in the social brain network, leading to social cognitive function decline. A healthy lifestyle may mitigate this decline through targeted interventions.
A new sorting technology at Chalmers University of Technology reduces fish waste by up to 50%, creating five nutritious cuts from the whole fish. The innovation is being implemented in a Swedish herring processing plant, which aims to produce healthier and more sustainable food products.
Research finds that cannabis users have a significantly higher risk of emergency room visits and hospital admissions for any cause. However, the study did not find a significant link between cannabis use and respiratory health issues. The authors conclude that further research is needed to confirm their findings.
A Mayo Clinic study of 10,775 high-risk adult patients during the COVID-19 delta surge found that treatment with anti-spike neutralizing monoclonal antibodies led to low rates of severe disease, hospitalization, and mortality. The rates were lowest for patients treated with sotrovimab, with only 1.2% developing severe disease.
A study from Japan's University of Tokyo reveals that users can form a strong sense of ownership with virtual robotic arms, expanding their perceived personal space. The research aims to inform the design of real-life supernumerary robotic limb systems that people can use naturally.
A new study led by researchers at Harvard Medical School identifies a novel mechanism underlying the selective ability of immune cells to differentiate between self and non-self. The discovery sheds light on how T cells learn to recognize proteins made by thymus cells that mimic various tissues throughout the body.
A study published in Molecular Cell has identified a protein, MSRA, whose level of expression acts as a molecular switch between primary cancer growth and metastasis in PDA cells. The researchers found that high levels of MSRA expression keep the growing cells as part of the primary tumor, while low levels trigger metastasis.
Researchers have created a tunable liquid crystal grating based holographic 3D display system that achieves a wide viewing angle of 57.4°, seven times greater than conventional systems. The system can also enlarge the size of holographic images by up to 4.2 times and is simple to operate.
A new GPU-based machine learning algorithm, ReAL-LiFE, can rapidly analyze large amounts of data from diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging (dMRI) scans of the human brain. This allows for faster analysis and prediction of brain connectivity, enabling better understanding of brain-behaviour relationships at scale.
Columbia Engineers propose using a time lens to control individual photons, resolving them with picosecond resolution. This breakthrough enables the manipulation of photon spectra and spectral bandwidths, essential for building quantum information networks.
Eating more protein during weight loss helps avoid lean mass loss and promotes healthier eating habits, according to a Rutgers study. The study found that higher protein intake is associated with increased green vegetable consumption, reduced refined grain and sugar intake, and improved retention of lean muscle mass.
Residents in predominantly Black communities are more likely to live near a hospital with a certified stroke center but face lower chances of receiving optimal treatment. The study also reveals significant disparities in access to stroke centers based on income and geographic location.
Scientists have created new fluorescent chemical compounds for photodynamic therapy of cancerous tumors, which can stain affected tissues and destroy tumor cells without harm to healthy ones. The compound containing pyrene shows the highest fluorescent and anticancer activity.
A new study found that doctors working overnight shifts are less likely to prescribe pain relievers due to decreased empathy for patient pain. This bias can lead to under-prescription of analgesics, especially at night shifts, highlighting the need for more structured guidelines and education.
A new IU screening tool, Convergent Functional Information for Suicidality (CFI-S), has been validated to predict 80-90% of future suicidality. The tool identifies top risk factors such as feeling useless or unneeded, history of suicidality, and social isolation.
A new UCLA study found that fixed vial sizes for the controversial Alzheimer's drug aducanumab could result in significant wasteful spending of up to $605 million per year on Medicare. The researchers suggest reducing vial sizes to contain costs and improve the value of future Medicare spending.
Scientists from the University of Surrey have created a method for producing high-quality, low-cost solar cell building blocks using perovskite ink. This breakthrough could pave the way for widespread adoption of perovskite-based solar panels, which are more efficient and lighter than traditional silicon cells.
New research shows a decrease in antibiotic use, treatment within 48 hours, and broad-spectrum antibiotics among patients with signs of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). The study found improvements in mortality rates and development of multi-drug resistant bacteria without increasing antibiotic overuse.
A major Amazon study reveals ecological threats, including deforestation, but also opportunities for sustainability through actions like halting deforestation and protecting secondary forests. Researchers found biodiversity and carbon storage gains from allowing mature secondary forests to regrow.
Researchers discovered a rare type of thymocyte cell, known as EADN, which can transform into leukemia in some patients. The discovery could lead to personalized treatments for each person's unique cancer case.
Rensselaer researchers will use a five-year grant to develop novel inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 virus's CLpro and PLpro proteases. The team aims to create an orally bioavailable drug that can be administered at home, with the potential for improved antiviral activity when combined with other drugs like remdesivir.
Researchers successfully manipulated energy levels in tungsten diselenide to induce luminescence, a breakthrough for controlling matter through light fields. The discovery could enhance optical properties of organic semiconductors, leading to innovative LED and solar cell applications.
Researchers from Copenhagen Business School found that moderate prototype fidelity is key to raising funds through online crowdfunding. Higher levels of fidelity can lead to higher development costs and doubts about venture viability.
Researchers used a hindcasting method to analyze the causes of induced earthquakes in the Delaware Basin. The study found that at least 68% of earthquakes occurred in areas with likely oil and gas activities, highlighting the link between hydraulic fracturing and seismic activity.
According to the May COVID Update from National Trends in Disability Employment (nTIDE), unemployment declined for people with disabilities, while those without disabilities saw a slight increase. The data should be interpreted cautiously due to ongoing inflation concerns.
A novel single-cell RNA sequencing technique, TAS-Seq, has been developed to provide higher-precision data than current methods. The new method detects more genes and identifies highly variable genes, making it a sensitive high-throughput scRNA method.
A study by the University of Córdoba finds that cognitive lock-ins create barriers to adopting sustainable farming practices among farmers. The research suggests that socio-technical settings and the focus on maximizing profit rather than environmental goals contribute to this phenomenon.
The Canadian Consortium on Neurodegeneration in Aging launches Brain Health PRO, a digital educational program offering interactive modules to improve physical and mental health. The program aims to reduce dementia risk by focusing on modifiable domains such as exercise, nutrition, and sleep.
Research finds that gift cards from politicalized brands with clashing views decrease appreciation among recipients. However, adding symbols that support the recipient's identity can increase gift appreciation, particularly for conservatives.
A novel algorithm, BLIND, enables robots to navigate through environments with obstacles by incorporating human feedback. Humans provide labels to refine the robot's trajectory, avoiding obstacles efficiently.
The Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine has established a research program using organoids and artificial intelligence to study viral threats. The program aims to develop predictive algorithms for medical countermeasures and diagnostics by tracking biochemical changes in 3D organs infected with different viruses.
Researchers at City University of Hong Kong have successfully developed a novel Vacuum Ultra-Violet (VUV) meta-lens, which can generate and focus the VUV light. The focused VUV light source enables nanolithography, material processing, and advanced manufacturing applications.
Researchers at Joslin Diabetes Center and Brigham and Women's Hospital found that cold exposure can resolve obesity-induced inflammation while improving insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in diet-induced obese mice. Brown adipose tissue is activated to produce anti-inflammatory molecules, including Maresin 2.
A new therapy called Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Headache (CBTH) significantly reduced related disability in veterans following a traumatic brain injury. It also showed comparable reductions in co-occurring symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with low drop-out rates and ease of use for therapists.
Researchers identified a specific bacterial microbe, Bombella apis, that can thrive in royal jelly and increase its amino acid content. This microbe helps developing bees build resilience against nutritional stress, making them smaller but healthier.
Researchers have elucidated the molecular mechanism of selenocysteine insertion into proteins, revealing a complex interaction between ribosomes and mRNA signaling sequences. This discovery has important implications for understanding human health and disease, particularly in relation to cancer prevention and thyroid function.
Researchers at MIT have created a new liver tissue model that identifies one molecule playing a key role in human liver regeneration. The study also reveals several other candidates that will be explored further to discover new human-specific pathways.
Researchers at Stanford University have designed an optical concentrator, AGILE, that can efficiently gather and concentrate light regardless of the angle and frequency. The device can capture over 90% of incoming light and create spots three times brighter than the incoming light.
A new study highlights how global wheat trade affects food security, showing that a disruption in a few key countries can have far-reaching impacts. The research emphasizes the need for regionalized food systems to counter shortfalls and perturbations in the larger globalized food system.
Scientists at Tohoku University have identified specific brain wave patterns related to social behavior in mice. These findings provide a unified understanding of brain activity underlying social behavior and its deficits in disease.
A new study suggests that heat waves can lead to avian population decline by altering gene activity in the testis and brain, affecting reproductive behavior and physiology. The research found that sub-lethal heat may change a bird's ability to reproduce via changes in motivational circuits for song production.
Researchers found that Candida auris can reproduce through sexual activity, enabling it to generate new genetic variants. This process could lead to the creation of more drug-resistant and virulent strains.
A study published in Science Advances suggests that people tend to form friendships with individuals who have a similar body odor. Researchers used an electronic nose to compare the chemical signatures of body odor samples from click friends and random pairs, finding significant similarities between the two groups.
A clinical trial found that interrupting treatment with methotrexate, a common immune-suppressing drug, doubles the antibody response to COVID-19 booster vaccinations in vulnerable individuals. This improvement is maintained over a 3-month period and has no adverse impact on quality of life.
The research team developed a Floquet spin system that amplifies multiple weak electromagnetic waves simultaneously, increasing the operation bandwidth and enabling the amplification of more than one signal at different frequencies.
A new study found that people can achieve long-term health goals by coupling wearable health devices like Fitbits with economic incentives. The 'gain-loss' incentive approach offers both rewards for reaching goals and penalties for failing to meet them, driving increases in physical activity.
A new study suggests that long-term liquid water can occur on planets with massive primordial atmospheres, which could lead to the emergence of life. The research found that sufficient geothermal heat and radiation from a star are not necessary for conditions to prevail at the surface.
Researchers discovered that certain liquid crystals form multiple chiral smectic phases and exhibit complex crystallization processes. Slow cooling can lead to crystallization, while fast cooling promotes vitrification. Cold crystallization occurs when the sample is heated, and its kinetics are controlled by diffusion rates.
A study by Boston University researchers found that in the majority of young, healthy and vaccinated adults, the infectious period for SARS-CoV-2 is limited to five days. The findings suggest that rapid antigen testing can provide reassurance on lack of infectiousness, but masking for a full 10 days is still necessary to prevent transm...
Researchers have reconstructed what life was like for some of Earth's earliest organisms using light-capturing proteins in living microbes. The findings could help recognize signs of life on other planets with atmospheres similar to ancient Earth.
The study found that the Omicron variant led to less severe disease with lower mortality rates compared to other variants like Alpha, Beta, and Delta. The researchers observed a significant decrease in virus levels, lung inflammation, weight loss, and mortality rate in mice infected with the Omicron variant.
A new study found that children conceived through medically assisted reproduction fare better academically, but are at a slightly increased risk of developing mental health disorders. The researchers attributed this difference to socioeconomic factors and family characteristics rather than the treatment itself.
The total number of fatalities stemming from organized violence increased in 2020, with over 80,100 deaths recorded, following five years of declining numbers. New conflicts, such as the Artsakh conflict in Azerbaijan and the Ethiopian government vs. TPLF war, contributed to the increase.
Researchers at Shinshu University have developed a new method to remove nanoplastics from water using apples and pectin. The study found that the method was able to remove 95% of nanoplastics in just 24 hours.
A study found that young adolescents who were targets of cyberbullying were more likely to report suicidal thoughts and attempts, distinct from traditional offline bullying. Cyberbullying was associated with an independent risk factor for youth suicidality, highlighting the need for online screening and interventions.
The American College of Physicians (ACP) says inadequate access to nutritious food negatively impacts the health of many Americans, exacerbating social factors and leading to various health issues. The ACP recommends strengthening the nation's food insecurity response and empowering physicians to address social drivers of health.
A new study published in Ecological Applications found that urban density has a stronger correlation with house sparrow health than other environmental factors like light pollution or noise levels. The researchers also discovered high lead levels in the birds' bodies, which could be linked to bioaccumulation from food sources.
The study achieved an efficiency of nearly 25 percent, surpassing previous values, by combining perovskites with CIS. The hybrid material enables the production of light and flexible tandem solar cells suitable for various applications.
A hybrid inorganic–biological artificial photosynthesis system enables energy-efficient food production, eliminating the need for sunlight. This breakthrough technology has significant implications for sustainable agriculture and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Researchers have discovered how sea cucumbers produce defensive chemicals using genome mining techniques. The animals' unique ability to biosynthesize toxins has been found to be linked to the diversion of a sterol-producing enzyme, resulting in the production of valuable medicinal compounds.
A healthcare system model offering tobacco cessation treatment produced higher tobacco abstinence rates than referral to a state-based telephone quitline in the short term. After six months, both treatments yielded comparable quit rates.
The study reveals how the protein binds to ligands and inhibitory antibodies, providing insights into its molecular function. The findings may lead to better targeted therapeutic approaches in the future.
A new study by Bocconi University researchers found that Google searches are an effective tool to track and predict domestic violence, especially in crisis situations. The study analyzed keywords related to domestic violence and found a positive correlation with calls to the Italian helpline and emergency number.
Researchers identified an epigenetic signature, EPIMISC, associated with the development of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) after SARS-CoV-2 virus infection. The study found deregulation of epigenetic cellular programming leading to hyperinflammation in tissues.
Researchers analyzed data from over 134,000 participants and found a strong association between Western diets and colorectal tumors containing the pks+ E. coli bacteria. The study suggests that specific components of Western-style diets may increase the risk of colorectal cancer by promoting the growth of these pathogenic bacteria.
Research reveals that elephant migration routes in Namibia are experiencing declining vegetation due to human activities. The study, published in Sensor journal, used remote sensing data to assess the impact of wildlife on vegetation cover change.
Researchers at Osaka University have created a microfluidic system that can detect minute changes in the concentration of trace amounts of ethanol, glucose, or minerals in water using terahertz radiation. The device achieved sensitivity levels an order of magnitude better than existing microfluidic chips.
A study by University of Texas at Austin researchers found that 68% of earthquakes above magnitude 1.5 are associated with oil and gas production activities such as hydraulic fracturing or wastewater disposal. The study used statistical analysis and physics-based modeling to identify the causal factors of induced seismicity in the Dela...
A recent study published in Open Heart found that heart failure is discussed less frequently in public discourse than conditions like cancer and dementia, with 'heart failure' mentioned just 0.28 times per million words in UK parliamentary debates between 1945 and early 2021.
Rice University physicists Frank Geurts and Wei Li have received a $1.8 million grant from the Department of Energy to conduct research on relativistic heavy-ion physics at both Brookhaven National Laboratory and the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. Their work focuses on creating quark-gluon plasmas, a
Researchers from Osaka University found that SARS-CoV-2 infection activates the IRF1 gene and impairs insulin/IGF signaling in various tissues, including lung, liver, adipose tissue, and pancreatic cells. This disruption can lead to new-onset diabetes in some patients.
The ACS Fall 2022 meeting is a hybrid event with nearly 11,000 presentations on topics like lab safety, sustainable chemicals, and energy. Press registration is open for journalists and public info officers, offering access to embargoed press releases and a virtual media briefing schedule.
A new study published in BMJ Open Respiratory Research found that cannabis users are 22% more likely to visit the emergency department or be hospitalized compared to non-users. Serious physical injury and respiratory-reasons were the leading causes of ED visits and hospitalizations among cannabis users.
Researchers at the University of Michigan have developed a new approach to optimize electric vehicle battery design, reducing testing time by 75%. The system uses machine learning to generate multiple configurations to be tested simultaneously, cutting off tests that lack promise and accelerating the development of better batteries.
Researchers elucidated the molecular mechanisms of acetylcholine in learning and memory, revealing a signaling cascade involving protein kinase C. The study opens doors to new therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease.
A Japanese research team investigated the psychological impact of remotely operating semi-autonomous robots on humans. They found that when a person controls only a part of the robot's body, their attitude aligns with that expressed by the semi-autonomous robot, influencing subsequent decisions.
A new study from Karolinska Institutet has identified a key mechanism behind treatment resistance in a deadly form of kidney cancer. By increasing mitochondrial content in cancer cells, researchers found that these cells became susceptible to the cancer drug sorafenib. This breakthrough offers hope for more targeted cancer treatments.
A new study found that pregnant people in the South and Midwest experienced higher risk of miscarriage in late August and early September, respectively. Researchers suggest exploring links between extreme heat and pregnancy loss, highlighting the need for further research to understand potential causes.
Fossils found in the 'Cradle of Humankind' in South Africa are estimated to be between 3.4 and 3.7 million years old, making them older than previously thought. This new age range places these fossils at the beginning of the Australopithecus era, challenging previous theories that they were near the end.
Researchers found multiple gene variants contributing to pediatric NAFLD risk and disease severity, including novel SNPs associated with liver fibrosis. These genetic associations may guide future therapeutics for pediatric NAFLD, a chronic childhood disease linked to increased cardiovascular risk and mortality.
Researchers found that people are less morally outraged when gender discrimination occurs due to an algorithm rather than direct human involvement. The study's findings have broader implications for efforts to combat discrimination and may affect how companies are held liable.
Researchers at the University of Washington discovered that African wild dogs, a highly endangered species, shifted their breeding dates later in response to changing temperatures, leading to reduced pup survival rates. The study highlights how large predators can be vulnerable to climate change and its impact on life history events.
Bacteria's extreme lifestyle change during UTI infection cycles may hold clues to combating antimicrobial resistance and damage. Researchers used advanced microscopy to study the reversal of filamentation, shedding light on a previously unknown mechanism.
Researchers at the Netherlands Cancer Institute discovered that prostate cancer cells hijack the circadian rhythm to become resistant to hormone therapy. The study found that proteins regulating the circadian clock play a crucial role in tumor cell survival, offering a potential target for new treatment strategies.
Three African vulture species have significantly larger home ranges than existing protected areas, increasing exposure to human-related food sources and environmental toxins. Conservation efforts require addressing challenges outside protected areas.
A newly expanded data set of brain scans from stroke patients called ATLAS now includes 1,271 MRI images with manually segmented lesions, facilitating large-scale stroke recovery research. Researchers hope to develop algorithms to automate lesion segmentation, enabling clinicians to predict patient responses to therapies.
A comparison analysis found that Canada handled the pandemic well by most measures, thanks to strict policies and high vaccination rates. The analysis showed that if US vaccination and death rates occurred in Canada, about 5.9 million fewer Canadians would have been vaccinated and 68,800 more would have died from COVID-19.
Fossils from Sterkfontein Caves in South Africa reveal nearly four million years of hominin evolution. The new ages of Australopithecus-bearing deposits place the South African hominins as contemporaries of other early species, like Australopithecus afarensis, in east Africa.
Researchers at the University of Manchester are developing AI-powered robots that can operate autonomously in hazardous environments. The 'hot-robotics' project aims to improve robot autonomy for tasks like decommissioning legacy power stations and inspecting nuclear reactors.
Scientists discover that SARS-CoV-2 creates cellular storehouses of fat to replicate and cause disease. Compounds cutting off fatty fuel stop the virus from replicating in lab tests.
A new study published in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that consuming a Mediterranean-style diet may prevent frailty in older adults. Higher intake of carotenoids was associated with reduced likelihood of frailty development.
A new study published in PNAS found that physicians prescribe less pain medication during night shifts than during the day. Researchers attribute this discrepancy to reduced empathy among doctors on night shifts. The study analyzed data from 13,482 discharge letters and found a significant bias towards prescribing fewer painkillers at ...
A team of scientists used high-pressure X-ray measurements to study the structure of SiO2 glass. They found bimodal features in the silicon's second shell, corresponding to a tetrahedral symmetry structure at low pressures and collapse at high pressures. This discovery sheds light on the nature of silicate magmas and materials science.
Researchers found that Black communities with high population densities and moderate levels of aggregate stress experience higher COVID-19 mortality rates. The study highlights the disproportionate burden on Black communities due to decades of institutional and societal bias, leading to increased risks of chronic illness and stroke.
A research team has developed supernumerary robotic arms that users can feel as part of their own body, expanding the possibilities for human augmentation. The study, published in Scientific Reports, shows that users can embody artificial objects and perceive them as extensions of their own body.
Researchers discovered new viruses infecting Asgard archaea, which may hold clues to the origin of complex life. The viruses share features with both prokaryotic and eukaryotic viruses, offering a new perspective on viral eukaryogenesis.
Male scorpionflies from two locations in Japan use varying mating tactics, with those from Okayama employing 'sneaking' to successfully mate. The study suggests that environmental factors and genetic components influence alternative mating habits.
Administering oxytocin to central social network members spreads cooperation via increased punishment of uncooperative behavior, Li et al. found in a new study published in JNeurosci. Cooperation can conflict with individual goals, but oxytocin may have evolved humans' need for group living.
Computer scientist Morgan Vigil-Hayes receives $561,599 grant to develop crowdsourced measurements of broadband coverage among rural and low-income populations. Her goal is to bridge the gap between accurate data and community needs.
Research reveals cancer cells use fat synthesis pathways that are sensitive to oxygen availability, leading to a crucial dependency on environmental fats. This vulnerability can be targeted by drugs, and altering diet composition may also influence cancer growth.
A joint team of scientists developed a terahertz spatial light modulator based on metasurface absorber and dual-frequency liquid crystal, enabling dual-color THz CS imaging. The auto-calibrated CS algorithm improves image fidelity, while frequency-switching enables Hadamard masks with negative element values.
Researchers have developed a new therapeutic agent from Brazilian lapacho tree bark that targets acute myeloid leukemia cells while minimizing toxic effects on healthy cells. The compound is attached to an antibody that binds specifically to cancer cells, delivering the drug directly to its target.
A new study reveals that the genetic variant APOE ε4 plays a major role in determining CTE severity, increasing the risk by 2.34 times. Researchers found that APOE ε4 carriers were more likely to develop severe CTE, particularly among older individuals with repetitive head impacts.
Researchers from ETH Zürich and Paul Scherrer Institute gained unprecedented insight into the complex mechanism of converting CO2 to carbon neutral fuels. Using sophisticated analytical techniques, they identified two distinct reaction pathways, one driven by methyl radicals and another by oxygenated species, which shed light on how me...
New research suggests that people who become wealthy from humble origins are less likely to support social welfare and have reduced sympathy for the poor compared to those who were born into wealth. The study of 736 participants found a positive view of upwardly mobile individuals, but also discovered that they perceived improving thei...
Researchers developed a method for detecting cancer miRNA patterns using DNA computing technology, enabling simple and early cancer diagnosis from liquid biopsies. The technology uses nanopore decoding to recognize cancer-specific expression patterns even at extremely low concentrations of miRNA.
A new UBC study finds that southern resident killer whales have been in an energy deficit for six of the last 40 years, with three recent years (2018-2020) being particularly dire. The researchers attribute this decline to lower Chinook salmon abundance and size, which are the primary food source for these whales.
Researchers found that two types of computer models, deep neural networks and the Basel Face Model, are surprisingly accurate at replicating human facial similarity judgments. These models were tested on a dataset of realistic computer-generated faces and ranked by students in terms of similarity.
A new study shows that community science activities can produce high-quality taxonomic data sets, empowering community scientists and supporting biodiversity discovery. Thousands of microscopic liverwort leaves were measured by community scientists over two years, with surprising accuracy.
A multidisciplinary approach reveals a continuum of locomotion dynamics in lizards, with short-limbed species exhibiting snakelike waves and long-bodied species bending like lizards. The findings deepen understanding of evolution's implications for locomotion and have applications for advanced robotics designs.