Articles tagged with Reflectance
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
Researchers have identified diatoms as the dominant microorganisms in a previously mysterious area of the Southern Ocean. The study's findings suggest that diatoms are responsible for the high levels of reflectance observed in satellite images, providing new insights into carbon cycling and ocean biology.
Researchers at the University of Arizona have developed a new 3D imaging technique, deflectometry, paired with advanced computation to improve eye-tracking accuracy. The method can capture gaze direction information from more than 40,000 surface points, theoretically millions, increasing accuracy by a factor of over 3,000 compared to c...
Researchers develop a new approach combining Phase Measuring Deflectometry and Shape from Polarization to accurately image specular surfaces without prior knowledge or assumptions. The single-shot method enables motion-robust measurements, pushing the limits for next-generation 3D sensors.
Researchers have created a device that combines the properties of insect exoskeletons, which strongly reflect left circularly polarized light, with conductive polymers. The resulting material exhibits excellent optical properties and responsiveness to external fields.
A first-of-its-kind study from the University of Minnesota Twin Cities utilizes remote sensing technology to monitor plastic debris in freshwater environments like the Mississippi River. The research helps increase understanding of plastic debris behavior in these systems, shedding light on a growing environmental issue.
Researchers from Shinshu University developed a novel method to produce optical materials by using plasma etching on pencil lead, enabling structural colors and invisible characters. The technique could pave the way for sustainable optical materials with tailored reflectance spectra.
Researchers developed a novel machine learning-based approach to analyze diffuse reflectance spectroscopy data, achieving higher accuracies and speeds than existing methods. The 'wavelength-independent regressor' model overcomes use-error limitations by incorporating diverse datasets, making it suitable for clinical settings.
A research team developed a radiative transfer model for plant leaves in the thermal infrared spectrum and found that as the cuticle layer decreases, leaf reflectance increases with decreasing water content. This study provides essential theoretical foundations for understanding TIR spectral behavior of leaves.
Ben-Gurion University researchers have discovered a new principle in optics using the Pacific Cleaner Shrimp, leading to the creation of an ultra-thin and highly efficient whitening material. The study found that the shrimp's unique arrangement of molecules creates birefringent nanospheres with brilliant whiteness.
Researchers discovered that woodcock tail feathers reflect up to 55% of light, 30% more than any other bird feather, due to their unique structure and arrangement. This enhanced reflectance allows them to attract attention in dimly lit environments.
Researchers created adaptive optical phantoms by combining multiple pigments to mimic target tissue's optical properties, successfully validating them in extensive experiments. The new platform enables broader band spectra for emerging hybrid modalities and novel instruments.
Researchers from Osaka University have successfully detected carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen in samples from near-Earth asteroid Ryugu using muon non-destructive analysis. The findings suggest that CI chondrites may be contaminated with terrestrial materials, challenging previous understanding of the solar system's chemical compositions.
A Brazilian research team has developed a novel method to sort specialty and standard coffee beans using multispectral imaging and machine learning. The technique, which does not require roasting or human intervention, uses images of the beans at different wavelengths to distinguish between quality levels.
Researchers have developed miniaturized reflectors that enlarge the uses of remote infrared spectroscopy, allowing for field-ready devices with minimal size, weight, and power requirements. The devices utilize Ge-BaF2 thin films for surface micromachined mid-wave and long-wave infrared reflectors.
Researchers have developed a method to detect tiny plastic scraps on remote beaches using satellite technology. This innovation enables the tracking of plastics within satellite images, allowing for more frequent and reliable observations.
The new technology can reliably distinguish between cancerous and healthy liver tissue, aiding diagnosis and potentially reducing errors in biopsies. The researchers plan to continue measuring fluorescence lifetime parameters in patients with different types of tumors to generate real-time diagnostic classifiers.
Researchers used simulations to determine optimal placement of a UVGI device to sterilize a space safely. They found that ceiling height and material reflectance had a major impact on efficiency and safety, recommending higher heights and low-reflectance materials.
Researchers are developing a new method to locate human remains by analyzing changes in plant chemistry, which could lead to faster and safer searches. The team will assess how cadaver decomposition affects nearby plants' nutrient concentrations and leaf color.
The Aqua satellite image shows a 10.32-mile-long and 8.16-mile-wide burn scar, indicating the fire is approximately 32,905 acres in size. NASA's EOSDIS Worldview application provides real-time imagery of the blaze.
Chemical imaging modalities have helped reveal the Eyckian Lamb of God's hidden facial features, including v-shaped nostrils and forward-gazing eyes. A smaller, more naturalistically shaped body with a sagging back and rounded hindquarters has also been discovered, suggesting revisions to the original design.
Researchers paired hyperspectral sensors with machine learning and molecular assays to differentiate between late blight clonal lineages. They found that accuracy increased at early stages of infection before symptoms appeared, suggesting a link to pre-symptomatic effector expression differences.
A new study published in Nature's journal Climate and Atmospheric Science reveals that adding sea-salt can dampen the effect of clouds becoming brighter, which could impact climate change predictions. The research found that pollution-induced changes to cloud reflectance are a major uncertainty in predicting future climate change.
A new algorithm allows researchers to determine dominant phytoplankton types and identify toxic algal blooms using satellite data. This breakthrough can assess water quality and impact the fishing industry, as well as inform conclusions on global warming's effects on marine plankton.
Google's Relightables system allows users to record someone then view them from any viewpoint and lighting condition, removing the need for a green screen. The system captures reflectance information on a person and records while they are moving freely within the volume, enabling relighting in arbitrary environments.
Scientists at Lobachevsky University have developed a new method for measuring the photochemical reflectance index using yellow-green light pulses, reducing sensitivity to lighting conditions and improving accuracy. The method has been tested on agricultural plants and found to be more reliable than traditional indicators of photosynth...
A global team of computer scientists developed a method to replicate physical objects for virtual and augmented reality using a single camera with a built-in flash. The technique captures high-quality 3D geometry as well as material appearance, reproducing realistic objects in any virtual environment.
Researchers developed a new spectro-gonio radiometer called SHADOWS to analyze light reflected from very small or extremely dark materials. The instrument can probe samples measuring less than one millimeter cubed and provide information on physical and chemical properties.
The study found that the effectiveness of PRI use depends on the distribution of photosynthetic parameters among plants. Low levels of stress and varying stress levels in the study group showed higher effectiveness. Optimal conditions for measuring PRI, such as artificial lighting, reduced the significance of parameter distribution.
Researchers at the University of Illinois have developed an algorithm that combines high-resolution and high-frequency satellite data to produce continuous, daily images. This allows for near-real-time monitoring of various applications, including agriculture, urban development, environmental quality, and economic development.
Using non-invasive portable imaging techniques, researchers uncovered hidden images connected to other works by Picasso and a landscape likely by another Barcelona painter underneath 'La Miséreuse accroupie'. The study revealed major compositional changes made by Picasso as he worked toward his final vision.
A new study led by Brown University researchers found evidence for large surface ice deposits on Mercury's north pole and smaller-scale deposits scattered around the pole. The research adds significantly to Mercury's ice inventory, potentially doubling it.
A NASA team led by Manuel Quijada is investigating techniques for creating highly reflective aluminum mirrors sensitive to the infrared, optical, and far-ultraviolet wavelength bands. They aim to develop a coating that improves reflectance in the far ultraviolet while allowing observations in other wavelength bands.
Researchers found that mantis shrimp assess opponent strength and aggression using a combination of UV reflectance and chemical signals, allowing them to avoid losing fights. This complex signaling system helps mantis shrimp determine the likelihood of victory in combat.
A novel technique adapts image contrast to eliminate lighting effects, improving face recognition accuracy. The method uses an extended reflectance model with Fuzzy Inference System and Genetic Algorithm for real-time implementation.
Researchers found that lizard tails evolved differently based on the type of predator, with blue and UV light reflectance varying in communities with weasel or snake predators. A cryptic brown tail also emerged in island populations where birds are the primary predators.
A new method to simulate soiling and weathering processes has been approved by ASTM International, reducing product rating time from three years to just three days. This allows for the introduction of high-performance cool roofs worldwide.
Researchers at NIST gather data on human skin's spectral signatures to develop calibration standards for hyperspectral imaging. The technology can detect oxygen levels and other factors in tissues, enabling non-invasive wound healing assessments.
A team of researchers developed a new approach to identify and quantify chromophores in ancient paper, which contributes to the understanding of visual degradation processes. The study applied this technique to Leonardo da Vinci's self-portrait, revealing its degradation state and providing insights into environmental conditions.
A new study claims that forest canopy structure is a more important factor in infrared reflection than leaf nitrogen levels. The researchers found that the complex arrangement of leaves within a forest can mask the effect of individual leaf nitrogen levels on infrared radiation.
Researchers have found that the brain uses a more complex process to perceive lightness than previously thought. They conducted an experiment where participants viewed images with high ranges of light intensities and reported what shades of gray a target square looked like.
Researchers used a novel experiment to investigate the brain's perception of surface lightness, finding that the ratio hypothesis does not explain the observed performance. Instead, participants could distinguish between shades with ratios up to 50 times higher than expected, suggesting other mechanisms are at work.
Researchers used satellite imagery and an artificial neural network to classify and monitor irrigated crops, achieving high accuracy rates. The study aims to promote sustainable agricultural practices and reduce water waste in Mediterranean countries.
A new study assessed a handheld optical sensor, GreenSeeker, for evaluating overall turfgrass quality in three turf species. The researchers found that the sensor reduced data collection and entry time by 58% compared to human visual evaluation.
Researchers confirm that Mars' surface minerals influence its soil temperature measurements using infrared spectroscopy, with significant increases and falls in reflectance values. This study has implications for NASA's Mars Science Laboratory mission, allowing for more accurate interpretation of data from the soil temperature sensor.
Researchers at the University of Granada have developed new techniques combining technologies from different scientific fields to immediately classify Iberian pig meat. The methods use morphometry and spectral reflectance to accurately quantify intramuscular connective tissue and muscle fibers, with a success rate over 97%.
Researchers have developed the most effective commercially available black coating, NPL Super Black, with a low reflectance of 0.35% in the visible region. This breakthrough has significant implications for fields like radiometry, spectroscopy, and optical metrology, where stray light reduction is crucial.
A new hearing test called wide-band reflectance could improve diagnosis of middle ear infections and other hearing disorders. The test uses softer sounds to trigger a middle ear reaction, allowing doctors to make a diagnosis without exposing patients to intense noise.
The study found that lime-yellow fire trucks have a lower accident rate than red ones. The most visible color, lime-yellow, was chosen for its strong sensitivity curve in daylight and nighttime vision, enabling rapid reaction. Improved visibility through safer fire truck colors can be achieved without added cost.