Articles tagged with Control Groups
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
A study found that even low levels of physical activity, such as 75 minutes a week, can significantly improve fitness levels and reduce cardiovascular disease risks in postmenopausal women. The research suggests that sedentary adults who struggle to find time for exercise may benefit from even small amounts of physical activity.
Tuberculosis screening in UK areas with high migrant populations can significantly increase active and latent form diagnoses, as well as BCG vaccination rates. Detection rates for both forms of the disease were found to be higher in practices with screening programmes compared to control groups.
Researchers from NEC, JST and RIKEN have successfully demonstrated the world's first controllably coupled qubits using a new circuit technology. This achievement is vital for the realization of practical quantum computers, which are expected to surpass even today's most modern supercomputers in capabilities.
A web-based asthma program for low-income black high school students significantly improved symptoms, missed school days, and hospitalizations. The 'Puff City' program focused on controller medication adherence, rescue inhaler availability, and smoking cessation.
A new antiretroviral drug darunavir has been shown to be highly effective in treating HIV when used in conjunction with a boosting dose of the existing drug ritonavir. The study found that 61% of patients taking the new drug achieved a ten-fold drop in HIV RNA levels, compared to just 15% of those on the control group.
A new study published in the journal Sleep found that sleep disturbance increases spontaneous pain in women. The study, conducted by Michael T. Smith and colleagues, used polysomnography to assess 32 healthy females and found that fragmented sleep profiles led to impaired natural pain control mechanisms.
A study published in the Journal of Consumer Research found that individuals who exercise self-control by dieting or resisting thoughts are more prone to making impulse purchases. This is because their self-regulatory resources can be depleted, leading to increased spending on tempting items.
A study published in BJU International found that a topical anaesthetic spray delayed ejaculation by five times as long, with participants experiencing an average delay of four minutes. The TEMPE spray, containing lidocaine and prilocaine, showed promising results in delaying premature ejaculation.
A randomized, phase III trial found that reducing dietary fat intake to 15% of total calories may prolong relapse-free survival in women with early-stage breast cancer. The study reported a 24% lower risk of relapse in the intervention group compared to the control group.
A new study by the American College of Chest Physicians found that nicotine replacement therapy may increase the risk of death for smokers admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Researchers compared patient outcomes between a group that received NRT and those who did not, finding a higher mortality rate among NRT recipients.
Children with very low birth weights tend to score lower on quality of life scales, particularly in cognitive functions and social function. Long stays in neonatal intensive care units are also associated with reduced social function.
Researchers found that patients with chronic widespread pain have significantly lower levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 compared to healthy controls. These findings may contribute to the development of new diagnostic tools and treatment approaches for chronic widespread pain.
A new study found a significant link between periodontal bacteria and the risk of heart disease, specifically acute coronary syndrome. The research suggests that specific bacteria, including T. denticola, T. forsythia, and streptococci spp, may contribute to inflammation and increased white blood cell counts.
A study found that exercise alone can reverse negative effects of inactivity on cardiovascular health, with moderate intensity exercise showing significant benefits. The research suggests that even a small amount of physical activity can reduce risks for developing conditions like heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.
Researchers found that listening to music for an hour daily for seven days improved physical and psychological symptoms in people with chronic pain. The study showed a significant reduction in pain, depression, and disability, as well as increased feelings of power over one's condition.
Researchers found that most mothers realize the importance of protecting their child's health but often prioritize maintaining marital harmony. The study showed that even with public smoking bans, families still face challenges in quitting smoking at home.
Researchers found that prolonged calorie restriction caused a reversal in biomarkers of longevity, metabolic adaptations, and reduced DNA damage. The study also showed significant reductions in fasting insulin levels and core body temperature in intervention groups.
A study published in Annals of Internal Medicine found that participants who made multiple lifestyle changes, such as improving their diet and increasing physical activity, had a greater reduction in high blood pressure than those who did not make any changes. The intervention group that followed the DASH eating plan saw the most signi...
A study by Lee S. Berk found that watching a favorite funny movie increases beta-endorphins by 27% and human growth hormone by 87%. This 'anticipatory mirthful laughter experience' has long-lasting effects on stress reduction and immune response.
A 12-month supervised exercise program reduced severe menopausal symptoms by a quarter and improved quality of life in postmenopausal women. The study also found significant improvements in physical and psychological functioning, as well as positive state of mind, among the exercise group compared to those who did not participate.
Researchers found significant and long-lasting heart benefits for bariatric surgery, including improved body weight, lipid levels, blood pressure, and fasting glucose. The study estimated that the surgery could prevent 16 cardiovascular events and 4 overall deaths per 100 patients compared to the control group.
Research found that people from stigmatized groups experience increased anxiety and stress, depleting their self-control when faced with threats or prejudice. This interference affects academic performance, including note-taking, study habits, and test scores.
A study found that gun-safety counseling improved safe storage practices among gun-owning families, with 50.9% of intervention group families showing improvement compared to 12.3% of control group families. Gun locks also significantly reduced the risk of injury.
A new study finds that a drug combination against AIDS-related infections also prevents malaria in children. The combination, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TS), was found to be highly effective in preventing malaria, reducing the incidence by 99.5%, and also reduced gastrointestinal illnesses.
A study published in the New England Journal of Medicine found that cooling newborns to prevent death and injury from oxygen deprivation during birth may reduce infant disability and death. After 18-22 months, 44% of cooled infants developed moderate to severe disabilities or died, compared to 62% of those receiving standard care.
Rutgers-Newark psychology researchers found that individuals with selective and complete haptic deafferentiation, a rare neurological disorder, struggle to simulate others' actions due to lack of body perception. They successfully estimated weight but failed to recognize deception.
Researchers in France tested two intervention methods to reduce antibiotic use in kindergarteners, resulting in a 15% decline in antibiotic use. The study found that reduced antibiotic pressure allowed drug-susceptible bacteria to re-establish themselves as dominant colonizers of the respiratory tract.
The study found that both groups experienced reduced distress and improved cognitive function after writing, with the experimental group using more emotionally expressive language. Language analysis revealed differences in language use between the two groups, but some strategies showed consistent benefits for both conditions.
A 12-week e-mail campaign increased physical activity levels and confidence in participating in physical activity. The study also found a significant reduction in body mass index (BMI) among those receiving the emails, while the control group experienced a slight increase.
Researchers found that media violence exposure may be associated with alterations in brain function, particularly in the frontal cortex, which is linked to attention and self-control. High exposure to violent media was linked to reduced activity in this area, while low exposure showed increased activity.
A study of 163 Canadian families found that regular home visits by nurses did not reduce the risk of child abuse recurrence. The high rates of recurrence suggest a need for substantial efforts in prevention before a pattern is established.
A three-year course in the stock market and investing resulted in improved attendance and academic performance among at-risk middle school students. The program, which allowed students to buy shares of stock by improving their grades and attendance, showed statistically significant gains in vocabulary, reading comprehension, and applie...
Researchers developed a treatment using a neuroprosthesis that stimulates muscles with electrical pulses, enabling stroke patients to reconnect damaged neuronal connections and restore hand function. After 16 weeks of training, 85% of the treatment group showed progress in reaching and grasping functions.
A new study confirms that patients who stop taking aspirin after a stroke are at increased risk of another ischemic stroke. Researchers found that 77% of strokes related to aspirin discontinuation occurred within the first eight days of stopping the medication.
A study found that nine different biases can cause errors in judgment when dealing with a large amount of information. Training subjects to spot these biases improved their ability to detect false-alarm opportunities and recognize specific biases, especially under time pressure.
A study by Rachel Herz at Brown University found that responses to new odors depend on emotions experienced while the odor was present. Participants who played a game and watched a film clip rated the new scent as enjoyable and familiar, whereas those who played a frustrating game rated it as unpleasant.
A long-term study of children who received a social development program in elementary school found that they were more likely to graduate from high school, complete college, and have fewer mental health problems. The results suggest that early intervention can set a positive developmental trajectory into adulthood.
Research using fMRI scans reveals that individuals with high-functioning autism exhibit different brain activation patterns when recalling alphabet letters, with more activity in right hemisphere and less in left.
A randomized trial found that physicians who received periodic letters recommending evidence-based drug therapy were more likely to prescribe those drugs. The study, which involved 499 physicians in British Columbia, showed a 30% increase in prescribing of recommended drugs over the preceding 3 months.
A randomized trial found that a Mediterranean-style diet reduced the prevalence of metabolic syndrome by approximately one half after two years. The diet was rich in whole grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes, walnuts, and olive oil.
A study found that 9/11 search-and-rescue dogs exhibited minimal adverse medical and behavioral effects, with no significant increases in cancer or respiratory diseases. The dogs' handlers also showed similar psychological wellbeing compared to a control group.
A significant association has been found between hypothyroidism and an increased risk of developing glaucoma in men. Researchers analyzed data from nearly 6,000 male patients with newly diagnosed glaucoma, revealing that nearly 7% had a prior diagnosis of hypothyroidism compared to 4% of non-glaucoma patients.
A study found that sun protection habits decreased in children between their first and second summers, with a 32% increase in skin damage. The decrease was attributed to lack of full protection, rather than increased sun exposure, highlighting the need for sustained sun protection efforts.
Research suggests that mentally demanding jobs may protect against Alzheimer's disease by increasing brain cell activity and maintaining cognitive reserve. However, the exact link between job demands and Alzheimer's is not fully understood, and other factors such as socioeconomic status and environmental exposures may also play a role.
Anal cancer rates have increased by 160% in men and 78% in women over the past 30 years, with African-American men showing a particularly sharp increase. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is necessary for most cases of anal cancer, but smoking also plays a significant role.
A high-protein diet may disrupt genetic imprinting in mouse embryos, affecting foetal development and implantation rates. Research suggests that women trying to conceive should limit their protein intake below 20% of total energy consumption.
A study published in the American Journal of Psychiatry found that enhanced counseling, including individual and family therapy, reduced symptoms of depression among caregivers of loved ones with Alzheimer's disease. After one year, 29.8% of caregivers in the enhanced group showed significant improvement.
The study found that Experience Corps volunteers experienced increased physical, cognitive, and social activity, which could lead to improved health outcomes. Volunteers also reported feeling stronger and had a reduced need for canes. In contrast, the control group showed a decline in social activity and an increase in TV viewing.
Dr Yeo's study found that prophylactic lamivudine significantly reduces the incidence of HBV reactivation and hepatitis in breast cancer patients. The drug was effective in reducing the risk of liver damage caused by HBV reactivation during and after chemotherapy.
A recent study has found that diabetes case management significantly improves glycemic control among low-income minority populations. The study, which was funded by the California Medi-Cal Managed Care Division and Center for Disease Control and Prevention, involved 362 Medicaid recipients with type 2 diabetes.
A study found that alcohol exposure during prenatal and postnatal stages may program offspring for insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Offspring exposed to ethanol showed increased glycemia, decreased insulin sensitivity, and higher triglyceride levels.
Researchers have discovered a potential treatment for Ebola, showing a 33% survival rate among treated macaques. The study found that inhibiting blood coagulation pathways prolonged survival time and improved health outcomes.
Researchers tested mononuclear bone marrow cell transplant injections in patients with severe ischemic heart failure and found improved blood flow, reduced chest pain, and increased exercise capacity. Treated patients showed significant reductions in reversible defects and improvements in oxygen consumption and metabolic equivalents.
Researchers at Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center found that a diet rich in whole tomatoes, but not supplements, was associated with longer survival rates and reduced risk of prostate cancer. The study also showed that energy restriction did not offer additional benefits over a balanced diet.
Recent soccer heading practices have been found to lead to weaker neurocognitive performance, including decline in cognitive function, verbal learning difficulties, and reduced attention span. Research suggests that even short-term heading may pose a risk factor for long-term brain damage.
Pilots who used nicotine gum or donepezil performed better in flight simulator tasks than control groups, while those who consumed alcohol showed impaired skills. The study suggests that nicotine and donepezil may help pilots cope with long flights without cigarettes.
A two-year study compares Chinese immigrant stroke patients to controls, finding reduced stroke risk through improved dietary habits, increased exercise, and better job status. Stressful factors like language barriers also contribute to lower job satisfaction among immigrants.
A recent Italian study found that men exposed to high levels of traffic pollution have impaired sperm quality and reduced fertility. The research team examined semen samples from 85 motorway tollgate workers and 85 aged-matched controls, revealing deranged sperm parameters below World Health Organisation levels.
The study found increased condom use in intervention groups but no impact on HIV incidence, highlighting the need for more effective STI and behavioral interventions to control HIV in Uganda. The researchers emphasize the importance of rigorous evaluation and development of promising interventions.
Researchers found Kindler syndrome patients develop periodontitis at a younger age and experience rapid progression of the disease. The study also revealed significant differences in periodontal destruction between Kindler and control groups.