New findings may help guide treatment of patients with asthma
A study of 936 asthma patients found that obesity and older age were linked to higher risks of airway closure. Therapies targeting airway closure may be crucial for these patients.
Science News Archive 2019 - Page 403
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UTSW researchers determine structures of elusive innate immunity protein
Researchers at UT Southwestern Medical Center used cryo-electron microscopy to determine the near-atomic structure of the smallest membrane protein solved to date. The study reveals new insights into the primitive function of the cGAS-STING pathway, which could lead to better immunotherapies for cancer and autoimmune diseases.
BU medical students win award for video on preventing falls from operating room tables
Two BU medical students created a first-of-its-kind video on preventing falls from operating room tables, exploring the risks and strategies to mitigate these accidents. The award-winning video aims to educate healthcare providers on patient safety in operating rooms.
Scientists identify genetic factors that may cause some people to become obese
Researchers at Rockefeller University have identified a genetic mechanism that may contribute to 10% of all obesity cases. Alterations in the cellular machinery regulating leptin production can lead to obesity treatable with leptin therapy, and human genetics studies suggest a similar mechanism may contribute to obesity in some patients.
Gut microbiota helps to maintain core body temperature under cold exposure
Research reveals that gut microbiota is essential for thermoregulation, particularly in animals exposed to cold. The study found that gut microbiota helps stimulate the activation of Brown Adipose Tissue and promotes white adipose tissue browning, leading to improved thermogenic capacity.
Anti-inflammatory drug is the key to boosting cardiac reprogramming
Researchers at the University of Tsukuba identify diclofenac as a factor promoting cardiac reprogramming in postnatal and adult fibroblasts, while inhibiting COX-2 and suppressing inflammatory signaling. This finding has important implications for developing new therapies for cardiac regeneration in pediatric and adult patients.
Cancer most frequently spreads to the liver; here's why
Researchers at University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine found that hepatocytes orchestrate cancer spread to liver by activating protein STAT3, which increases production of SAA proteins. This 'soil' allows cancer cells to 'seed' and establish in the liver.
Does cognitive function affect oral health during aging?
Poorer cognitive function in older adults is associated with poorer oral health and a higher risk of tooth loss. A study of 4,416 UK adults found that those with lower cognitive function scores had a 39% higher odds of tooth loss compared to those with higher scores.
States with permissive gun laws have higher mass shooting rates
A new study found that states with more permissive gun laws and greater gun ownership have higher rates of mass shootings. On average, more permissive states and states with higher gun ownership rates appeared to have more mass shootings.
Improved regulation needed as pesticides found to affect genes in bees
Research led by Queen Mary University of London finds that pesticides affect genes in bumblebees, leading to changes in gene activity levels. The study highlights the need for improved regulation on neonicotinoid pesticides to protect pollinator health and ecosystem stability.
Light from an exotic crystal semiconductor could lead to better solar cells
Researchers at Rutgers University have developed a new way to control the light emitted by hybrid crystal semiconductors, which could lead to more efficient solar cells and other electronic devices. By adjusting voltage applied to an electrode, they can increase the intensity of light emitted up to 100 times.
Effects of spaceflight on heart cell formation from stem cells
Researchers used time-lapse imaging to show that mouse induced pluripotent stem cells differentiated into cardiomyocytes significantly faster at microgravity. The study, published in Stem Cells and Development, suggests a promising area of research for regenerative medicine and manned space travel.
SourceMary Ann Liebert, Inc./Genetic Engineering News·JournalStem Cells and Development·DateMar 6, 2019
Autism: Brain activity as a biomarker
Scientists discovered consistent brain activity patterns in people with autism that could be used to track treatment progress. The findings suggest that altering these patterns may help improve symptoms, but further studies are needed for confirmation.
Wake Forest Baptist receives NIH grant to study deep brain stimulation for Alzheimer's
Researchers at Wake Forest Baptist Health will investigate deep brain stimulation as a potential therapeutic approach for Alzheimer's disease, building on previous studies that showed significant improvements in cognitive function in young nonhuman primates. The five-year study aims to determine if DBS can improve memory and counteract...
Do weight-loss surgery outcomes differ between black and white patients?
Researchers analyzed data from a statewide clinical registry to examine the association of race on weight-loss surgery outcomes. The study found significant racial disparities in results, highlighting the need for tailored approaches to address health inequities.
MBL scientists identify gene partnerships that promote spinal cord regeneration
Researchers at the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) have identified key genes that promote spinal cord regeneration in axolotls. By activating these genes, scientists were able to force human cells to undergo regeneration, highlighting similarities between species.
Eating the flu
A new study reveals that a diet rich in birds is the key factor driving influenza A virus exposure in wild African mammals. Herbivores showed low prevalence and diversity, while carnivores had the highest diversity and prevalence.
Vast record of past climate fluctuations now available thanks to laser imaging of shells
A new method using rapid laser imaging has expanded the number of analyzed shell records, allowing for greater accuracy and longer time periods in reconstructed records. This technique enables researchers to study human and ecological responses to past climate changes, gaining insights into future climate change impacts.
Dinosaurs were thriving before asteroid strike that wiped them out
Scientists model dinosaur species distribution in North America to show they were adaptable and not declining before the meteorite, contrary to previous theories. The study finds a range of habitats could support dinosaur groups at the end of the Cretaceous, but these areas are less likely to preserve fossils.
Fish diversity linked to Caribbean coral reef health
A new study by Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences reveals that a diverse portfolio of herbivore fish species is equally important to keeping reefs well grazed and hospitable to baby corals. This finding has significant implications for the management of tropical fisheries.
Blue-enriched white light to wake you up in the morning
A KAIST research team found that blue-enriched white light exposure improves melatonin levels and subjective perception of alertness, mood, and visual comfort compared to warm white light. This study proposes a new approach to indoor lighting strategies, benefiting residential areas, learning environments, and working spaces.
SourceThe Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)·JournalScientific Reports·DateMar 6, 2019
Hypertension-related changes may occur earlier in young women with family history
Researchers found that young women with a family history of hypertension have decreased baroreflex sensitivity, which can be a marker for hypertension and heart disease. This study suggests that these women may be at increased risk for developing high blood pressure later in life.
Graphene quantum dots for single electron transistors
Researchers developed graphene quantum dots embedded in hexagonal boron nitride, enabling successful synthesis of high-quality single-electron transistors. The study demonstrated the manifestation of Coulomb blockade phenomena in each graphene quantum dot as a separate single electron transmission channel.
SourceNational Research University Higher School of Economics·JournalNature Communications·DateMar 6, 2019
Statins linked to higher diabetes risk
Individuals taking statins may experience higher insulin levels and insulin resistance, leading to a greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes. The analysis found a 38% increased risk among those who used statins for 15 years or more.
Rain is important for how carbon dioxide affects grasslands
A new study found that grasslands increase in vegetation biomass when exposed to elevated carbon dioxide levels, especially during rainy periods. This suggests that seasonal precipitation plays a crucial role in determining the impact of CO2 on plant growth.
Most microbes in hummingbird feeders do not pose health hazard
Researchers from UC Davis found that the majority of microbes growing in sugar water from hummingbird feeders are unlikely to cause disease in hummingbirds. Regular cleaning of feeders is encouraged to minimize potential risks.
High testosterone levels could play a role in serious heart conditions
A study published in The BMJ found a genetic link between high testosterone levels and increased risk of blood clots, heart failure, and heart attacks in men. Researchers suggest that treatments lowering testosterone levels could help protect against these conditions, particularly in men.
Bedtime protein for bigger gains? Here's the scoop
A study published in Frontiers in Nutrition found that consuming a casein shake just before overnight sleep increases muscle protein synthesis, leading to bigger squat and quad gains. This effect is thought to be due to increased total protein intake, not just the bedtime beverage.
Good news! Europe's electric grid will still work even as the world crumbles
Scientists found that Europe's renewable-based electricity system will perform similarly in future climates due to its ability to withstand extreme weather events. The grid may require tweaks for efficient operation, but its overall functionality is expected to remain intact.
New satellite keeps close watch on Antarctic ice loss
A new satellite mission has captured precise data on the elevation of the Antarctic ice sheet, demonstrating its potential as a valuable tool for long-term monitoring efforts. The Sentinel-3 satellite's performance over ice sheets shows promise in detecting areas where the ice surface is rapidly lowering.
Youngest palm fossil brings new insight to topography of Tibet
Scientists have discovered a 25-million-year-old palm fossil in central Tibet, pushing back the formation of the Tibetan Plateau by millions of years. The discovery suggests that the region was once much flatter than previously thought, with lakes and subtropical vegetation, before becoming a plateau around 2-3 million years ago.
How one small village in Germany reinvented itself to ensure its survival
A study by University of Göttingen researchers found that the village of Heckenbeck in southern Lower Saxony has successfully implemented sustainable infrastructure and initiatives to improve quality of life and create conditions for sustainable consumption, mobility, and education. Regular meetings between pioneers and residents have ...
Higher rates of mass shootings in US states with more relaxed gun control laws
Research reveals that US states with more relaxed gun control laws and higher gun ownership rates experience higher rates of mass shootings. The gap between permissive and restrictive states has widened in recent years, with rates falling in restrictive states and rising in permissive ones.
In fiction young people choose traditional love and gender stereotypes
A study of young people's preferences for love and relationships in fiction TV series reveals a gap between cognitive and emotional spheres. Young people value aspects like intimacy, passion, and enjoyment, but often conform to traditional gender stereotypes.
Impact of urbanization on wild bees underestimated
Wild bees experiencing widespread declines due to urbanization may be more male-dominated as females decline in numbers, impacting pollination and reproduction rates. This study suggests considering sex-specific differences in bee behavior when analyzing environmental change effects on populations.
The evolution of grain yield
A study by Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research has identified the GNI-A1 gene as a key player in regulating floret fertility in wheat. The gene's reduced-function allele was found to increase fertile florets, leading to higher grain counts and yields.
SourceLeibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateMar 6, 2019
App uses smartphone camera, flashlight to detect diabetes
Researchers have developed an app that uses a smartphone camera and photoplethysmography signal to detect diabetes, showing promise for early detection and encouraging further testing by healthcare providers. The app was tested on over 54,000 individuals and correctly identified people with diabetes in over 72% of cases.
Growing evidence: water as a potential treatment for inherited cause of kidney failure
New research suggests that moderate water intake can reduce kidney cyst growth and fibrosis in people with polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Increased water consumption was also found to have secondary benefits, including reducing high blood pressure and cardiovascular risks associated with PKD.
Alzheimer's-like symptoms reversed in mice, USC researchers say
A diet rich in green tea and carrot compounds reversed Alzheimer's-like symptoms in mice, supporting the idea that plant-based supplements might offer protection against dementia. Combination therapy is suggested as a potential approach to treating the disease.
Longer shifts do not create chronic sleep loss in first-year doctors or reduce safety for patients
Studies show that longer shifts do not lead to chronic sleep loss in first-year doctors, nor reduce safety for patients. However, interns working flexible overnight shifts experience lower alertness and more subjective sleepiness due to acute sleep loss.
SourceUniversity of Pennsylvania School of Medicine·JournalNew England Journal of Medicine·DateMar 6, 2019
Potential new therapy for Crohn's, colitis identified
Researchers have found a compound that reduces IBD symptoms in mice by blocking the activity of a gene linked to blood clotting. This compound may be a new therapeutic option for people with severe IBD or those who don't respond to current treatments.
As sea level rises, wetlands crank up their carbon storage
Coastal wetlands worldwide store more carbon than forests and can double their capacity when faced with rising seas. The study found that carbon concentrations in top soil layers increased by 2-4 times, while deeper layers saw a 5-9 times increase.
New surprises from Jupiter and Saturn
The latest data from Juno and Cassini spacecraft has challenged existing theories on planetary formation and behavior, revealing new insights into Jupiter and Saturn's magnetic fields and atmospheres. Surprisingly, the atmosphere is evenly mixed, contradicting conventional predictions.
How viruses outsmart their host cells
Scientists have deciphered the process by which viruses induce their hosts to transcribe viral genetic information, producing daughter viruses. The discovery sheds light on the 'viral exploitation' mechanism used by bacteriophages, such as lambda phage, and may contribute to the development of new antibacterial drugs.
Small molecule inhibitors show treatment potential for EBV-associated cancers
Researchers at The Wistar Institute have developed a drug candidate for EBV-associated cancers, inhibiting tumor growth in preclinical models. Pharmacological inhibition of EBNA1 had profound effects on gene expression, decreasing EBV DNA copy number and suppressing tumor-promoting pathways.
Diagnostic uncertainty in children with fever impacts health service resources
A new study found that diagnostic uncertainty in febrile children results in increased observation times, inpatient admissions, and precautionary use of antibiotics. The development of rapid diagnostic tests could significantly reduce financial burden on the NHS and avoid unnecessary distress to children and parents.
Improving solar cell efficiency with a bucket of water
A new solar cell design created by Beth Parks increases energy capture by 30% in Uganda, where 20-25% of people have no access to electricity. The affordable system could improve quality-of-life for millions and make solar energy more viable in developing countries.
Simple, cheap C-peptide helps patients get the right diabetes diagnosis and treatment
Researchers developed a simple and inexpensive way to measure C-peptide, allowing clinicians to accurately diagnose type of diabetes and tailor treatment. The test has been used on over 750 patients with Type 1 diabetes diagnosis and shown that some have other types of diabetes, enabling them to stop insulin treatment.
Improving physical fitness strongly linked to lower absenteeism for New York City middle schoolers
Research found a strong link between improved physical fitness and reduced absenteeism in NYC middle schoolers. Girls from high-poverty neighborhoods experienced the greatest reduction in absenteeism, with an 11% improvement in attendance after a large increase in physical fitness.
Ultra-low power chips help make small robots more capable
Researchers developed a hybrid chip that uses pulse-width encoding to conserve power. The chip enables small robots to operate for several hours on low power consumption, facilitating reconnaissance, search-and-rescue, and other missions. It also accommodates model-based programming and collaborative reinforcement learning.
Professor Mary Schooling analyzes the relationship between testosterone and serious heart conditions
A new study led by Professor Mary Schooling found that testosterone is associated with a higher risk of blood clots and heart failure in men, but not heart attack. The findings suggest targeting testosterone could be a timely new avenue for preventing ischemic cardiovascular disease.
Fake warnings on e-cigarette ads distract kids from truth
A study by Ohio State University found that fake warnings in e-cigarette ads, similar to those recently banned by the FDA, stick with kids and desensitize them to real health warnings. The research used fake ads with 'flavor' or 'less harmful' messages and found they were more memorable than actual warnings.
Diabetes' sworn enemy could ultimately be a valuable ally
A new study suggests that glucagon can help regulate insulin action and prevent blood sugar levels from becoming too high. By activating a protein called PGC1A, glucagon can prepare the liver to respond quickly to insulin signals after meals.
SLU study: Mediterranean diet boosts endurance exercise within days
Researchers at SLU found that a Mediterranean diet improves athletes' endurance exercise performance after just four days. The diet's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects may lead to improved exercise performance.
Social anxiety disorder may increase risk of alcoholism
Research found social anxiety disorder had strongest association with alcoholism and predicted it over other anxiety disorders. Individuals with social anxiety were at higher risk of developing later alcoholism compared to those with other anxiety disorders.
Heart-healthy diets in early adulthood linked to better brain function in middle age
A study of 2,621 people found that those who followed Mediterranean and APDQS diets had less decline in cognitive function and poor thinking skills. The results suggest that maintaining good dietary practices throughout adulthood can help preserve brain health at midlife.
Tuberculosis diagnosis in people with HIV increases risk of death within 10 years
A large Latin American cohort study found that TB diagnosis in people with HIV increases the risk of death within 10 years. The study, supported by NIH, analyzed clinical records of 15,999 people with HIV and found that those diagnosed with TB were twice as likely to die compared to those without a TB diagnosis.
A 'post-antibiotic world'?
Researchers found that even low concentrations of single antibiotics lead to resistance in multiple classes. The team believes alterations in treatment processes can reduce the spread of antibiotic-resistant organisms.
UH geologist tackles reconstruction of Panthalassa-Pacific plates
A University of Houston geologist is reconstructing the Panthalassa-Pacific plates to improve geological models for climate change and other phenomena. Preliminary research suggests current models may not accurately describe this region, where plates have been converging through subduction.
The Lancet Global Health: Restrictive migration policies contribute to poor migrant health in high-income countries
Restrictive entry and integration policies are linked to poor mental health, depression, anxiety, and increased risk of premature death among migrants. More inclusive approaches can improve migrants' health and life opportunities.