Articles tagged with Genome Evolution
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
Researchers sequenced DNA from mammoth remains up to 1.2 million years old, revealing a previously unknown genetic lineage and showing that Columbian mammoths were hybrids of woolly and Adycha mammoths. The study provides new insights into how fast mammoths adapted to cold climates.
Seahorses spread globally by riding ocean currents, adapting to new habitats with rapidly evolving genomes. The researchers found that seahorses from Africa cross the southern Atlantic Ocean into South America, introducing genetic material into local populations.
Researchers identified a nontransitive evolutionary sequence in a 1,000-generation yeast experiment. The study found that an evolved clone outcompetes its recent ancestor but loses to a distant ancestor due to multilevel selection acting on both the yeast nuclear genome and an intracellular RNA virus.
A new study has sequenced the capuchin monkey genome, uncovering genetic clues about their long lifespan and large brains. The researchers identified genes associated with DNA damage response, metabolism, and insulin signalling, which may contribute to their longevity.
Researchers used CRISPR-Cas9 technology to introduce Neanderthal NOVA1 gene variants into human stem cells, generating brain organoids with altered neurodevelopment. The results showed slower development and increased surface complexity in the organoids.
Scientists reveal that the African Coelacanth gained 62 new genes through encounters with other species, which arose from transposons. The genes likely play a role in gene regulation and are tissue-specific, with evidence suggesting they were introduced multiple times throughout evolutionary history.
A new study confirms ecological interactions as a driver of evolution over long periods, highlighting the importance of adapting to host plant changes. Butterflies that consume poisonous plants exhibit genetic adaptations that enable them to detoxify toxins and recognize their preferred hosts.
A group of caterpillars that eat cycad plants have evolved a toxic defense mechanism, resulting in bold colors and behaviors to deter predators. The study reveals the genetic consequences of this adaptation, including rapid evolutionary change and the development of proteins that destroy cells and remove dead cell debris.
Researchers have discovered that non-teleost ray-finned fishes possess genetic traits similar to those of lobe- and ray-finned fishes, including limb development and respiratory systems. These findings provide crucial insights into the water-to-land transition during vertebrate evolution.
A study from Texas A&M AgriLife Communications reveals that membrane-localized phage proteins may help revitalize and enhance existing antibiotics. Researchers identified 35 unique lysis genes in E. coli bacteria, which could potentially represent new mechanisms for bacterial cell lysis.
A Rutgers-led study found genetic differences between white-nose syndrome-killed and surviving little brown bat populations, suggesting rapid evolution to resist the disease. The study has significant implications for managing bat populations and may inform strategies for other diseases causing mass mortality.
The sequencing of plant genomes has accelerated significantly, with over 181 horticultural species now sequenced. These advancements have provided new insights into the inheritance of traits and evolutionary aspects of various plant species, including fruit development and ripening. The data will benefit future research projects and pr...
Bitter receptors have functions beyond taste perception, including roles in defense against pathogenic bacteria and metabolic regulation. Human bitter receptors can detect substances detected by coelacanth receptors, suggesting extraoral functions.
Research identifies three key properties that lead to gene survival on snake sex-specific chromosomes: dosage sensitivity, broad tissue expression, and strong purifying selection. These genes play critical roles in developmental processes and are also linked to human birth defects.
Researchers found that changes in a central gene node lead to the formation of larger eyes in some species, while different mechanisms explain smaller eyes in others. The study contributes to understanding of evolution of complex traits and could inform animal and plant breeding.
Researchers sequenced 107 microalgae species from diverse locations to gain insights into genomic differences in saltwater and freshwater microalgae. The study reveals fundamental differences in nuclear and cellular membranes between the two, with marine species containing more viral-origin genes.
Researchers have discovered a new pathway for intercellular exchange of large cell structures, enabling genetic material to be transferred between plants. This process allows for the creation of new plant species and has implications for crops like bread and durum wheat.
The genomes of platypus and echidna have been published in Nature, providing a valuable resource for research on mammalian biology and evolution. The study sheds light on the unique biology and reproductive strategy of these animals, offering new leads for drug development and genetic management of threatened populations.
Researchers have found unusual sex chromosomes in platypus, emu, and duck using cutting-edge sequencing techniques. The studies reveal that platypus has ten sex chromosomes paired together in a head-to-tail manner, whereas birds have ZW sex chromosomes.
The Integrator protein complex plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression by terminating non-productive transcription. This mechanism ensures the production of wasteful transcripts is limited while maintaining thousands of transcription start sites for potential functional genes.
A new rhesus macaque reference genome has been established, identifying over 85 million genetic variants, the largest database of its kind. This will support detailed analyses of fundamental questions in molecular genetics and help find naturally occurring models of genetic disorders.
A study of over 1,400 protein-coding genes resolved the mystery of fleas' placement in the insect tree of life. Fleas are classified as scorpionflies, evolving to feed on vertebrates between 290 and 165 million years ago.
Researchers from Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of Bristol solve the 'flea mystery' by classifying fleas as a group of highly modified scorpionflies. The study suggests that fleas evolved from small, nectar-feeding scorpionflies that later developed specialized blood-sucking mouthparts.
Researchers identify large set of gene regulatory regions in the human brain that have undergone positive selection throughout evolution. These regions are believed to contribute to the development of cognitive abilities.
Researchers have identified biosynthetic genes involved in producing usnic acid in lichens, a compound showing antiviral, antioxidant and antibacterial activity. The study reveals why some lichens lack this compound and identifies new biosynthetic genes with unknown functions.
Researchers from the University of Würzburg have discovered that certain genes are responsible for the development of male ornaments, including the iconic swordtail fin. These genes play a crucial role in sexual selection and may have evolved to enhance mating success.
A new study finds the Sr22 gene is conserved among grasses in the Triticeae and Poeae lineages, with significant expansion in barley and oat lineages. The research provides valuable insights into plant disease resistance gene function and evolution, potentially improving crop resilience to agriculturally important diseases.
Researchers at the Garvan Institute of Medical Research have discovered a new form of DNA methylation in zebrafish, specifically at TGCT repeats. This discovery could lead to the development of new experimental models for studying how DNA modifications impact human development and disease.
Two genes involved in plumage coloration have evolved through distinct processes: ASIP, which produces melanin, and BCO2, which produces carotenoid pigments. The researchers found evidence of introgression, where genes from one species were transferred to another, contributing to the warblers' diverse colors.
Researchers discover endogenous viral elements from giant viruses are common in chlorophyte green algae, suggesting a potential beneficial relationship between hosts and their viruses. The findings challenge current understanding of host-virus interactions and may shed light on the early evolution of plants.
Researchers at the Stowers Institute for Medical Research identified tiny variations in an amino acid sequence critical to retaining ancestral gene function. The study found that small differences can lead to significant evolutionary changes and highlights the importance of studying protein sequences.
Researchers used genetic evidence to explain how different species of capuchino seedeaters acquired distinct patterns of coloration. Soft selective sweeps were found to be the primary cause of these differences, driven by changes in environment and sexual selection.
A new study by CSIRO and partners found that most COVID-19 genome data lacks relevant patient information, hindering the fight against the virus. The researchers developed a standardised data collection template to capture critical patient data, enabling scientists and clinicians to build a more complete picture of COVID-19's impact on...
The San Diego Zoo Global biobanking project sequenced 131 new placental mammal genomes, bringing the worldwide total to over 250. This project catalogs and characterizes whole branches of Earth's biodiversity spanning 110 million years of mammal evolution.
A massive international study of bird genomes has revealed new details on genomic diversity and evolution. The Bird 10,000 Genome Project has sequenced genomic resources for 363 bird species, including 267 new genomes, which have improved resolution on genomic evolution analyses.
The Zoonomia Project has released a vast dataset of over 80% of all mammalian families, spanning 110 million years of evolution. This dataset captures mammalian diversity and includes genomes from endangered species.
A new genome alignment tool called Progressive Cactus has enabled major advances in understanding the evolution of birds and mammals. By aligning over 600 vertebrate genomes, researchers have gained a detailed view of how species are related to each other at the genetic level.
Researchers found clear morphological and genetic differences between the four populations of Gentoo penguins, which are currently split into two subspecies. The new classification, proposed by scientists at the University of Bath, aims to aid in their conservation by making it easier to monitor any decline in numbers.
Researchers found genes involved in sensory perception showed accelerated evolution, including those for light perception, dim-light vision, and retina development. The study also identified 32 genes related to DNA packaging and chromosome condensation, which may enable owls to channel light more efficiently.
Researchers found that DNA enhancers contain more information than previously thought, leading to changes in gene expression patterns. This discovery provides insights into how evolution takes place and challenges previous assumptions about enhancer function.
Researchers sequenced genomes of figs and pollinators to uncover dynamic karyotype variation associated with adaptive evolution. They also identified candidate genes for sex determination and a potential molecular mechanism of coevolution between fig species and their wasp pollinators.
Researchers discovered two genetic mutations in moles that lead to the development of ovarian and testicular tissues, resulting in high levels of testosterone and aggression. The study sheds light on how DNA changes contribute to evolution and the formation of unique sexual features in mammals.
Researchers have discovered how rodent ancestors created pheromone genes by combining portions of blood and venom genes. This process, known as genetic tinkering, may lead to the identification of new pheromones and insights into their role in species communication.
Researchers at UMD discovered that mosquitoes lack a critical gene for proper body segmentation, but a related gene took its place. This finding highlights the importance of caution in genetic studies and offers new potential avenues for targeted mosquito control strategies.
A new study sequenced the genomes of two millipede species, revealing vast differences in genome size due to unique gene structures. The research also identified genes involved in toxic secretion, supporting the idea that ozadene gland secretions protect against microbes and predators.
Münster University researchers develop new software '2-n-way' to compare any genomes, identifying relationships among species or individuals. The tool can analyze genome evolutions, genetic diseases, and sequence any number of genomes.
A new USC-led study identified a critical genetic modification that enabled the emergence of gill covers in early vertebrates, allowing them to become top predators. The study found that changes in a gene called Pou3f3 led to the development of gill covers in some fish and their absence in others.
Researchers found that genome duplications contribute to the morphological variation and biological diversity in plants. The study analyzed 4,000 species of Brassicaceae family and revealed no key innovation in morphological characteristics over time.
A recent study found that genomic adaptations to a rice-based diet may mitigate the risk of obesity and diabetes in some east-Asian populations. The researchers analyzed the genomes of over 2,000 subjects and identified genetic modifications associated with lower BMI and reduced insulin resistance.
Recent studies in human genetics reveal insights into transcriptional regulation, gene expression, and mutation's role in shaping the human genome. These findings have important implications for understanding human health and disease, with applications in fields such as medicine and evolutionary biology.
Researchers found that external factors drive positive selection in certain genomic positions, while epistasis leads to negative selection, slowing down substitutions. This discovery sheds light on the complex interplay between environmental pressures and genetic interactions shaping protein evolution.
A study found that in species with small populations, chance events take precedence over natural selection, allowing imperfections to creep in. The researchers analyzed the genetic instructions used by cells to make proteins and discovered that less efficient stop codons can increase in frequency due to chance events.
New research reveals viruses, especially endogenous retroviruses, shape evolution by driving gene expression and fine-tuning species-specific transcriptomes. This has significant implications for clinical practice, particularly in understanding male infertility and birth defects.
Researchers at Kyoto University found that gene regulatory networks for pluripotent stem cells are highly conserved across mammals, but also exhibit unique variations. These differences may explain why certain features of mammalian pluripotent stem cells have evolved differently in various species.
Researchers found widespread imbalances in chromosomal gains and losses between cells taken from different parts of tumors, indicating ongoing evolution and selection for preferred traits. This high-level variation was observed across all tumor types analyzed, with some regions showing mirrored subclonal allele imbalance.
Researchers have published the most comprehensive genome information for three troublesome agricultural weeds, which could lead to better understanding of herbicide resistance. The genomes will help identify specific enzymes responsible for detoxifying herbicides, enabling scientists to develop new control methods.
Researchers found Anoxychlamydiales, a group of Chlamydiae living without oxygen, with hydrogen-producing genes. These genes were likely exchanged with eukaryotes during the evolution of complex life, providing insight into the origins of eukaryotic cellular complexity.
A Montana State University researcher contributed to a novel project that sequenced the genome of the tuatara, a reptile referred to as a 'living fossil.' The study reveals ancient features of amniote evolution and provides insights into human genetic lineage.
Scientists have deciphered the ancient genome of the tuatara, a reptile native to New Zealand, revealing patterns that shed light on vertebrate evolution and genomic structure. The study's findings confirm the evolutionary position of the tuatara and provide insights into human genomes.
Researchers at UC San Diego used CRISPR and evolutionary engineering to test foreign DNA in E. coli and observed that most mutations occurred in regulatory regions, not within the foreign gene itself. The study reveals the importance of systems biology in understanding biological function and its implications for genetic engineering.