Articles tagged with Reaction Theory
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
Researchers at CARS create detailed maps of chemical reactivity, discovering regions of unexpected outcomes and reconstructing intricate reaction networks. This new understanding enables control over the formation of different major products from a set of starting materials.
Researchers at USC Viterbi School of Engineering developed AI model Allegro-FM, simulating billions of atoms simultaneously. This enables simulations 1,000 times larger than previous models, accelerating materials design and discovery.
Researchers at USC Viterbi School of Engineering developed AI model Allegro-FM to simulate behavior of billions of atoms simultaneously, enabling simulations 1,000 times larger than previous models. This breakthrough accelerates development of carbon-neutral concrete with unprecedented scalability.
A new theory predicts that a layer of mostly product at the interface determines the reaction rate in mechanochemical reactions. The force applied by the balls accelerates the reaction by reducing the thickness of the product-rich layer and inducing faster collisions between reactants.
Researchers have created a new efficient catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction, a crucial step in producing hydrogen from water. The catalyst is about four times better than the current state-of-the-art iridium catalyst, requiring less iridium to produce hydrogen at the same rate.
A Japanese research team has developed a framework that accurately describes how first-order reactions appear depending on the time interval used to measure the reaction. The work uses a 'shutter speed' analogy to simplify complex molecular changes, allowing for precise predictions of reaction outcomes.
A team of scientists at Tokyo University of Science has discovered a novel substituent migration reaction that enables the creation of complex benzofurans. This breakthrough synthesis method uses alkynyl sulfoxide and trifluoroacetic anhydride to produce highly functionalized benzofurans with high yields.
Researchers have developed a copper(II)-alkylperoxo complex that can selectively oxidize unactivated alkanes, showcasing exceptional reactivity and paving the way for sustainable technology. By manipulating the solvent environment, the team uncovered the unique properties of their catalyst.
Sentiment analysis of tweets from ten countries reveals that happiness levels can recover from big shocks like pandemic lockdowns and Ukraine invasion in as little as 2-3 weeks. The study re-examines adaptation theory using Big Data.
Kolomeisky aims to develop analytical models that quantify the role of heterogeneity in chemical and biological processes. He plans to explore its impact on catalytic reactions, antimicrobial peptides and early cancer development.
Scientists at the University of Innsbruck have successfully measured tunneling reactions in molecular chemistry, confirming a precise theoretical model. The experiment used hydrogen and deuterium isotopes to demonstrate the quantum mechanical tunnel effect in a slow ion-molecule reaction.
A University of Houston researcher has developed a method to describe complex systems using the least number of variables possible, reducing complexity from millions to just one. This advancement speeds up science with efficiency and ability to understand and predict natural system behavior.
The Rice University lab has improved the recipe for synthesizing molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), a highly sought-after material for its semiconducting properties. By using iodized salt, the team was able to speed up the synthesis process while reducing growth temperatures.
Researchers at Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology have discovered a new chemical synthesis method that forms stable benzene rings on a gold surface. This method, called the 'dry' method, avoids toxic byproducts and allows for the observation of molecular reactions in real-time.
Researchers have solved a long-standing puzzle in surface physics, explaining how individual atoms of a catalyst capture molecules to transform them. The breakthrough reveals that both the catalyst and its anchor material assume energetically unfavorable states for a short time to facilitate the reaction.
Researchers at Rice University found that iron itself plays a role in its own corrosion when exposed to supercritical CO2 and trace amounts of water. Thin layers of 2D materials like graphene can serve as a barrier to prevent corrosion.
Researchers developed a green synthesis method for ammonia production using green tea as a reducing agent. The study found that the optimized sample showed 2.93-fold enhanced photocatalytic activity and increased NH3 selectivity, outperforming bulk g-C3N4 under simulated sunlight irradiation.
Researchers at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign discover that applying mechanical force can deliberately alter chemical reactions, allowing for increased chemical selectivity. By manipulating atomic motions, chemists can overcome energy barriers and achieve desired outcomes, opening up new possibilities for chemical production.
A joint research team revealed the mechanism underlying the formation of the first carbon-carbon (C-C) bond during the methanol-to-olefins (MTO) process. They detected surface ethoxy species, a critical intermediate containing the initial C-C bond, and employed theoretical calculations to predict its formation.
Researchers at Harvard University used ultracold chemistry to test current quantum theories on chemical reactions, mapping the quantum frontier. They collected data on 57 possible reaction channels, confirming accuracy of statistical theory for most but revealing significant deviations in others.
Researchers develop a thermally stable atomically dispersed Ir/MoC catalyst with an unusually high metal loading of 4 wt%, exhibiting remarkable reactivity, selectivity, and stability. The catalyst achieves high metal-normalized activity and mass-specific activity through the presence of isolated Ir atoms.
A team of undergraduate students from the University of Exeter's Natural Sciences department has published their second-year research in a top academic journal. They applied novel image analysis techniques to study the Belousov-Zhabotinsky chemical reaction, extracting features such as wave velocity and making unprecedented progress.
Scientists have discovered that covering metal catalyst surfaces with thin two-dimensional oxide materials can significantly enhance chemical reactions. The new method uses partially covered palladium surfaces with silica films to boost carbon dioxide production by 20%. This approach allows for more efficient and effective catalytic co...
Researchers at Tampere University discovered how α-pinene reacts with ozone to form aerosol particles, a key finding for understanding atmospheric reactions. The study provides a methodological framework for studying similar reactions and helps demystify complexity in the atmosphere.
A team of researchers discovered unexpected features in roaming reactions, enabling more accurate predictions about molecules in the atmosphere, including models of climate change and ozone depletion. The study provides new tools to understand reaction mechanisms in the atmosphere.
Researchers at the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics found clear quantum interference in the H + HD reaction, verifying that Nature plays dice. The study reveals a new roaming mechanism, which occurs only 0.3% of the time, and highlights the complexity of chemical reactions.
Japanese researchers have successfully developed an asymmetric iodoesterification catalyst, combining four chemical bonds to coordinate the formation of one catalyst. This breakthrough enables the industrial-scale production of optically active esters with high efficiency and precision.
Scientists have discovered three essential roles for water in the catalytic conversion of methane to methanol, which facilitates high selectivity while blocking unwanted side reactions. The findings could speed the development of catalysts that make use of methane escaping from gas and oil wells.
Researchers developed oscillating catalyst technology that accelerates chemical reactions without side reactions, improving performance and cost-efficiency. This breakthrough has the potential to reduce waste by thousands of tons annually and transform the way chemicals are manufactured.
A team of researchers from TROPOS and Universities in Germany, Austria, and Finland have discovered a new reaction pathway for dimethyl sulfide, challenging current knowledge on its degradation. This finding has significant implications for our understanding of the Earth's sulfur cycle and climate modeling.
Researchers at Georgia State University have made a groundbreaking discovery in catalytic reactions, revealing that nanoconfinement can actually speed up chemical reactions. This finding has major implications for the engineering of new, more energy-efficient catalysts that could save billions of barrels of gasoline every year.
Researchers developed a new method using Machine Learning technique PCA to reduce dimensionality and facilitate the discovery of heterogeneous catalysts. The model allows for rapid and accurate survey of whole reaction networks on metallic surfaces, slashing DFT calculations needed.
Scientists discovered resonance-enhanced tunneling as the key to the F + H2 reaction's rapid reactivity, essential for understanding interstellar chemistry. The research found that resonance states are crucial for overcoming the energy barrier, enabling the observed HF in interstellar clouds.
Researchers summarize the latest progress in low-temperature methane conversion using thermocatalytic, electrocatalytic, and photocatalytic systems. The study highlights the importance of coupling multiple driving forces to activate methane and introduces catalyst design viewpoints for future technology development.
Researchers at the Weizmann Institute of Science have developed a chemical storage system based on simple and abundant organic compounds. The system uses ethylenediamine and methanol to store and release hydrogen with high theoretical capacity and efficiency.
Researchers from the University of Science and Technology of China have developed an advanced characterization technique to study the realistic structure of catalysts in water electrolysis. The team used operando synchrotron radiation XAFS technology to identify the atomic-level structure and dynamic evolution of active sites in cobalt...
Researchers from China and Germany discover the geometric phase effect in a benchmark chemical reaction, providing new insights into molecular systems with conical intersections. The study uses high-resolution velocity map ion imaging technique to observe rapid oscillations of H2 products, which can only be reproduced by theoretical ca...
This study examines the relationship between peer reactions, peer behavior, student attitudes, and student deviance in Japan and the US. It finds that peer reactions more strongly predict student attitudes toward deviance in both countries, while peer deviance predicts student deviance in the US more strongly than in Japan.
Researchers have discovered a low-temperature chemical mechanism that may have driven the formation of complex chemistry on Titan. The study, published in Nature Astronomy, challenges high-temperature theories and reveals a new path for understanding Titan's unique atmosphere.
The Atesins used supercomputers at the Texas Advanced Computing Center to study organometallic compounds and understand the structure of a palladium catalyst. Their research revealed that the most stable form of the molecule is chair-shaped, and repulsion between this conformation and the substrate dictates the final product.
Argonne researchers Lawrence Harding, Albert Wagner, Stephen Klippenstein, and James Miller have been inducted as fellows of The Combustion Institute. Their pioneering work has led to significant advances in understanding the chemistry of combustion. The recognition highlights the importance of U.S. Department of Energy Basic Energy Sc...
A research team has found a way to understand and manipulate charge transfers in molecular junctions, enabling the creation of predictable molecular diodes. This breakthrough has significant implications for the field of chemistry and could lead to novel electronics applications.
An international team of researchers has combined experiments with quantum theory to explore methane dissociation reactions in minute detail. They found that dissociation reactions are at least two orders of magnitude more efficient on steps than on terraces, providing new insights for optimizing catalysts.
Researchers have confirmed the significance of termolecular chemical reactions, which were previously deemed unimportant. These reactions can affect engine performance, stability, and efficiency, leading to more accurate simulations and better designs.
Researchers have developed a new mathematical model that describes how molecules are transported to react within nanoreactors. The model reveals that the reaction rate is not limited by molecule concentration, but rather by the shell's permeability, opening up possibilities for controlling chemical reactions.
A team of researchers used X-ray experiments and theoretical models to study the conversion of carbon dioxide into liquid fuels using copper catalysts. The findings revealed that oxygen atoms embedded near the surface of copper had a significant impact on the reaction, leading to more efficient reactions.
A team of scientists has unlocked the secret of a gold-based catalyst that converts coal-derived acetylene to vinyl chloride monomer (VCM), a precursor to polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The catalyst, which employs atomically dispersed gold on a solid support, reduces toxic mercury pollution and enables environmentally friendly PVC production.
A study by Prof. ZHANG Donghui and colleagues reveals details of the H' + CH4 substitution reaction, which proceeds through the back-side attack Walden inversion mechanism. The reaction exhibits a high threshold energy and different isotope effects for thermal rate constant and cross-sections.
Scientists from Aarhus University used a state-of-the-art detector to measure the precise disintegration of carbon into three helium nuclei. Their findings reveal a sequence of fragmentations, relevant to developing aneutronic fusion reactions and improving our understanding of astrophysics phenomena.
Researchers discovered that solvent molecules can significantly impact the formation of an ether molecule, even when they don't directly participate in the reaction. A second methanol molecule is essential for the reaction to occur, indicating that solvent molecules are not just bystanders but rather assistants.
A team of researchers has developed a method to image molecular movement in real-time, revealing the fundamental processes of a chemical reaction. This breakthrough allows scientists to study the structure and behavior of proteins at the atomic level, shedding light on the chemistry necessary for life.
Gold compounds demonstrate novel reactivity, competing with traditional catalysts. Acetic acid serves as a proton shuttle, transferring hydrogen atoms between reaction centers.
Researchers at ITbM have developed a novel, relatively inexpensive synthetic strategy using nickel catalyst to form useful compounds. Esters have been identified as a clean coupling partner for the carbon-carbon bond forming cross-coupling reaction.
Physicists have found evidence that neutrinos can interact with nuclei without causing damage, producing a 'glancing blow' instead. This reaction creates a new particle from the vacuum, defying expectations and challenging theoretical calculations.
Scientists use ultrashort light pulses to observe the reaction of electrons with a crystal grid, revealing a coupling process that explains superconductivity. The study paves the way for research into high-temperature superconductors and introduces a new method for studying materials.
Researchers at Kansas State University have developed a robust model to predict chemical reactions involving three atoms at ultracold temperatures, shedding light on mysterious quantum states and the Efimov effect. The findings provide a largely accurate idea of how atoms bind to form molecules.
Theoretical physicists use numerical simulations to analyze the uniformity of irradiation at thermonuclear fusion reaction, with potential applications to the Orion facility's high-power laser beams. The approach demonstrates a reduction in non-uniformity by 50% and 35% for elliptical and circular intensity profiles respectively.
Researchers at Ruhr-University Bochum discovered how tiny gold particles selectively transform methanol into formaldehyde, a crucial step in producing everyday plastics. The catalyst produces only water as a byproduct, making it an environmentally friendly alternative.
Researchers confirm experimentally that quantum effects allow chemical reactions to proceed rapidly, even at low energies. By merging beams of particles, they achieved a collision temperature of just 0.01 K and observed dramatic changes in reaction rates, revealing the power of quantum phenomena in cold chemistry.
A team of researchers at Ames Laboratory has solved a century-old debate over the Fenton reaction, determining that it depends on pH levels. The discovery opens up possibilities for new uses of the reaction in wastewater treatment and industrial oxidations.