Women decrease condom use during freshman year of college, study finds
Researchers found women from lower socioeconomic backgrounds and those with lower GPAs used condoms less frequently. Condom use declined as binge drinking increased.
Science News Archive February 2012 - Page 3
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Improving the experience of dying
Researchers found that palliative care staff use multifaceted approaches to provide physical, psychological, social, spiritual, and existential care. These caregiving activities can improve the quality of death for both patients and their families.
With a bang, Navy begins tests on EM railgun prototype launcher
The Navy has fired its first industry-built electromagnetic railgun prototype launcher at a test facility, starting an evaluation towards a future tactical weapon. The tests will evaluate the barrel life and structural integrity of the prototype system.
Clean delivery kits combined with clean delivery practices save neonates' lives
A study published in PLOS Medicine found that using clean delivery kits and practicing clean delivery techniques significantly reduces neonatal mortality rates. The use of these kits alone did not guarantee the adoption of life-saving practices, emphasizing the need for further research on locally appropriate promotion strategies.
New discoveries on depression
Researchers at Karolinska Institutet discovered that D-serine improves memory in 'depressed' rats by increasing brain plasticity. This finding suggests a potential treatment approach for depression, targeting the support cells' functionality.
Society of Interventional Radiology explores 'IR evidence' in patient care
The Society of Interventional Radiology will showcase new scientific advances and discoveries in its 37th Annual Scientific Meeting, featuring minimally invasive treatments for dozens of diseases. The meeting will include scientific presentations, posters, and technical exhibits highlighting research on interventional radiology.
Sea level rise to alter economics of California beaches
A study by Duke University researchers predicts that sea level rise will change the economic landscape of Southern California beaches, with smaller beaches facing significant losses while larger ones may benefit. The study suggests that nourishment projects could help offset these losses, but at great cost.
NIH-supported scientists investigate a newly emerging staph strain
Scientists have identified a highly transmissible variant of the LA-ST398 strain that can efficiently spread among humans, leading to community-associated infections. The new strain, ST398-NM, contains human-specific immune evasion genes and adheres well to skin, increasing its ability to colonize and infect people.
Cold air chills heart's oxygen supply
Research by Penn State found that breathing cold air during exercise causes uneven oxygen distribution throughout the heart, particularly in those with coronary artery disease. Healthy individuals can redistribute blood flow, but those with heart problems may not be able to compensate, making activities like shoveling snow dangerous.
Rest versus exercise: Equally effective on lower back pain
A recent trial published in BMC Medicine suggests that rest and exercise are equally effective in alleviating lower back pain due to Modic changes. The study found no significant difference in pain reduction between the two groups after a 10-week trial and one-year follow-up.
A new mental health framework is needed to prioritize action on global mental health
Global mental health faces significant funding challenges, with over 70% of the burden in low- and middle-income countries. A new framework is proposed to address this issue, highlighting the need for a coherent evidence base and sustained political support.
US income distribution winners and losers
A recent study found that in the US, economic prosperity primarily benefits richer households, while those in lower and middle-income groups struggle to improve their financial situation. The study analyzed data from over 60,000 US households between 1996 and 2003, revealing a widening income gap.
Pew announces 2012 recipients of distinguished Marine Conservation Fellowship
The Pew Fellowship in Marine Conservation supports projects promoting green infrastructure, marine protected areas, and sustainable fisheries management. Six new recipients will work on climate adaptation strategies, goliath grouper conservation, and analysis of French fisheries subsidies.
Another mechanism discovered by which sulforaphane prevents cancer
Researchers at Oregon State University have discovered two epigenetic mechanisms by which sulforaphane prevents cancer: HDAC inhibition and DNA methylation. These mechanisms work together to maintain proper cell function and prevent cancer.
UT Southwestern's Mangelsdorf wins international Luft Award for endocrinology research
Dr. Mangelsdorf has identified several new molecules that activate orphan nuclear receptors, providing a new approach for treating parasitic infections. His work holds important implications for the treatment of several diseases, including those related to cholesterol and lipid metabolism.
Developing sustainable power
The need for stable sources of power in rural areas of developing countries is pressing, with four-fifths of those without domestic electricity living in urban margins. Researchers suggest that renewable energy, such as solar and wind power, could be a viable option to address this issue.
SourceInderscience Publishers·JournalAfrican Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development·DateFeb 28, 2012
Iowa State, Ames Lab chemists aid study of mutated plants that may be better for biofuels
A research team including Iowa State University chemists has found that genetic mutations to cellulose in plants can improve the conversion of cellulosic biomass into biofuels. The team discovered that mutated plant cell walls produce less crystalline cellulose, making it easier to break down into fermentable sugars.
Washington University gets grant to study the human virome in kids
Researchers at Washington University School of Medicine are studying children with weakened immune systems to identify the viruses that make them sick. They will collect samples from 400 children and analyze them using advanced technologies to draw conclusions about which viruses cause illness.
New model provides different take on planetary accretion
A new model, published by Anne Hofmeister and Robert Criss, presents a three-dimensional gas cloud scenario for planetary accretion. The model explains planetary orbits and spins without relying on heat production, conserving angular momentum in a cold environment.
New method to separate much-needed medical isotopes
The new method uses optical pumping and magnetic barriers to extract desired atoms from a stream of elements, allowing for the isolation of crucial isotopes like lithium-7. This approach promises to be a more efficient and safer means of obtaining these vital elements for medical applications.
Cryptographic attack highlights the importance of bug-free software
A new attack was discovered that can bypass security provided by OpenSSL, a widely used cryptography toolkit. The attack targets a specific version of the software and requires a specific set of options to work, but highlights the need for formal verification and correctness in open source software.
Genetics of endangered African monkey suggest troubles from warming climate
African monkey DNA analysis reveals population decline linked to warming climate and habitat loss. Conservation efforts urged to protect endangered drill species from poaching and habitat destruction.
T. rex has most powerful bite of any terrestrial animal
Researchers used computer models to reconstruct T. rex's jaw muscle and found its bite force could reach up to 57,000 Newtons, making it the most powerful bite among terrestrial animals.
Training grant targets behavioral and social factors linked to health
A new NIH grant will help Missouri University School of Medicine students learn how to address public health issues, become lifelong learners, and deliver effective patient-centered care. The program will also enhance training in behavioral and social sciences with a focus on cultural competency and narrative-based learning.
Stress changes how people make decisions
Research shows that stress changes how people weigh risk and reward, leading to a greater emphasis on the upside of possible outcomes. This can impact decision-making in various areas, including job choices and addiction. Additionally, stress affects how men and women perceive risk differently.
SourceAssociation for Psychological Science·JournalCurrent Directions in Psychological Science·DateFeb 28, 2012
Selenium supplements could be harmful to people who already have enough selenium in their diet including a large proportion of US population
A new review suggests that taking selenium supplements can increase the risk of developing type-2 diabetes in people who already have enough selenium in their diet. The study found that a large proportion of the US population has adequate selenium levels, making supplementation potentially harmful.
Scientists discover new 'off switch' in immune response
Researchers at Trinity College Dublin have discovered a protein, TMED7, that can shut down part of the immune system after an infection has been cleared. This finding could lead to new ways to prevent over-activation of the immune system in diseases.
UBC researcher invents 'lab on a chip' device to study malaria
A UBC researcher has developed a 'lab on a chip' device to measure red blood cell deformability caused by Plasmodium falciparum, a key step in treating malaria. The device enables precise measurement of stiffening red cells at various stages of infection.
Notre Dame researchers are providing insights into elephant behavior and conservation issues
Researchers Elizabeth Archie and Patrick Chiyo investigate elephant social behavior, finding strong female bonds and male crop raiding patterns. Their fieldwork and genetic analysis reveal how human activities alter elephants' social and genetic structures, threatening the species' survival.
Eye movement not engaged in arms race, NYU researchers find
Researchers have found a brain mechanism that coordinates eye and arm movements, which may have implications for rehabilitation and prosthetics. The study used macaque monkeys to examine the neurological activity of the posterior parietal cortex, finding coherent patterns of firing in regions specialized for moving eyes or arms.
NASA develops space weather app for Android smartphones and tablet users
The NASA Space Weather App allows users to view Solar Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) minutes after an event occurs. The app provides real-time access to solar-event images, model simulations, data, and forecasts for Android smartphone and tablet users.
National Jewish Health receives grant to improve care of asthma patients in the San Luis Valley
A $950,308 grant from GlaxoSmithKline will provide primary health care teams in the San Luis Valley with hands-on training to diagnose and manage asthma. The program aims to improve sustainable improvements in asthma care for a rural population at risk for significant disparities in health.
Stopping hormones might help breast cancer to regress
A recent study published in Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers, & Prevention suggests that stopping hormone therapy can lead to tumor regression and decline new breast cancer rates. Researchers analyzed data from over 741,000 woman-years, finding no correlation between screening mammography use and former hormone users
Excess fat may be 'protective' in seniors over 85
Tel Aviv University research found obesity can decrease risk of death after 85 years old, with excess fat providing protection against osteoporosis and energy storage during trauma or stress. However, quality of life may still be affected by obesity-related illnesses.
Grant to fund research into psychosocial impacts of epilepsy testing
A $2 million grant from NINDS funds research into the psychosocial impacts of epilepsy testing. The study aims to explore how genetic information affects individuals and their families, with a focus on reducing stigma and discrimination associated with epilepsy.
Study: A powerful member of congress can have a negative effect on a state's economy
Research finds that government spending in the form of earmarks and contracts can lead to businesses downsizing, while private sector growth is hindered. The study highlights the negative impact of powerful politicians on state economies, challenging conventional wisdom.
Schizophrenia patients' ability to monitor reality may be helped by computerized training
A study published in Neuron found that intensive computerized cognitive training exercises can improve complex cognitive functions and social cognition in people with schizophrenia. The training improved the ability to distinguish internal thoughts from reality, coinciding with increased activation in the medial prefrontal cortex.
New laser can point the way to new energy harvesting
Researchers at University of East Anglia will use a new ultrafast laser to study molecular energy transfer and design nanomachines and solar collectors. The equipment supports 2D electronic spectroscopy experiments to investigate the link between light-driven processes and molecular architecture.
'Universal' vaccines could finally allow for wide-scale flu prevention
Researchers have developed long-lasting flu vaccines that target more constant proteins with less evolutionary flair, reducing the virus' ability to spread and mutate. These universal vaccines could make a bout with influenza less severe, making it easier to control the virus' spread.
Immortal worms defy aging
Planarian worms, a species of flatworm, have been found to maintain telomere length indefinitely, allowing them to regenerate tissues and cells without aging. This discovery sheds light on the mechanisms underlying their immortality and may shed new insights into alleviating aging in human cells.
SourceUniversity of Nottingham·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateFeb 27, 2012
VTT scientists revise the 60-year-old definition of surface tension on solids
Researchers at VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland have challenged the long-held concept of surface tension on solid materials. They found that excess surface tension on a solid material does not exist and is incompatible with thermodynamic theory.
IVI granted 2 US patents on dysentery vaccine inventions
The International Vaccine Institute (IVI) has been granted two US patents on novel Shigella protein antigens and methods, paving the way for an effective and low-cost vaccine against bacillary dysentery. The vaccine has the potential to provide cross-protection across species and serotypes of Shigella.
How accurate are rapid flu tests?
A meta-analysis of 159 studies found rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) can confirm the flu, but not rule it out; RIDTs are more accurate in children than adults and better at detecting influenza A virus; this suggests routine implementation of RIDTs during flu season could improve patient care.
Researchers identify novel pathway responsible for infection of a common STD pathogen
Scientists at Boston University School of Medicine have identified a key protein, Fur, that controls the expression of hundreds of genes in Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a pathogen responsible for the second most common infectious disease worldwide. This novel pathway may lead to new treatment methods and therapeutic interventions for gonorrhea.
Study examines stent implantation compared to initial medical therapy for stable coronary disease
A meta-analysis of eight clinical trials suggests that initial stent implantation for patients with stable coronary artery disease is not associated with improved outcomes compared to initial medical therapy. The study found no significant reduction in mortality, nonfatal heart attacks, or angina after a mean follow-up of 4.3 years.
Global Carbon Project launches UK office
The Global Carbon Project has opened its first UK office at the University of East Anglia, providing objective scientific data on CO2 emissions and 'sinks' worldwide. The new office will support the annual publication of the project's global carbon budget, which quantifies global CO2 emissions in the previous year.
Polysternon isonae, a new species of turtle that lived with dinosaurs in Isona
Researchers have discovered a new species of turtle, Polysternon isonae, that lived with dinosaurs in Isona, Spain. The fossil remains found are rare and provide valuable information about the morphology and size of the animal.
New energy storage device based on water
Researchers at Ruhr-University Bochum are developing an aqueous lithium-ion battery that could improve the performance, lifespan, and price-performance ratio of existing batteries. The goal is to produce a more efficient and cost-effective energy storage device for use in power supply systems.
Aurora-A hinders tumor-suppressor to allow chemotherapy resistance
Researchers found that Aurora-A phosphorylates p73, preventing it from detecting DNA damage and triggering programmed cell death. This allows cancer cells to resist chemotherapy and radiation treatment, making them harder to treat.
Deaths triple among football players, morning temperatures thought to play a role
Researchers found that morning temperatures played a significant role in football player deaths, with the eastern US seeing higher heat index values. The study also highlights the importance of proper training and emergency management to prevent heat-related illnesses.
Researchers describe link between prescription and illicit drug misuse in high-risk groups
A new report from Drexel University School of Public Health identifies patterns in the misuse of illicit drugs among young adults who also misuse prescription drugs. Common prescriptions for opioids, tranquilizers, and stimulants preceded illicit drug use, while using both types of drugs simultaneously was common.
Ultra-fast outflows help monster black holes shape their galaxies
Astronomers have identified a new type of black-hole-driven outflow that explains the link between galaxy mass and star velocity. Ultra-fast outflows are common features of black-hole-powered galaxies, influencing galactic shape and star formation.
SourceNASA/Goddard Space Flight Center·JournalMonthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society·DateFeb 27, 2012
Multiple sclerosis: Damaged myelin not the trigger
Researchers refuted the neurodegenerative hypothesis, which suggested myelin damage occurred without an immune system attack. The study found that immune defense played a role in triggering MS-like autoimmune disease.
Behavioral intervention in physician offices linked with modest reductions in waist circumference
A two-year behavioral program implemented by health educators in physician offices resulted in significant, yet modest, reductions in waist circumference among obese patients. The intervention showed greater reductions in men, while women experienced smaller and less sustained reductions.
3 days of NASA infrared images show System 92S tropically developing
System 92S is a low-pressure area that has been watching by NASA satellites for days, with cloud temperatures cooling and storms intensifying as it moves over northern Madagascar. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center predicts a high chance of development into a tropical cyclone in the next 24 hours.
Hyperactivity in brain may explain multiple symptoms of depression
Researchers at UCLA find hyperconnectivity in depressed brains, suggesting a malfunction in regulating brain networks. This dysregulation may explain multiple symptoms of depression, including anxiety and memory issues.
Kaiser Permanente study finds obesity-asthma link in children varies by race/ethnicity
A Kaiser Permanente study of over 681,000 children found that obesity is associated with asthma, but the link varies by race and ethnicity. Hispanic youth had the strongest association between body mass index and asthma, while African Americans had a weaker connection.
Land-ocean connections
Researchers found that organic matter from tree trunks, leaves, and kukui nuts supports abundant macro-invertebrates, which serve as food for bottom fish species. The 'canyon effect' is obliterated at intermediate depths due to oxygen minimum zones.
Antisense oligonucleotides make sense in myotonic dystrophy
Myotonic dystrophy is caused by a mutation that causes toxic RNA to accumulate in cells. Antisense oligonucleotides have been shown to be effective in cell culture and mice by degrading the toxic RNA. The treatment will need to be refined for systemic delivery to patients with myotonic dystrophy.
SourceBaylor College of Medicine·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateFeb 27, 2012
Arctic sea ice decline may be driving snowy winters seen in recent years
A new study by Georgia Institute of Technology suggests that Arctic sea ice decline is driving snowier winters in the Northern Hemisphere. The research found a link between diminishing Arctic sea ice and changes in atmospheric circulation patterns, leading to increased cold surges and heavy snowfall in Europe and the US.
SourceGeorgia Institute of Technology·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateFeb 27, 2012