Researchers create 'shortcut' to terpene biosynthesis in E. coli
Scientists create efficient, affordable pathway for terpene synthesis using E. coli bacteria, enabling mass production of these molecules for various industries.
Science News Archive January 2019 - Page 21
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Cellular protein a target for Zika control
A cellular protein called Hsp70 plays a critical role in Zika virus infection, facilitating attachment to cells, replication inside cells, and release of mature virus particles. This discovery validates Hsp70 as a potential target for developing new therapies to prevent or treat Zika virus infection.
Researchers set standards for models in biodiversity assessments
An international team of biodiversity modelers has developed best-practice standards framework with detailed guidelines. The standards enable scoring of studies based on species distribution models for use in biodiversity assessments, ensuring transparency and consistency in policy recommendations. The framework proposes four levels of...
New PET probe could improve detection of primary and metastatic melanoma
A new PET probe targets melanin pigment in skin cancer lesions to improve detection of primary and metastatic melanoma. The probe shows promising results in clinical trials, outperforming existing methods like 18F-FDG PET/CT scans.
SourceSociety of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging·JournalJournal of Nuclear Medicine·DateJan 16, 2019
Novel material converts infrared light into visible light, opening new routes for photodynamic therapy and drug development
Researchers at Columbia University have developed a chemical process to convert infrared light to visible energy, allowing innocuous radiation to penetrate living tissue without damaging it. This technology holds promise for enhancing the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy in treating various diseases.
Preparation, characterization and in vitro biological activity of Soyasapogenol B
This article describes the preparation, characterization, and in vitro biological activity of Soyasapogenol B, a triterpene derived from soya beans. The compound demonstrates hypo-cholesterolemic effects and is loaded onto MWCNTs using miniemulsion technique with niosomes for drug delivery systems.
Most parents say hands-on, intensive parenting is best
Most parents believe a child-centered, time-intensive approach to parenting is the best way to raise their kids, regardless of education or income. The study suggests that parents with low incomes and less education may struggle to meet these ideals due to resource constraints.
Scientists grow perfect human blood vessels in a petri dish
Researchers have developed a breakthrough technology to grow human blood vessels as organoids in a petri dish, which can be used to study vascular diseases and identify potential treatments. The discovery has the potential to unravel causes of conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer.
Waiting for the complete rupture
Researchers from ETH Zurich developed a new model that simulates earthquake cycles in the Himalayas, predicting powerful earthquakes with a periodicity of 400 to 600 years. The model shows that medium-sized earthquakes can create conditions for even larger ones, leading to complete stress release in the rupture zone.
First example of copper catalyzed/mediated direct b-h alkenylation/alkynylation in carboranes
Researchers have successfully functionalized carboranes using copper catalysis, affording unprecedented C,B-substituted derivatives. The discovery expands the realm of base metal catalyzed transformations and paves the way for novel applications in boron chemistry.
Gastric bypass surgery may benefit muscle strength more than previously thought
A study published by The Endocrine Society found that gastric bypass surgery improves relative muscle strength and physical performance in people with obesity. Despite dramatic weight loss causing a decline in absolute strength, patients experience meaningful improvements in walking speed and other measures of physical function.
SourceThe Endocrine Society·JournalThe Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism·DateJan 16, 2019
Only 13 percent of outpatient antibiotic prescriptions considered appropriate
A comprehensive US study found only 13% of outpatient antibiotic prescriptions were appropriate, highlighting the widespread overuse of antibiotics. The study used a novel classification scheme and evaluated all 91,738 diagnosis codes in ICD-10, categorizing each for antibiotic appropriateness.
Managerialism in UK schools erodes teachers' mental health and well-being
A new study in Educational Review found that UK schools' managerialist approach is harming teachers' mental health and well-being. The study's authors interviewed 39 teachers who had experienced long-term absence from work due to mental health problems and six head, deputy, and assistant head teachers who had dealt with similar issues.
Combatting brain infections in special issue of Viral Immunology
This special issue of Viral Immunology delves into the intricacies of viral brain infection, focusing on immune responses such as IFNα/ß signaling and chemokine CXCL10. Research reveals the importance of astrocytes, brain-resident memory T-cells, and chemokines in protecting against encephalitic viruses.
Engineered light to improve health, food, suggests Sandia researcher in Nature
Researchers suggest engineered light can regulate human health and productivity by eliciting hormonal responses, while tailored LED wavelengths stimulate plant growth and increase nutritional value. The broader integration of LEDs with technology holds potential for significant societal value beyond energy savings.
Less than half of US youth discuss sensitive topics with their doctors
A new study by Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health found that fewer than half of young people in the US discuss sensitive topics with their regular healthcare providers. The researchers suggest modifying healthcare delivery practices could improve these discussions, promoting better health outcomes for young people.
Wearable sensor can detect hidden anxiety, depression in young children
A wearable motion sensor and machine learning algorithm can detect internalizing disorders in young children with high accuracy, identifying those at risk of substance abuse and suicide later in life.
First international consensus on fibromuscular dysplasia
The first international consensus on fibromuscular dysplasia provides a unified approach to diagnosis, management, and treatment of this vascular disease. Key recommendations include imaging protocols, antiplatelet therapy, and standardized angioplasty procedures.
Ultra ultrasound to transform new tech
Researchers at Swansea University have developed a new ultra-precise ultrasound sensor on a silicon chip, capable of detecting vibrations in living cells. This breakthrough technology may transform applications in medical devices, biomedical imaging, and spatial sensing for unmanned vehicles.
Army researchers explore benefits of immersive technology for soldiers
Researchers at the U.S. Army Research Laboratory have developed Mixed Reality Tactical Analysis Kit (MRTAK) to assess the benefits of immersive technology for soldiers. The kit is part of the AURORA-MR system, which enables collaborative immersive analytics and allows commanders to communicate without physical constraints.
Gut bacteria make key amino acids dispensable, expanding food options for invasive flies
A study found that fruit flies with a full microbiome can choose to feed on larger but less nutritious droplets of food, whereas those without gut bacteria are limited to smaller droplets containing essential amino acids. This allows scientists to develop strategies to control invasive pests.
Fighting the crave for fattening food? Just surround yourself in its scent
A new study published in the Journal of Marketing Research found that ambient food scent can directly influence food choices. Researchers discovered that participants exposed to the smell of unhealthy foods for longer periods were less likely to crave them, opting instead for healthier alternatives.
NIH researchers rescue photoreceptors, prevent blindness in animal models of AMD
Researchers at the National Eye Institute have developed a patient-specific stem cell-based therapy that prevents blindness in animal models of geographic atrophy, a leading cause of vision loss among people age 65 and older. The therapy successfully integrates transplanted cells into the retina and restores photoreceptor health.
Born to run: just not on cocaine
Researchers found that mutant mice lacking a dopamine transporter mutation showed no hyperactivity when given cocaine, but still experienced cravings. The study suggests serotonin may play a key role in the brain's response to cocaine.
New AI can detect urinary tract infections
The new AI system uses machine learning algorithms to identify early symptoms of urinary tract infections in people with dementia. This allows for earlier treatment and reduction in hospitalizations, according to researchers at the University of Surrey.
Athletes should build neck strength to avoid concussions, Rutgers researchers recommend
Rutgers researchers recommend building neck strength as a key protective factor against sports-related concussions. The study examines the role of neck strength, size, and posture in reducing concussion risk, particularly for female and young male athletes.
Protecting oligodendrocytes may reduce the impact of multiple sclerosis
Researchers at the University of Chicago Medical Center have found a promising treatment for multiple sclerosis, a disabling immune-mediated disease that damages nerve fibers. Sephin1, a small molecule, may delay harm to nerve cells by protecting oligodendrocytes and reducing inflammation.
Marine mammals and sea turtles recovering after Endangered Species Act protection
A study published in PLOS ONE found that 78% of marine mammal populations and 75% of sea turtle populations increased significantly after being listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Conservation measures such as tailored species management and fishery regulations appear to have been successful in promoting species recovery.
Study defines differences among brain neurons that coincide with psychiatric conditions
Researchers identified 13,000 epigenetic regions with varying activity levels in different brain regions. These changes were found to co-locate with genetic signals contributing to addictive behavior, schizophrenia, and neuroses.
Ketone body utilization decreases when blood flow to the heart is reduced
A recent study by researchers at Kumamoto University found that ketone bodies are used at a rate of around 35% in the heart under normal conditions. However, this utilization rate decreases substantially when blood flow to the heart is reduced, highlighting the dynamic nature of energy source switching in the heart.
Fiery sighting: A new physics of eruptions that damage fusion experiments
Physicists at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory have directly observed a possible process that can trigger damaging ELMs in tokamak devices. The findings reveal correlations between fluctuations in plasma density and magnetic field fluctuations, which could lead to a new method for triggering ELMs.
Dental study of juvenile archaic Homo fossil gives clues about human development
Researchers analyzed a juvenile archaic Homo fossil from Northern China, finding most dental development traits fall within the modern human range. The study suggests that a slow life history similar to that of modern humans may have appeared prior to fully modern human morphology.
Immune cell clues offer hope to hypertension patients, study suggests
Scientists have identified a new role for specialized immune cells called macrophages in regulating blood pressure. By monitoring and regulating the hormone endothelin, these cells help relax blood vessels, significantly lowering blood pressure. The findings could lead to improved treatments for hypertension.
Mosquito known to transmit malaria has been detected in Ethiopia for the first time
A type of mosquito known to transmit malaria has been detected in Ethiopia for the first time, posing a public health concern. The Anopheles stephensi species was identified in Kebri Dehar, an eastern Ethiopian city, and its presence may lead to an emergence of malaria in new regions.
HepVu Releases state-level maps showing impact of Hepatitis C epidemic across the US
The new data reveal an estimated 2.3 million people living with Hepatitis C infection in the U.S. between 2013 and 2016, with a high burden in the West and Appalachian states. HepVu's interactive maps provide a comprehensive picture of the disease's impact on states to inform researchers and public health decision-makers.
'Ambidextrous' robots could dramatically speed e-commerce
Researchers at UC Berkeley have developed an ambidextrous approach that enables robots to grasp various objects without training, paving the way for faster and more efficient e-commerce fulfillment. The system uses a common reward function for different gripper types, allowing it to rapidly decide which gripper to use for each situation.
Drones shown to make traffic crash site assessments safer, faster and more accurate
A Purdue University-developed drone technology can map a scene in five to eight minutes, allowing public safety officers to open roads much quicker after an accident. This reduces secondary crashes by 60% and exposure of colleagues to highway traffic hazards.
New study shows smoking accelerates aging
A recent study published in Scientific Reports found that smokers demonstrate a higher aging ratio and are predicted to be twice as old as their chronological age compared to nonsmokers. The study used blood biochemistry and artificial intelligence to analyze the impact of smoking on biological age.
Democratic governors have bold ideas to transform health care: Harvard researchers
A new analysis found competing visions for health reform among newly elected governors, with Democrats advancing proposals to expand public coverage. Seven Democratic nominees proposed single-payer health care plans, while six others proposed creating a new public insurance option.
SourcePhysicians for a National Health Program·JournalAmerican Journal of Public Health·DateJan 16, 2019
Risk for developing more than one mental health disorder revealed
A recent study of 5.9 million individuals found that the risk of developing a second mental health disorder is increased, even 15 years after an initial diagnosis. Younger people are significantly more at risk of developing multiple mental health disorders over time.
Moving more in old age may protect brain from dementia
A recent study published in Neurology found that older adults who engage in regular physical activity may maintain better thinking and memory skills despite having brain lesions or biomarkers linked to dementia. The study, conducted by Rush University Medical Center, compared cognition test results and activity data for 454 older adult...
Jellyfish map could be the future to protecting UK waters and fish
Scientists at the University of Southampton have developed maps of chemicals found in jellyfish, which can verify seafood origin and detect food fraud. The maps will aid conservation efforts and provide a tool for policy makers to manage UK waters.
Artificial intelligence applied to the genome identifies an unknown human ancestor
Scientists have used deep learning algorithms to identify a new and hitherto-unknown ancestor of humans that would have interbred with modern humans tens of thousands of years ago. The analysis suggests that the extinct species was a hybrid of Neanderthals and Denisovans, providing new insights into human evolution.
AGA releases guide to care for women with IBD throughout family planning
The American Gastroenterological Association has released a clinical care pathway to help women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) navigate family planning. The pathway emphasizes the importance of preconception planning, monitoring, and collaboration among healthcare providers to optimize outcomes.
Tanzania forest to be protected as a result of major scientific discoveries
A Tanzanian forest will be protected after major scientific discoveries revealed the need for conservation. The Magombera Forest was under threat due to charcoal production and wildlife poaching, but a conservation programme helped reduce deforestation and increase biodiversity.
An ancient relative of humans shows a surprisingly modern trait
A recent study found an ancient relative of humans, known as the Xujiayao juvenile, had dental development similar to that of people today. This suggests a slow life history like modern humans with prolonged childhood dependency.
Pediatric device consortium now covers all of Pennsylvania
The Pennsylvania Pediatric Medical Device Consortium has partnered with University of Pittsburgh programs McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine and sciVelo to develop medical devices for children. The consortium, based at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, has received a five-year $5 million grant renewal from the FDA.
High pesticide exposure among farmers linked to poor sense of smell later
A Michigan State University study found a strong association between high pesticide exposure and impaired sense of smell in aging farmers. Researchers discovered that washing with soap and water within three hours can mitigate the risk, but waiting longer increases it.
Did quality of care, outcomes improve for hospitalized heart attack patients in states that expanded Medicaid?
A study of 325,000 hospitalized heart attack patients found that Medicaid expansion reduced uninsurance rates but did not improve quality of care or outcomes for low-income adults. The lack of insurance was still associated with worse care and outcomes in both expansion and non-expansion states.
Ice Age climate caused sediment sourcing 180 in Gulf of Mexico
The study found that during the Pleistocene ice age, sediments in the Gulf of Mexico came primarily from the Mississippi River, which collected sediments from across North America. The research provides new insight into how climate change affects geological processes and their impact on environments.
Breast cancer up to five times more likely to metastasize even 10 years after childbirth
A study found that breast cancers diagnosed in young women within 10 years of giving birth are more likely to metastasize than those diagnosed less recently or not at all. The risk is highest among women up to 10 years postpartum and is most pronounced in stage I or II breast cancer.
MTN researchers begin safety study of a 90-day vaginal ring containing tenofovir
A new 90-day vaginal ring containing tenofovir is being tested for its safety in preventing HIV and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infections. The Phase I study aims to determine the safety of the ring for three months, with results expected mid-2020.
Unintended side effects: antibiotic disruption of the gut microbiome dysregulates skeletal health
Researchers at Medical University of South Carolina found that antibiotic disruption of the gut microbiome leads to increased osteoclast activity, dysregulating post-pubertal skeletal development. The study also revealed changes in immune cell populations, including an increase in myeloid-derived suppressor cells.
Advances and challenges in precise nanomedicine for intelligent therapy of cancer
Recent review highlights latest advances in precise nanomedicine for intelligent cancer therapy, exploring metallofullerenol nanoparticles, supramolecular chemo-therapy, and DNA nanorobots. These strategies aim to improve cancer imaging and therapeutic applications while understanding nanotoxicity.
Neurofeedback helps to control learning success
Researchers at Ruhr-University Bochum discovered that test subjects can influence their learning success in a tactile task through neurofeedback training. By amplifying or reducing alpha oscillations, participants experienced improved sense of touch and learning outcomes.
Observations of a rare hypernova complete the picture of the death of the massive stars
Astronomers have detected a new component in the death of massive stars, linking gamma-ray bursts and hypernovae. The study reveals an additional hot cocoon generated around the jet, explaining differences between GRBs and hypernovae.
Identifying 'friends' in an objective manner
Researchers developed a new method to identify significant ties in social networks, controlling for individual activity levels. This approach accurately mimics real-life school class clusters and has applications in various complex networks, including interbank markets and face-to-face interactions.
Researchers establish principles for transmitting light-delivered data via nonreciprocal circuits
Scientists at ASRC develop a rigorous theoretical framework for resonant nonreciprocal circuits, clarifying fundamental principles governing light interaction with these devices. The research resolves outstanding questions on their potentials and limitations, establishing ultimate limits in performance.
Study investigates socioeconomic disparities in nitrate levels in US drinking water
A nationwide study investigated socioeconomic disparities in nitrate concentrations in US drinking water, finding that Hispanic residents and systems serving low-income communities had higher nitrate levels. The study suggests that programs targeting these communities may not be effectively assisting them.
Ocean giant gets a health check: Combination blood, tissue test reveals whale shark diets
A new health check has been developed to discover the diets, migrations, and conservation needs of whale sharks. The research revealed that some whale sharks may have gone weeks or months without eating, and surprisingly, all tested showed signs of eating plants and algae.