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Science News for October 18, 2021


High effectiveness of mix-and-match COVID-19 vaccines

A nationwide study in Sweden found that receiving a mix-and-match COVID-19 vaccine schedule reduced the risk of infection by up to 79%. The study, published in The Lancet Regional Health - Europe, showed greater risk reduction for people who received an mRNA vaccine after having received a first dose of a vector-based vaccine.

SourceUmea University·JournalThe Lancet Regional Health - Europe·TypeData/statistical analysis·DateOct 18, 2021

Scientists show how AI may spot unseen signs of heart failure

A new AI-based computer algorithm created by Mount Sinai researchers can identify subtle changes in electrocardiograms to predict heart failure. The algorithm was 94% accurate at predicting healthy ejection fractions and 87% accurate at detecting weakened hearts, offering a promising alternative to traditional diagnosis methods.

SourceThe Mount Sinai Hospital / Mount Sinai School of Medicine·JournalJACC Cardiovascular Imaging·TypeComputational simulation/modeling·DateOct 18, 2021

Scientists gain new understanding of how brain cells talk - which could help in the treatment of mental health conditions and memory diseases

Scientists have discovered that reversing molecular message modification at synapses may contribute to reversible mental health conditions like anxiety and memory diseases such as dementia. The findings, published in Molecular Psychiatry, are a major step in understanding brain cell communication.

SourceUniversity of Nottingham·JournalMolecular Psychiatry·TypeExperimental study·DateOct 18, 2021

UC Santa Barbara Researchers investigate how herbivore activity around water affects plant communities

In a two-year study, UC Santa Barbara researchers found that herbivore activity around water sources in arid locations can either increase or decrease plant diversity, depending on environmental conditions. The findings suggest that plant communities exist along a spectrum based on environmental conditions.

SourceUniversity of California - Santa Barbara·JournalEcological Applications·DateOct 18, 2021

China’s solar-powered future

Researchers from Harvard and Tsinghua University found that solar energy could provide 43.2% of China's electricity demands in 2060 at less than two-and-a-half U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour. The study highlights a crucial energy transition point for China and other countries, where combined solar power and storage systems become a cheap...

SourceHarvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateOct 18, 2021

People love the billionaire, but hate the billionaires’ club

Research finds people prefer to criticize the billionaires' club than a single billionaire. When portrayed individually, billionaires are viewed as more deserving of their wealth due to talent and hard work. In contrast, when shown as part of a group, people perceive greater unfairness and advocate for policies like inheritance taxes.

SourceOhio State University·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·TypeExperimental study·DateOct 18, 2021

NTU Singapore scientists develop self-folding natural plant material for ‘intelligent’ green products

Researchers created a paper-like material that folds itself into new shapes in response to environmental humidity, with potential applications in self-folding envelopes and boxes. The material's ability to morph on demand could lead to the development of autonomous origami robots and other complex shapes.

SourceNanyang Technological University·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateOct 18, 2021

Volcanic memories: black holes give shape to bubbles, rings and "intergalactic smoke" filaments

A team of researchers observed the evolution of warm gas coming from an active black hole for unprecedented detail, revealing structures reminiscent of volcanic eruptions. These gas bubbles, rings, and 'intergalactic smoke' filaments are formed when black holes consume surrounding matter and release energy, influencing galaxy evolution.

SourceUniversità di Bologna·JournalNature Astronomy·DateOct 18, 2021

A step towards natural interaction between robots and animals

Researchers at Beijing Institute of Technology created a robot that can track fast-moving rats for extended periods using real-time localization and movement analysis. The robotic rat's built-in stereo vision system enables it to characterize typical behaviors of actual rats, promoting autonomy and reproducibility in behavior research.

SourceBeijing Institute of Technology Press Co., Ltd·JournalCyborg and Bionic Systems·TypeNews article·DateOct 18, 2021

Out-of-pocket spending for COVID-19 hospitalizations

A recent study used national claims data to estimate out-of-pocket spending for COVID-19 hospitalizations in 2020. The results show that these costs significantly affect the financial burden on patients, especially those with private insurance and Medicare Advantage plans.

SourceJAMA Network·JournalJAMA Network Open·DateOct 18, 2021

A new treatment for glaucoma?

Researchers developed a new protein treatment that prevents glaucoma from forming in mice and reduces pressure in the eyes. The study provides new targets for therapies and aims to develop an injectable treatment for patients.

SourceNorthwestern University·JournalNature Communications·DateOct 18, 2021

Compact biosensor microscope built for point of care diagnostics

Researchers developed a compact photonic resonator absorption microscope for point-of-care diagnostics, using photonic crystal biosensors to detect proteins or other biomarkers linked to gold nanoparticles. The portable instrument costs $7,000 and has potential applications in detecting various cancers.

SourceCarl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign·JournalBiomedical Optics Express·TypeExperimental study·DateOct 18, 2021

The human immune system is an early riser

Researchers found that the human immune system is most active just before dawn, making it an important consideration for vaccination and cancer therapy. The study's findings suggest that stimulating the immune system at the right time could lead to better treatment outcomes.

SourceUniversité de Genève·JournalNature Immunology·TypeNews article·DateOct 18, 2021

Towards affordable clean energy: Exploring new catalysts for urea-based fuel cells

Researchers at Korea Maritime and Ocean University have created a state-of-the-art catalyst for urea-based fuel cells using inexpensive nickel chalcogenides, outperforming precious metal-based catalysts. This breakthrough could lead to the widespread adoption of clean energy technologies in remote areas and beyond.

SourceNational Korea Maritime and Ocean University·JournalRenewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews·TypeExperimental study·DateOct 18, 2021

Infrared light therapy might aid dementia patients

A pilot study found improvements in memory, motor function, and processing skills in healthy individuals after receiving transcranial photobiomodulation therapy. The therapy, involving infrared light, has the potential to alleviate nerve cell damage and reduce symptoms of dementia.

SourceDurham University·JournalPhotobiomodulation Photomedicine and Laser Surgery·TypeRandomized controlled/clinical trial·DateOct 18, 2021

How the brain navigates cities

A new MIT study suggests that pedestrians choose routes that point most directly toward their destination, even if those routes are longer. This strategy, known as vector-based navigation, may have evolved to allow the brain to devote more power to other tasks.

SourceMassachusetts Institute of Technology·JournalNature Computational Science·TypeData/statistical analysis·DateOct 18, 2021

The 2nd International BioDesign Research Conference

The 2nd International BioDesign Research Conference will showcase the latest advancements in Biosystems Design and Synthetic Biology, featuring plenary talks, keynote presentations, and poster sessions. The conference aims to foster interdisciplinary collaboration among scientists and promote interactions between academia and industry.

Cheers! Wine’s red grape pulp offers nutritional bounty

A new study by Cornell University researchers reveals that the pulp from red grapes used in wine production contains beneficial stilbenes that can positively affect human intestines and the stomach's microbiome. The findings suggest a potential link between grape consumption and reduced risks of cardiovascular disease and diabetes.

SourceCornell University·JournalNutrients·DateOct 18, 2021

Filling half of kids' plates with fruits and veggies helps increase consumption

Adding more fruit and veggie side dishes resulted in a 24% increase in veggies and 33% more fruit, while substituting produce for other foods led to a 41% boost in veggies and 38% more fruit. The study suggests ways parents and caregivers can encourage healthy eating by experimenting with different fruits and vegetables.

SourcePenn State·JournalAmerican Journal of Clinical Nutrition·TypeRandomized controlled/clinical trial·DateOct 18, 2021

Anticorrosion coating sets new benchmark

Researchers created a sulfur-selenium alloy that outperforms traditional coatings in protecting steel from corrosion and oxidation. The material's self-healing properties allow it to recover from scratches and damage, making it suitable for infrastructure applications.

SourceRice University·JournalAdvanced Materials·TypeExperimental study·DateOct 18, 2021

HSE ISSEK Researchers Analyse Opportunities for Scientific Cooperation between Developing Countries in BRICS + Global South Format

The study identifies promising topics for scientific collaboration, including medicine, engineering, computer science, and agricultural sciences. BRICS Plus countries have significant growth potential in research and development, with some already ranking among the top 30 countries globally.

Medical providers less able to detect authentic pain among Black people than White people, study finds

A new study by E. Paige Lloyd found that medical providers are better at discerning real from fake pain expressions for White people than Black people. This disparity in pain detection could contribute to racial disparities in pain care and treatment recommendations.

SourceSociety for Personality and Social Psychology·JournalSocial Psychological and Personality Science·TypeExperimental study·DateOct 18, 2021

Building a better dipstick

Researchers at Georgia Institute of Technology have developed a flow control technology to overcome limitations of traditional dipstick tests. This technology enables complex biomedical assays and can detect multiple pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses.

SourceGeorgia Institute of Technology·JournalACS Sensors·DateOct 18, 2021

Mother’s occupational exposure to cleaning products and disinfectants could cause asthma in future children

A study published in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology found that mothers who worked with cleaning agents and disinfectants before conception had a 71% higher risk of their child developing asthma. The study investigated 3318 offspring-mother pairs and suggested that exposure to these chemicals may influence health outcome...

SourceThe University of Bergen·JournalJournal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology·DateOct 18, 2021

Exploring the global environmental impacts of China's growing demand for food

A study by IIASA researchers and Chinese colleagues highlights the need for sustainable food production in China to avoid environmental destruction. The global impact of China's increasing food demand is expected to be substantial, with significant challenges facing trading partners, particularly those involved in livestock products.

Moffitt researchers use computer modeling to predict patient tumor responses to radiation therapy

Researchers at H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute use computer modeling to study the relationship between tumor-immune environment and radiation response. They discover that tumor cells will either escape immune predation or be eradicated based on the numbers of immune effector and suppressor cells present. The model hel...

SourceH. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute·JournalNeoplasia·TypeComputational simulation/modeling·DateOct 18, 2021

The positive impact of sharing negative research results

Researchers highlight the importance of sharing well-conducted studies with negative or irreproducible results, even if they disprove a hypothesis. The Journal of Neuromuscular Diseases special issue on 'The Null Hypothesis' presents eight articles that contribute valuable information to the scientific record.

SourceIOS Press·JournalJournal of Neuromuscular Diseases·TypeMeta-analysis·DateOct 18, 2021

How marsh grass protects shorelines

A new MIT study provides detailed information on the wave-damping benefits of marsh plants, enabling coastal restoration planners to determine the area needed for mitigation. The analysis incorporates plant morphology and interactions with currents and waves, providing a more quantitative way to estimate the value provided by marshes.

SourceMassachusetts Institute of Technology·JournalPhysical Review·DateOct 18, 2021

Researchers determine optimum pressure to improve the performance of lithium metal batteries

The study found that a stack pressure of 350 kilo Pascal increases lithium particle deposition in neat columns, improving stability and reducing the risk of short circuits. Additionally, partial discharge during cycling can also boost performance without affecting the solid electrolyte interphase structure.

SourceUniversity of California - San Diego·JournalNature Energy·TypeExperimental study·DateOct 18, 2021

Developing a treatment for vision loss through transplant of photoreceptor precursors

Researchers at the National University of Singapore have developed a treatment for vision loss through the transplantation of photoreceptor precursors. This innovative approach holds great promise as an alternative to gene therapy, which has limited efficacy due to genetic heterogeneity and advanced retinal degeneration.

Patients hospitalized for COVID-19 this year could pay thousands of dollars, study suggests

A new study analyzed 4,000 COVID-related hospitalizations and found that patients with private insurance could face $3,800 bills, while those with Medicare Advantage plans might owe $1,500. The lack of waivers for hospitalization costs could lead to increased financial burden on patients.

SourceMichigan Medicine - University of Michigan·JournalJAMA Network Open·TypeData/statistical analysis·DateOct 18, 2021

Study reconstructs 232-year history of prairie fire in Midwestern US

Researchers analyzed historical documents to understand the timing, causes, and consequences of prairie fires in the Midwest. The study reveals that Native Americans intentionally set fires for hunting and land management purposes, while Europeans feared fire but also cleared land using controlled burns.

SourceUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, News Bureau·JournalNatural Areas Journal·TypeLiterature review·DateOct 18, 2021

Sim City for food science takes on Listeria outbreaks

A new study from Cornell University uses digital twins to identify optimal times and locations for detecting Listeria bacteria in produce facilities, reducing the risk of contamination. The researchers' model provides a novel way for food safety managers to visualize microbial contamination risks and experiment with different sampling ...

SourceCornell University·JournalApplied and Environmental Microbiology·DateOct 18, 2021

Life’s a beach: Finding trends in marine debris across Australia

A UNSW-led study analyzing 10 years of citizen science data found that almost half of marine debris can be linked to land-based sources. Plastic accounts for 84% of the rubbish found on Australian beaches, with a significant portion coming from external sources such as stormwater drains near capital cities.

SourceUniversity of New South Wales·JournalThe Science of The Total Environment·TypeData/statistical analysis·DateOct 18, 2021

New active agent against parasites

Researchers at the Paul Scherrer Institute have identified a chemical compound, parabulin, that can inhibit the protein tubulin in unicellular parasites, including those that cause malaria and toxoplasmosis. The substance blocks successful cell division by preventing tubulin from forming long, stable protein filaments.

SourcePaul Scherrer Institute·JournalEMBO Molecular Medicine·TypeExperimental study·DateOct 18, 2021

3D imaging study reveals how atoms are packed in amorphous materials UCLA-led research could revise a 70-year-old model of how the fundamental building blocks of substances are assembled

Researchers used 3D atomic imaging to directly observe atom packing in amorphous materials. The findings show that pentagonal bipyramids, not icosahedral groups of 13, are the most prevalent motif for atom arrangement.

SourceCalifornia NanoSystems Institute·JournalNature Materials·TypeImaging analysis·DateOct 18, 2021

Climate change and human pressure mean migration may be “no longer worth it”, say researchers

Researchers warn that climate change and human pressure have eroded benefits of long-distance migration for animals, leading to lower reproductive success and higher mortality. This has serious consequences for ecosystem structure and function, with many species unable to adapt to changing environmental conditions.

SourceUniversity of Bath·JournalTrends in Ecology & Evolution·TypeLiterature review·DateOct 18, 2021

Could computer games encourage people to adhere to COVID-19 measures?

A study from Lancaster University found that a serious game, 'Point of Contact', increased players' awareness of Covid-19 transmission risk and favorability towards health over livelihood. The game's impact was significant, with 87% of participants saying they would be more careful in following Covid-19 preventative guidance.

SourceLancaster University·JournalProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction·TypeExperimental study·DateOct 18, 2021

Depression history written in the reactions of the brain

Researchers found that patients with more severe depression histories showed less brain activity in areas processing emotions, while those who had remitted from depression showed a normal level of activity. This suggests that serious depression may change the way the brain responds to emotion over time, or that people with stronger emo...

SourceEuropean College of Neuropsychopharmacology·JournalBiological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging·TypeObservational study·DateOct 18, 2021

Newspaper publishers rejoice! Paywalls and bundled pricing can help contribute a 7-12% boost in subscription revenues for newspapers

A new study in Management Science shows that newspapers offering free digital content to subscribers can lead to a significant increase in subscription retention and revenue. By activating paywall access, subscribers are less likely to cancel their subscriptions, contributing to higher subscription revenues.

SourceInstitute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences·JournalManagement Science·TypeData/statistical analysis·DateOct 18, 2021

Weather to climate: More research needed to understand sea-air influences

A study published in Advances in Atmospheric Sciences reviews research on sea-air interactions, revealing a complex relationship between ocean currents and atmospheric circulation. The review suggests that eddies and fronts can drive changes to both weather and climate, but more investigation is needed to fully understand their impact.

SourceInstitute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences·JournalAdvances in Atmospheric Sciences·DateOct 18, 2021

New COVID-19-discovery could predict patient death or hospitalization

Researchers from University of Copenhagen discover a protein analysis that can predict COVID-19 patient death or hospitalization with high accuracy, predicting 78.7% of hospitalizations and 93.9% of non-serious infections. This discovery has the potential to save lives by identifying high-risk individuals.

During COVID, majority of newly unemployed adults in NC did not receive Medicaid

A study by Boston University School of Medicine found that only 15% of North Carolina residents who became unemployed gained Medicaid coverage, with higher rates in socially vulnerable counties. The state's high uninsurance rate overall underscores the need for Medicaid expansion to ensure access to healthcare.

SourceBoston University School of Medicine·JournalHealth Affairs·TypeData/statistical analysis·DateOct 18, 2021

Lavish wealth tolerated more for individuals than groups

A new study from Cornell University suggests that people are more willing to accept extreme wealth disparities when attributed to individual success rather than group outcomes. The researchers found that tolerance for inequality depends on who is considered at the top of the economic ladder, with individuals being seen as having intern...

SourceCornell University·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateOct 18, 2021

New solution for low cost, light-weight and compact wireless transfer devices

Researchers at Kobe University have developed a novel power control system for wireless power transfer, enabling precise and efficient energy transfer while reducing circuit components and costs. The system uses resonant frequency tracking and load impedance regulation to minimize power losses.

SourceKobe University·JournalIEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Industrial Electronics·TypeExperimental study·DateOct 18, 2021

Epigenetics: Immunization is passed on to offspring

An international research team has demonstrated that adaptations to infections are passed on to offspring in mice, with improved immune responses and resistance to subsequent infections observed. This study provides new insights into the role of epigenetics in shaping the immune system across generations.

SourceUniversity of Bonn·JournalNature Immunology·TypeExperimental study·DateOct 18, 2021