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Science News for September 28, 2021


An ancient disaster

Researchers have found conclusive evidence that a massive cosmic airburst destroyed the biblical city of Tall el-Hammam in the Jordan Valley around 3600 years ago. The impact, which is believed to be equivalent to a 12-megaton explosion, was characterized by temperatures exceeding 2,000°C and the formation of melted metals and glass.

SourceUniversity of California - Santa Barbara·JournalScientific Reports·TypeObservational study·DateSep 28, 2021

Seven symptoms jointly predict COVID-19 diagnosis

Researchers developed a model using data from over 1.1 million volunteers to identify the 7 most informative symptoms for COVID-19 test allocation. The model predicted PCR positivity with high accuracy, resulting in potential 30% to 40% increase in eligible individuals and 70% to 75% detection of positive cases.

SourcePLOS·JournalPLOS Medicine·TypeObservational study·DateSep 28, 2021

‘Research autopsy’ helps scientists study why certain cancer therapies stop working

A new study at Ohio State University's Comprehensive Cancer Center is using rapid autopsies to gather biological samples after death to better understand how cancer cells overcome different treatments. This approach has already led to novel findings about drug resistance mechanisms, including the recent approval of a targeted therapy f...

SourceOhio State University Wexner Medical Center·JournalThe Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology·TypeExperimental study·DateSep 28, 2021

Unbreakable glass inspired by seashells

McGill University scientists created a new glass and acrylic composite material mimicking nacre for exceptional strength and durability. The material is three times stronger and five times more fracture-resistant than regular glass, with potential applications in phone screens and other industries.

SourceMcGill University·JournalScience·TypeExperimental study·DateSep 28, 2021

Study highlights the importance of heart health for preventing diabetes

A new study found that maintaining healthy lifestyle habits and having a healthy body weight can significantly lower the lifetime risk of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged adults. The research included over 5,993 participants and analyzed the relationship between cardiovascular health and genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes.

SourceEuropean Society of Cardiology·JournalEuropean Journal of Preventive Cardiology·DateSep 28, 2021

The changing occupation landscape: How automation affects workers health and mortality

A study found that individuals in occupations with high routine intensity are at risk of becoming unemployed, experiencing higher disability rates, and facing increased mortality. The research highlights the need for governments to assess opportunities for retraining and provide economic support to affected workers.

SourceColumbia University's Mailman School of Public Health·JournalOccupational and Environmental Medicine·DateSep 28, 2021

UNLV research bolsters link between diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease

A study published in Communications Biology reveals that chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes impairs working memory performance by altering the connection between key brain regions. Researchers found that areas critical for forming and retrieving memories were over-connected, leading to errors in remembering correct information.

SourceUniversity of Nevada, Las Vegas·JournalCommunications Biology·TypeExperimental study·DateSep 28, 2021

3D mapping of post-infarction scarring increases the prognostic potential of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging

A multidisciplinary team developed a method for identifying 3-dimensional features of scar tissue after myocardial infarction, enhancing cardiac magnetic resonance imaging's prognostic potential. The new method reveals significant correlation between low scar transmurality and ventricular tachycardia episodes, improving clinical practice.

SourceCentro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (F.S.P.)·JournalScientific Reports·TypeExperimental study·DateSep 28, 2021

Decision Science Digest: Highlights of peer-reviewed research published in INFORMS journals

Recent INFORMS journal research highlights the use of predictive modeling to forecast wildfire risks and optimize firefighting equipment placement. Additionally, studies investigate strategies to reduce cardiac stenting overuse and improve electric mobility service costs through optimized fleet rebalancing.

SourceInstitute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences·JournalINFORMS Journal on Applied Analytics·DateSep 28, 2021

Glyscend Therapeutics announces initiation of phase 1 clinical trial on the heels of preclinical data presented at EASD 2021 on the metabolic benefits of its oral polymer-based duodenal exclusion therapy

Glyscend Therapeutics has initiated a phase 1 clinical trial in Australia investigating an oral polymer therapy that improves glucose homeostasis with weight loss in nonclinical models. The therapy targets mechanisms underlying bariatric surgery and aims to replicate its benefits without the need for surgery.

Managing teen sexting

A new study of 1328 South Australian high school students aged 13 and 14 found a relatively low proportion admitted to 'sexting' via various electronic mediums. The researchers suggest building a health safety education framework for adolescents to provide skills to navigate pornography as part of sexual education.

SourceFlinders University·JournalComputers in Human Behavior·TypeMeta-analysis·DateSep 28, 2021

Living retina achieves sensitivity and efficiency engineers can only dream about

The living retina achieves sensitivity and efficiency that human engineers can only dream about, with optimized mosaics of different sensitivities parsing 40 visual features. The retinas adapt to current conditions and conserve energy by tuning out noise, making them orders of magnitude less power-hungry than smartphone sensors.

SourceDuke University·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·TypeData/statistical analysis·DateSep 28, 2021

Overcoming challenges to global child and adolescent health

A special issue of PLOS Medicine explores the social determinants of child and adolescent health, including poverty, pollution, and violence. The studies focus on the intersection of child health and challenging environments, highlighting urgent redirective strategies to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals.

SourcePLOS·JournalPLOS Medicine·TypeCommentary/editorial·DateSep 28, 2021

Tweaking Alloy Microchemistry For Flawless Metal 3D Printing

Researchers at Texas A t&M University have developed a method to create defect-free metal parts using laser powder bed fusion 3D printing. By combining machine learning and single-track experiments, they identified favorable alloy chemistries and process parameters to print parts with uniform properties at the microscale.

SourceTexas A&M University·JournalAdditive Manufacturing·TypeNews article·DateSep 28, 2021

Misuse of stimulants linked to other drug abuse

A recent study from the University of Georgia found that college students who misuse stimulant drugs are also likely to engage in heavy drinking and marijuana use. The research suggests a strong behavioral link among polysubstance users, highlighting the need for universities to be aware of the additive health effects of these behaviors.

SourceUniversity of Georgia·JournalJournal of American College Health·DateSep 28, 2021

Cleveland Clinic study suggests steroid nasal sprays may help improve outcomes in severe COVID-19 disease

A recent Cleveland Clinic study found that patients who use steroid nasal sprays are less likely to develop severe COVID-19-related disease, including lower risk of hospitalization, ICU admission, and mortality. The study showed a 20-25% reduction in these outcomes for patients using intranasal corticosteroids.

SourceCleveland Clinic·JournalJournal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice·DateSep 28, 2021

In tightly controlled study, low-carb diet improves cardiometabolic risk profile

A new study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that a low-carb diet with high saturated fat levels produced better cardiovascular and metabolic profiles than a low-fat diet. The low-carb diet improved blood lipid profiles, increased adiponectin, and reduced lipoprotein(a), a risk factor for heart disease.

SourceBoston Children's Hospital·JournalAmerican Journal of Clinical Nutrition·TypeRandomized controlled/clinical trial·DateSep 28, 2021

Deep dive into global Twitter posts reveals possible drop in negativity towards COVID-19 pandemic

Researchers analyzed over 120 million English-language tweets to find a decrease in negative posts about COVID-19, particularly in countries with high vaccination rates. The study suggests that increased vaccination may have contributed to the drop in negativity, but further analysis is needed to fully understand this phenomenon.

SourceFrontiers·JournalFrontiers in Psychology·TypeData/statistical analysis·DateSep 28, 2021

Magnetic stimulation of the brain can improve episodic memory

A PLOS study found that low-frequency magnetic stimulation can improve episodic memory by reducing beta-waves in the brain. The study, led by Mircea van der Plas and Simon Hanslmayr, used slow rTMS over the left prefrontal cortex to enhance verbal memory formation.

SourcePLOS·JournalPLOS Biology·TypeExperimental study·DateSep 28, 2021

The vicious circle of high academic achievement

A study of 604 Canadian teens found that high grades lead to higher perfectionism, which can result in anxiety, depression, and decreased motivation. Experts call for parents and educators to foster environments of self-acceptance and acknowledge successes, rather than pushing for perfection.

SourceUniversity of Ottawa·JournalInternational Journal of Behavioral Development·DateSep 28, 2021

Life expectancy gap between black and white Americans closes nearly 50% in 30 years

A study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences found that life expectancy gaps between Black and white Americans have narrowed by nearly 50% over the past three decades. Improvements in healthcare access, safety-net programs, and reductions in mortality rates among Black Americans contributed to this decline.

SourcePrinceton School of Public and International Affairs·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·TypeData/statistical analysis·DateSep 28, 2021

Study suggests R rate for tracking pandemic should be dropped in favour of ‘nowcasts’

A new study by University of Cambridge researchers proposes abandoning the R rate for tracking pandemics in favor of nowcasts, which forecast daily new cases and deaths based on growth rates. The Harvey-Kattuman model has already proved accurate and effective in predicting COVID-19 waves and spikes worldwide.

SourceUniversity of Cambridge·JournalJournal of The Royal Society Interface·TypeData/statistical analysis·DateSep 28, 2021

Using off-the-shelf technology, researchers at Kennedy Krieger Institute provide accessibility in diagnosing autism

A team of researchers at Kennedy Krieger Institute developed a new method to diagnose Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) using a single 2D camera. The Computer Assessment of Motor Imitation (CAMI) method provides greater access to patients and shows accurate assessment with 2D technology.

SourcePROFILES, Inc.·JournalResearch in Autism Spectrum Disorders·TypeExperimental study·DateSep 28, 2021

Great ape’s consonant and vowel-like sounds travel over distance without losing meaning

Scientists from the University of Warwick found that orangutan call signals, similar to precursors to human language, can travel far without losing meaning. This contradicts current mathematical models predicting sound degradation with distance, suggesting a new approach to understanding language evolution.

SourceUniversity of Warwick·JournalBiology Letters·TypeData/statistical analysis·DateSep 28, 2021

Antidepressants inhibit cancer growth in mice

Researchers found that antidepressants inhibit the growth of pancreatic and colon cancers in mice by blocking a mechanism used by cancer cells to evade the immune system. The findings suggest a promising approach for combining antidepressant drugs with immunotherapy to treat incurable cancers.

SourceUniversity of Zurich·JournalScience Translational Medicine·DateSep 28, 2021

Researchers uncover signs of ecosystem collapse in significant PNG wetland

A new study by ANU researchers has found human impacts such as deforestation and mining have significantly transformed Lake Kutubu's algal and geochemical compositions. The lake is now showing signs of ecosystem collapse, including plumes of chemicals and health issues for local communities.

SourceAustralian National University·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·TypeObservational study·DateSep 28, 2021

New radionuclide therapy identified for HER2-positive breast cancer patients

A promising radionuclide treatment has been identified for HER2-positive breast cancer patients, combining radioactive iodine therapy with single-domain antibodies targeting the HER2 antigen. The treatment demonstrates safety and efficacy in a phase I study, paving the way for further clinical development.

SourceSociety of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging·JournalJournal of Nuclear Medicine·TypeRandomized controlled/clinical trial·DateSep 28, 2021

TTUHSC technology leads successful clinical trial to treat dry eye disease

A clinical trial conducted by TTUHSC researchers found that corneal epithelial stem cell-derived eye drops significantly improved symptoms of severe dry eye disease, with patients experiencing a 23% improvement in SPEED questionnaire scores and a 17.1% improvement in OSDI scores. No adverse reactions were reported during the 12-week tr...

SourceTexas Tech University Health Sciences Center·JournalJournal of Clinical Ophthalmology·TypeRandomized controlled/clinical trial·DateSep 28, 2021

Study explores remarkable negative thermal expansion seen in layered ruthenates

A recent study reveals the physical properties responsible for Ca2RuO4's negative thermal expansion (NTE), a phenomenon where materials shrink when heated. The research proposes a new route to designing unconventional NTE materials, which could lead to the creation of composites showing no overall thermal expansion.

SourceTokyo Institute of Technology·JournalChemistry of Materials·TypeCommentary/editorial·DateSep 28, 2021

Penn State to play key role in Mid-Atlantic NSF I-Corps Hub

The National Science Foundation has awarded Penn State $1.5 million as part of the Mid-Atlantic NSF I-Corps Hub, enabling entrepreneurial training and research commercialization across the region. The hub will foster collaboration among eight universities to identify promising research and support diverse innovators.

When it comes to reporting on sexual assault in media, words matter

A study by University of California, Davis researchers analyzed hundreds of Twitter and Reddit posts after news coverage of sexual assaults. They found that language in news reports can contribute to uncivil social media posts, including blaming victims and defending perpetrators. The study suggests that journalists may need to change ...

SourceUniversity of California - Davis·JournalCyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking·TypeSystematic review·DateSep 28, 2021

“They do not care about us. They have forgotten us.” New research shows disability organisations were ‘unsung heroes’ of the COVID-19 pandemic

Research shows that people with disabilities were disproportionately excluded from pandemic planning and relief efforts, but representative disability groups provided life-saving support. Disability organisations worked tirelessly without funding to plug gaps, highlighting the need for inclusive disaster responses.

Rapid, continuous projection multi-photon 3D printing

Researchers at Purdue University developed a new method for rapid, continuous projection multi-photon 3D printing, allowing for the creation of complex structures in under a second. This technique uses spatiotemporal focusing to print entire layers instantly, enabling the production of smooth and complex shapes without layering artifacts.

Light can compute any desired linear transform without a digital processor

Researchers have developed an all-optical processor that uses spatially-engineered diffractive surfaces to compute arbitrary linear transforms, eliminating the need for digital processors. The processing speed is comparable to light propagation, and the system consumes no power except for illumination.

Scientists have proposed effective ways to reduce metal cavitation damage

Researchers developed a WC-20CrC-7Ni coating with high anti-cavitation resistance, extending the life of aquatic environment mechanisms. The coating's fine structure increases surface area, requiring more energy for crack formation. This innovation can protect critical equipment parts in power engineering, metallurgy, and shipbuilding.

SourceUral Federal University·JournalJournal of Thermal Spray Technology·TypeExperimental study·DateSep 28, 2021

Intense workouts before bedtime won’t guarantee a good night’s rest, new research shows

A new meta-analysis found that intense exercise before bedtime can negatively impact sleep quality if done too close to bedtime. In contrast, exercising in the early evening can promote better sleep duration and onset. The study's authors emphasize the importance of considering individual sleep patterns and schedules.

SourceConcordia University·JournalSleep Medicine Reviews·TypeMeta-analysis·DateSep 28, 2021

Studies using ‘model’ organs show how SARS-CoV-2 can infect wide range of cell types and even change function of cells, including the insulin-producing cells of pancreas

Researchers used human pluripotent stem cells and organoids to study SARS-CoV-2 infection, finding that it can infect multiple cell types, including lung, colon, heart, liver, and pancreatic cells. The virus alters cellular function, including reducing insulin production in pancreatic beta cells.

AI may predict the next virus to jump from animals to humans

A study published in PLOS Biology suggests that machine learning models using viral genomes can predict the likelihood of an animal-infecting virus infecting humans. The researchers identified generalizable features in viral genomes that are independent of taxonomic relationships and developed models to identify candidate zoonoses.

SourcePLOS·JournalPLOS Biology·TypeComputational simulation/modeling·DateSep 28, 2021

Researchers’ novel mind-body program outperforms other forms of treatment for chronic back pain

A new 12-week mind-body program has been shown to be highly effective in treating chronic back pain, with 64% of participants reporting being completely pain-free after six months. The program, called Psychophysiologic Symptom Relief Therapy (PSRT), addresses underlying stressors and psychological contributors to persistent pain.

SourceBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center·JournalPAIN Reports·TypeRandomized controlled/clinical trial·DateSep 28, 2021

Lifestyle changes and adhering to treatment targets can greatly reduce excess dementia risk in people with type 2 diabetes, study from UK and the Netherlands suggests

A large study of over 88,000 participants found that addressing key risk factors such as smoking, diet, and blood pressure can lower dementia risk in those with type 2 diabetes. The study also showed improvements in cognitive function and brain structure with greater adherence to treatment targets.

SourceDiabetologia·JournalDiabetes Care·DateSep 28, 2021

How to haggle

Researchers found that a low opening offer can be effective if it's within a 'fair game' window, avoiding negative emotions, but not so low that it backfires. A balance must be struck to achieve a better outcome in negotiations.

SourceUniversity of Technology Sydney·JournalTheory and Decision·TypeExperimental study·DateSep 28, 2021

In Guatemala, archaeologist from Brown helps to uncover hidden neighborhood in ancient Maya city

A recent discovery at Tikal reveals a previously unknown neighborhood designed to replicate Teotihuacan's citadel, sparking new insights into the interaction between the two civilizations. Excavations found evidence of occupation and surveillance, as well as artifacts linking Tikal to Teotihuacan's imperial power.

SourceBrown University·JournalAntiquity·TypeComputational simulation/modeling·DateSep 28, 2021

Past suffering can affect future praise

A study by the University of Missouri found that people are more likely to praise someone for good deeds if they know the person has also faced suffering earlier in life. This discovery sheds light on how humans process and react to positive behaviors, such as giving praise.

SourceUniversity of Missouri-Columbia·JournalJournal of Experimental Social Psychology·TypeExperimental study·DateSep 28, 2021

Elephants strive to cooperate with allies, until the stakes get too high

A study published in PLOS Biology found that Asian elephants successfully cooperated in 80% of trials, using strategies like fighting back or moving sides to prevent cheating. However, cooperation quickly broke down when one partner could monopolize the reward, revealing a complex dynamic in their social behavior.

SourcePLOS·JournalPLOS Biology·TypeExperimental study·DateSep 28, 2021

Researchers report on new way to deliver healing stem cells to kidney injury patients

A new ex vivo drug delivery system has been shown to keep MSCs viable longer and reprogram the peripheral immune response toward organ repair. The study's results suggest that SBI-101 can impact a peripheral immune response that can be transmitted to local tissue damage in vital organs, including the kidney.

SourceAlphaMed Press·JournalStem Cells Translational Medicine·TypeRandomized controlled/clinical trial·DateSep 28, 2021

Steep but not deep: New research chronicles how Utah ski resorts are adapting to climate change

Researchers chronicle how Utah ski resort managers are adopting adaptive tactics to cope with decreasing snowpack, shorter seasons and worsening weather. Managers are exploring alternative revenue streams through activities like mountain biking and festivals.

SourceS.J. & Jessie E. Quinney College of Natural Resources, Utah State University·JournalMountain Research and Development·TypeSurvey·DateSep 28, 2021