Articles tagged with Inequalities
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
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Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
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Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
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Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
A study analyzed 50 top-grossing US films and found that women are now more often cast as characters holding positions of power. Despite this improvement, women are still under-represented on screen. The researchers also found that female lead characters were more likely to hold high-ranking positions and display physical aggression.
Researchers found that highly unequal agricultural societies have fewer instances of polygyny due to the high concentration of wealth. The model tested on diverse societies revealed that wealthy individuals with multiple wives often have fewer children than those with similar wealth divided between two wives.
A hybrid vocational track in Russia enables students from underprivileged families to access higher education, while also providing an option for upper-class families. According to the study, academic achievement plays a key role in determining whether students choose this pathway.
Researchers at the University of Konstanz are analyzing denial-of-service attacks to understand their influence on politics and international attention. The study aims to map global patterns of cyberattacks, evaluate their relationship with traditional forms of contention, and identify consequences for protest dynamics.
European countries showed no short-term aggravation of health inequalities following the 2008 financial crisis. In fact, mortality trends among low and high education levels remained steady in western European countries, while a decline in less-than-good self-assessed health accelerated in some eastern European nations.
Researchers propose strategies to discuss racial disparities, including providing context and emphasizing policies in shaping inequalities. Studies show that simply presenting numbers can cause people to support punitive policies, while offering context and information on history and policy change can reduce disparities.
A study published in Demography reveals a widening wealth gap between senior households and those with children, with the richest seniors seeing a $3 million increase in net worth. In contrast, families with children have struggled to gain wealth, with many holding negative net worth due to debt.
The Big Bell Test project, which involved over 100,000 participants worldwide, confirmed the predictions of quantum physics by overcoming Bell's limit. This achievement demonstrated the power of global networks in cutting-edge scientific research and paved the way for secure communications that are impossible to intercept.
The BIG Bell Test challenged Einstein's principle of local realism by using human input to close a paradox known as the freedom-of-choice loophole. Participants contributed over 90 million bits, determining how entangled atoms and particles were measured in twelve laboratories worldwide.
The Big Bell Test successfully validated Bell inequalities using a participatory science experiment, where 100,000 people generated random bits via a video game. The results confirm the violation of Bell inequalities, opening new avenues for quantum physics applications.
Researchers have observed stronger-than-binary correlations in quantum mechanics for the first time, utilizing three-dimensional entangled photon sources. The experiment, conducted 8 meters apart, demonstrates the existence of such correlations, which could lead to a deeper understanding of fundamental problems in quantum theory.
A world-first study synthesizes globalization effects on people and planet, revealing increased child labor, environmental degradation, and inequality in developing countries. The research highlights the displacement of wealth-driven consumption into offshore production, compromising the achievements of Sustainable Development Goals.
A recent study found significant sex and racial gaps in cardiac rehabilitation referral at hospital discharge, with females and minority groups receiving lower rates. By increasing referrals, long-term mortality could be reduced by up to 40% for women and 25-38% for African-American, Hispanic, and Asian patients
New research from Cass Business School finds life expectancy and health outcomes worsen with deprivation, with men more adversely impacted. The study also reveals a widening gap between rich and poor, with top five districts in Northern England being the most deprived.
A policy package of bequest taxes and land value taxes could reduce wealth inequality without diminishing economic performance. The study finds that these taxes have a strong advantage over corporate taxation, and can even help mitigate housing shortages.
Researchers found that participants reciprocated more with wealthy individuals, even when they displayed equal generosity. This led to a widening of the wealth gap as recipients favored the wealthy, resulting in increased social capital disparities.
A study spanning 1953-2011 found that socioeconomic inequalities in UK children's weight have reversed over time, with disadvantaged children now more likely to be overweight. The difference in BMI levels between the most and least disadvantaged children expanded, while the difference in height narrowed.
A new study suggests that individuals in modern democracies, including the US and Germany, show little interest in erasing wealth disparities. Only 12% of available funds are allocated to reduce inequality, with most people preferring a considerable degree of economic inequality.
A study by the University of Manchester found that relative deprivation increased among young adults aged 30-59 and infants aged 0-4, while the over-60s experienced a decrease. The researchers attribute this to government policies, education funding, and housing costs increasing relative to real wages.
Researchers found that cranial modifications in the ancient Andes were associated with group identity and increased social inequality. The practice, which involved binding and reshaping a baby's head, became more common between 1100-1450 AD, particularly among elite groups.
A recent study found that men who endorse male dominance tend to view women as either chaste and good or promiscuous and bad, leading to objectification and restricted sexuality. This reinforces gender inequality and negatively affects both men and women's well-being.
A new report suggests that improving health and economic activity among those aged over 50 is key to addressing the UK's pension crisis. The Centre for the Study of Financial Innovation (CSFI) recommends creating an 'active aging' environment, which would raise lifetime earnings and saving levels.
A recent study reveals substantial inequalities in cesarean births persisting across countries, with higher rates among the richest fifths indicating overuse. The researchers emphasize the need for targeted policies to ensure equitable access to caesarean sections and improve maternal and newborn health.
A new paper by Professor Inderjeet Parmar argues that the US-led liberal international order's founding values are incompatible with diverse international powers, causing inequality and political turmoil at home. The approach creates more instability as the US struggles to manage its rivalry with China.
A new study by Drexel University researcher Usama Bilal found a significant association between rising white, middle-class death rates and Republican voting in the 2016 US presidential election. The research suggests that counties with higher mortality rates among middle-aged whites were more likely to vote for Republican candidates.
Research reveals high degrees of wealth-based inequality led to unstable ancient societies, contrasting with modern expectations.
The study found that hunter-gatherer societies had low wealth disparities, while larger agricultural societies saw increasing inequality. The researchers attribute this to the domestication of plants and large animals, which led to increased social organization and wealth concentration.
A study published in Environmental Research found that while ambient air pollution decreased in Massachusetts between 2003 and 2010, exposure remained higher in predominantly Hispanic and non-Hispanic black communities. The researchers tracked disparities over space and time using data from the 2000 and 2010 Census and the American Com...
A new study examining occupational licensing contradicts decades of research, finding that licensure may rigidify reward structures and enhance entry for historically disadvantaged groups. The study reveals that licenses do not limit competition or increase wages, but rather stagnate quality and widen wage inequality.
A new study published in PLOS ONE found that male attendees asked 80% more questions than female attendees at a large international conference. The researchers suggest that this disparity may be linked to gender inequality and stereotypes affecting women's confidence to speak publicly.
Experts predict reduced access to care, widening inequalities and increased private provision as the Health and Social Care Act 2012 and STPs lead to blurred distinctions between health and social care. The lack of consideration for different funding bases has led to concerns about equitable distribution of resources.
Historic legacies of empire have increased Caribbean states' vulnerability to climate change, with unequal power relationships and limited resources hindering their ability to address the issue. Dr Leon Sealey-Huggins argues that addressing historical inequalities is crucial for a just and lasting approach to climate change.
Research reveals a stark North-South divide in middle-aged adult mortality rates, with 49% more deaths among 35-44 year olds in the North in 2015. The study attributes this to economic and social factors, highlighting the need for rebalanced investment and devolved powers to tackle health inequalities.
Research finds steady rise in premature mortality among 25- to 44-year-olds in the North of England since mid-1990s, compounding the country's long-established 'North-South' divide. Excess deaths among young and middle-aged people increased sharply between 1995 and 2015.
Researchers found a significant association between gender inequity and increased child physical abuse and neglect. The study analyzed data from 57 countries and found that higher scores on measures of discrimination against women were linked to higher rates of child maltreatment.
Research suggests that a cross-government strategy introduced in 1997 reduced health inequalities between the most deprived areas and the rest of England. However, since its end in 2010, these gains are being reversed due to current austerity policies.
Research published in The BMJ found that a cross-government strategy reduced health inequalities in England, but current policies are potentially reversing these gains due to austerity measures.
A large-scale study of daily step data from anonymous smartphone users in over 100 countries reveals how countries, genders, and community types fare in terms of physical activity. The study found that countries with greater activity variation have a larger proportion of inactive women and higher obesity rates.
The study analyzed data from 717,000 people in 111 countries and found that big gaps between activity levels coincided with higher obesity rates. The research also highlighted the powerful role of gender in country-to-country differences, with women affected more dramatically by negative consequences.
European countries with higher healthcare expenditure experienced lower amenable mortality rates, with declines of up to 3.5% for men and 2.1% for women, according to a Health Affairs analysis.
Despite global improvements in healthcare quality, the gap between best and worst-performing countries has grown. Western European countries generally scored highest while those in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania scored lowest, with some countries within these regions showing significant variation.
A study found large geographic disparities in life expectancy among US counties, with a 20.1 year gap between the lowest and highest life expectancies. Life expectancy increased overall, but masked massive variation at the county level, with some areas experiencing much larger increases than others.
Despite strong progress, Israel still faces significant health disparities, with lower life expectancy and higher rates of heart disease, diabetes, and smoking among its Arab population. The country's aging population poses a growing challenge, and addressing ethnic inequalities is crucial to ensuring universal healthcare coverage.
Researchers at Hong Kong University of Science and Technology demonstrated a violation of Bell's inequality using frequency-bin entangled narrowband biphotons generated via spontaneous four-wave mixing. This finding suggests the possibility of encoding and decoding qubit information in the time domain.
A study of 45,000 individuals across 27 nations found a clear association between societal inequality and increased social dominance orientation among dominant groups. This can lead to violent persecution of immigrants, racism, and sexism. The researchers also asked white Americans if they would participate in ethnic persecution, findi...
A new study found that the gap between the longest and shortest lifespans in the US has grown significantly since 1980, with some counties experiencing life expectancies as low as 66.8 years. Policies to reduce health inequalities are needed, including promoting healthy behaviors and addressing socioeconomic factors.
A study found that retirement lowers biological stress levels in higher-status jobs, but increases them in lower-status jobs. This widening of the socio-economic-health gradient could contribute to rising health inequalities in old age.
A new study finds gunshot wounds in Miami-Dade County cluster in poor, black neighborhoods, with a fatality rate of 15.4%. The researchers call for urgent community engagement and prevention strategies to reduce firearm violence.
The US healthcare system is exacerbating growing health inequalities fueled by structural racism, mass incarceration, and the widening income gap. The richest 1% of Americans live 10-15 years longer than the poorest 1%, with low-income Americans being left further behind.
A Duke University professor proposes that wealth inequality is governed by a physical law, where systems evolve to increase access to flow. This natural tendency governs the distribution of wealth in economies, with hierarchical movement leading to greater disparities.
Wealth distribution is closely tied to the evolutionary movement of all 'streams' of society, according to the Constructal Law. The law reveals that wealth and fuel use are increasing over time, making inequality a natural phenomenon.
The EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) is predicted to result in significant GDP gains but may also lead to net losses in terms of employment, personal incomes, and GDP. CETA's impact on workers would be substantial, with average annual earnings foregone of €1,776 in Canada and between €316 and €1,331 in the EU.
A new study uses condensed matter theory to investigate the role of personal initiative in overcoming inequality. The researchers find that, under certain conditions, sufficient individual initiative can lead to reduced inequality, but this effect is short-lived due to the disappearance of frustration.
A new study on environmental modeling reveals that climate change is only one of many inter-related threats to natural systems supporting human societies. The research argues that incorporating inequality, consumption, and population into climate models would provide a more realistic guide for policymaking and sustainable development.
Experts warn that rising inequality is a major contributor to global problems such as populism, climate change and social instability. Decades of research have shown that tackling structural determinants of health can reduce health inequalities, but progress has been slow.
Recent investments in Delhi's health care have failed to improve access to effective care, with crushing poverty and inequalities hindering progress. The city's high rates of premature deaths from causes such as septicemia and tuberculosis are a concern, highlighting the need for increased public health spending and policy changes.
A new study published in PNAS reveals that peace brings people together in Scandinavian countries, while groups band together against other groups for a united cause in conflict-ridden war zones. In countries with a mix of indigenous and immigrant populations, intergroup relations are more challenging, leading to ambivalent stereotypes...
A new study by a University of Kansas professor suggests that parental financial support for education is associated with higher socioeconomic outcomes, including income and wealth. Young adults from families in the top quarter of the wealth distribution received over eleven times more money for school than those in the bottom half.
A study on rhesus macaques found that low-status animals exhibit greater antibacterial responses, while high-status animals have stronger antiviral responses. Social subordination stress influences immune-related gene expression in low-status individuals.
A special edition of the International Journal for Equity in Health examines Brazil's improved access to medical care and highlights areas where health inequalities persist. The study finds disparities in healthy life expectancy, chronic diseases, mental health care, and violence across different regions and socioeconomic groups.