Articles tagged with Chromosomes
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
FI-Chrom uses Hi-C maps to create 3D models of chromosomes, revealing structural and dynamic features such as chromatin loops forming transiently. The open-access program provides insight into chromosome structure in various organisms.
Researchers at UC San Francisco found that spindle fibers can repair themselves as they pull on DNA, ensuring accurate chromosome division. This self-repair mechanism replaces weak links with stronger ones, preventing errors that could lead to cancer or birth defects.
Researchers used a new high-resolution mapping technique to find small 3D loops connecting regulatory elements and genes that persist during cell division. These loops strengthen when chromosomes become more compact, potentially helping cells 'remember' interactions from one cell cycle to the next.
Researchers will investigate the effects of Y chromosome loss on bladder cancer development and progression. The goal is to understand how this genetic change affects cancer cells and immune systems, with potential implications for prevention, early detection, and treatment approaches.
Researchers at Stowers Institute for Medical Research have identified the precise location where human chromosomes break and recombine to form Robertsonian chromosomes. The study reveals that repetitive DNA sequences play a central role in genome organization and evolution, explaining how these rearrangements form and remain stable.
The Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology will host a public webinar showcasing key findings from the 2025 ASCO Annual Meeting. Researchers will discuss latest information on colorectal, squamous cell, and renal cell cancers.
Researchers found that G9a/H3K9me2 localizes to centromeres to promote di-methylation, essential for proper chromosome segregation. It activates Aurora B and prevents repressive marks from encroaching into core centromeric domains.
Scientists have decoded the complex genome of sweetpotato, revealing an intricate origin story and providing a powerful tool for improvement. The research showed that sweetpotato is a 'segmental allopolyploid,' with six sets of chromosomes that contribute to its remarkable adaptability and disease resistance.
Researchers analyzed centromeres in onion, garlic, and Welsh onion using CENH3-targeted antibody to map centromere regions. They found significant variations in size and position/mobility between species, challenging the static view of centromeres.
A study by a trans-European research team reveals how DNA condensation during the cell cycle is regulated by a unique molecular switch. When cell division begins, the key enzyme CDK1 phosphorylates microcephalin and M18BP1, allowing condensin II to pack the DNA into sausage-shaped chromosomes.
A new AI tool developed by University of Missouri researchers can predict the 3D shape of chromosomes inside individual cells, providing a new view of how genes work. The tool helps identify unique differences in chromosome folding between cells, which controls gene activity and can lead to diseases like cancer.
A Geisinger study finds that Y chromosome genes increase height by 3.1 centimeters in individuals with sex chromosome aneuploidy, explaining approximately 23% of the average height difference between men and women.
A recent study on plant beetleweed reveals that it can have multiple chromosome complements, known as cytotypes, which previously were thought to be mutually exclusive. This finding challenges the notion that different species with distinct chromosome numbers cannot coexist.
Researchers at UTA uncovered how the flowerpot snake repairs its DNA and prevents harmful mutations, shedding light on genetic repair mechanisms that could deepen our understanding of human gene evolution. The study also reveals surprising findings about reproductive strategies and immune-related genes in reptiles.
Researchers found that pancreatic cancer cells gain a survival edge by carrying copies of critical cancer genes on circular pieces of DNA outside chromosomes. The discovery highlights the importance of targeting extrachromosomal DNA in treating the disease.
Scientists found that parts of human chromosomes have evolved rapidly to enable complex brain development in humans. However, this acceleration may also lead to neurodevelopmental disorders like autism. The study used artificial neurons derived from human and chimpanzee cell lines.
Researchers have reconstructed the evolutionary origin of the complex configuration of multiple sex chromosomes in echidnas using their nearly gapless genome sequence. The high-quality data helped trace genetic events that led to this remarkable chromosomal arrangement, including chromosome fusion and fission events.
A new chromosome-scale reference genome of grass pea has been published, improving on earlier draft assemblies and offering potential for climate-smart agriculture. The updated genome allows for improved breeding and gene editing to develop varieties with improved agronomic characteristics or low toxin content.
A study published in Science Advances has identified key characteristics of multiply recurrent meningiomas (MRMs), a highly aggressive form of brain tumor. Researchers found that MRMs are more numerous, larger and more common in men than women, with increased chromosomal instability and DNA methylation.
Researchers at RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics found multiple specialized types of DNA replication in early-stage embryos, including a period of instability prone to chromosomal copying errors. This discovery could lead to improved methods of in vitro fertilization (IVF) and better strategies for minimizing chromosomal abnormalities.
Researchers have identified distinct molecular and immune subtypes across individuals with Down syndrome, providing new insights for personalized medicine approaches. The study's findings could lead to tailored diagnostics and therapeutic approaches, addressing the unique manifestations of co-occurring conditions.
Researchers at the Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center discovered a new treatment approach that improved survival rates for patients with B-cell precursor leukemia by nearly 60%. The study found that adding blinatumomab to chemotherapy reduced the risk of leukemia recurrence and death.
Researchers found increased liver oxidative stress and impaired antioxidant defenses in a DS murine model. The study suggests potential therapeutic strategies targeting oxidative stress and lipid metabolism to prevent or mitigate liver-related complications.
Researchers at Rice University discovered two types of motorized chain models: swimming motors and grappling motors, which manipulate chromosome structures. The study reveals how these proteins impact ideal polymer chains, leading to contraction or expansion depending on forces exerted.
Researchers at Dartmouth College found that fruit fly oocytes can renew chromosome-linking proteins, potentially helping older women reduce pregnancy complications. The discovery could lead to new therapeutic strategies for enhancing protein rejuvenation in human eggs.
Kotaro Sasaki and his team developed an in vitro seminoma model to study chromosomal anomalies and signaling pathways in testicular cancer. The model sheds light on the cellular origin of seminoma, providing new insights into its development.
This study investigates the association of mosaic chromosomal alterations (mCAs) with cirrhosis risk and finds that individuals with copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity mCAs have a significantly increased risk of cirrhosis. The risk is higher in patients with expanded cell fractions of mCAs, especially for decompensated cirrhosis.
A groundbreaking study has revealed that the centromere consists of two subdomains, which play a crucial role in ensuring proper chromosome segregation during cell division. This discovery provides new insights into the mechanisms underlying erroneous divisions in cancer cells.
A recent study investigated the relationship between RAD51 and FIGNL1, shedding light on the intricacies of homologous recombination. The results reveal that FIGNL1 is essential for proper chromosome separation after replication forks are dismantled, preventing abnormal chromosome bridges that can lead to genetic instability.
A $2.8M NIH grant will help unravel the mysteries of disease-causing DNA folding errors, with researchers exploring the 'folding mechanisms' implicated in certain genetic disorders and cancers. The study aims to develop an artificial version of the DNA compaction system, also known as synthetic biology.
A study by Max Planck researchers has discovered an epigenetic regulator MSL2 that ensures the expression of both alleles of haploinsufficient genes, crucial for human health. This mechanism allows for tissue- and cell-type specificity in gene dosage, opening new directions for understanding diseases and developing potential treatments.
Researchers found that rare gene variants associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are less prevalent in African Americans, suggesting a different genetic contribution to the disease. The study highlights the importance of considering genetic diversity and admixture in IBD research.
Researchers have engineered a chromosome entirely from scratch, contributing to the production of the world's first synthetic yeast. The tRNA Neochromosome forms part of a wider project that has successfully synthesised all 16 native chromosomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, common baker's yeast.
The study reveals that CENP-E binds to protein complexes, forming a scaffold for the fibrous corona's development. This discovery sheds light on errors during cell division and could contribute to cancer treatment strategies.
A new study found that residents of neighborhoods with more greenspace tend to have longer telomeres, indicating better cellular health. However, the positive impact of greenspace is not enough to compensate for other environmental challenges like air pollution and racial segregation.
Scientists discovered a key regulator that balances X chromosome genes between male and female mosquitoes, which could help develop new ways to prevent the spread of malaria. The finding sheds light on how mosquitoes compensate for having only one X chromosome, offering potential strategies to reduce blood-sucking female mosquitoes.
Researchers at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital refined the definition of hyperdiploidy in childhood B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), using DNA index to predict patient outcomes. The study found that a simpler system captures a significant proportion of patients with excellent prognoses, and that individual chromosome ...
Researchers at Osaka University have developed a new gene editing technique called NICER, which significantly reduces off-target mutations compared to traditional CRISPR/Cas9 methods. This novel approach uses multiple small cuts in DNA strands and promotes interhomolog homologous recombination to correct heterozygous mutations.
This study reveals Aspergillus fumigatus can cause life-threatening invasive infections in those with weakened immune systems. The fungus produces an unprecedented number of meiotic crossovers, highlighting its potential as a virulent pathogen.
The editorial discusses epigenetic mechanisms leading to oocyte quality loss, a significant factor in age-related fertility decline. Researchers highlight the importance of understanding this process to address the growing issue of advanced maternal age and its impact on reproduction.
A research group at Kyoto University has successfully developed a self-fertile buckwheat variety and a new type of the crop with a sticky texture. This breakthrough could contribute to the efficient breeding of less-common orphan crops, addressing the world's growing food demands.
Researchers at UC San Diego have discovered that shattered DNA fragments are tethered together during cell division, allowing them to be reassembled in a different order. Destroying the tether may help prevent cancerous mutations and is now being explored as a therapeutic target.
Researchers at Osaka University identified two key genes, Srr1 and Skb1, involved in gross chromosomal rearrangement. These genes play a crucial role in preventing the formation of isochromosomes, a type of structural mutation in chromosomes.
A new study has provided insight into the mysterious evolution of DNA rings in tumors, revealing that nearly one-third of all tumors have these genetic structures. The researchers used a technology to trace the path of DNA ring development in neuroblastoma cells, finding that large rings contain cancer genes spurring cell growth.
A machine learning framework predicts and quantifies chromosome synthesis difficulties, providing guidance for optimizing design and synthesis processes. The model achieved high accuracy and predictive ability, enabling the development of a Synthesis difficulty Index to explain causes of synthesis difficulties.
Researchers at the Netherlands Cancer Institute discovered a molecular key that locks cohesin rings, determining DNA shape and chromosome structure. This finding has broader implications for cell behavior, suggesting a universal mechanism for controlling DNA.
Researchers found that an extra copy of a gene controlling synapse formation causes excessive inhibitory signaling in the brain of mice with Down syndrome. This may contribute to conditions such as autism, epilepsy, and bipolar disorder.
Researchers have visualized how DNA loops are formed through the interaction of cohesin, CTCF proteins, and DNA tension. The study reveals that DNA tension plays a crucial role in regulating the positioning of loops along the genome.
A recent study on the pike icefish revealed significant genetic changes as it migrated from Antarctic to temperate waters. The researchers found divergent genes associated with the physiology that needed to change in response to the new environment, including mutations in the antifreeze glycoprotein gene.
A Virginia Tech researcher has identified a key factor in DiGeorge syndrome, a genetic disorder affecting brain development. The study finds that mitochondrial deficits can be targeted with dietary supplements or more precisely-targeted drugs to support final connections during brain development.
Researchers have discovered a complex network of genes in the resurrection plant Craterostigma plantagineum that enables it to tolerate extreme drought conditions. The study found that this ability is not due to a single 'miracle gene' but rather the result of a whole genome, with many genes present in higher copy numbers than in more ...
A cross-disciplinary team developed a convolutional neural network to analyze microscopy images of chromosomes with cohesion defects. The algorithm achieved 73.1% accuracy in classifying new images, streamlining experiments with chromosome analysis.
Researchers at Rice University's Center for Theoretical Biological Physics discovered Aedes aegypti's chromosomes have a unique 'liquid crystal' structure, unlike other species. This finding may provide insights into the functioning of genomes and gene regulation.
Scientists have discovered that wrinkles in the cellular nucleus may be involved in common metabolic diseases such as diabetes and fatty liver disease. The new findings suggest that targeting these wrinkles could lead to novel treatments for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, which affects 40% of people over age 70.
Researchers at Osaka University used cryogenic electron microscopy to study the structural change of the centromere during cell division. The study revealed a complex interaction between proteins involved in cell division, providing new insights into the correct division of chromosomes.
Scientists have identified genes that play key roles in the development of coronary artery disease (CAD), a leading cause of death worldwide. The study found notable differences in gene activity between males and females, as well as between cells that were multiplying and those that were not.
Researchers sequenced the genomes of two endangered sharks, finding low genetic diversity and signs of inbreeding in great hammerheads. In contrast, shortfin makos showed higher genetic diversity and limited inbreeding, offering a glimmer of hope for conservation efforts.
Researchers discovered that Dis1 protein promotes microtubule shortening in fission yeast through catastrophe, a process where growing microtubules suddenly shorten. This finding challenges the conventional view of microtubule stabilization and has long-term applications for therapy and artificial cell segregation.
A global study reveals that antimicrobial resistance genes in bacteria are driven by various factors, including geographic regions and hosts. The research identifies key genes conferring resistance to critically important drugs, shedding light on the mechanisms of transmission and the need for collaborative interventions.
A study funded by NIH found that people with Down syndrome have a similar level of amyloid plaques in their brains as those with hereditary, early-onset Alzheimer's. This suggests that individuals with both conditions may benefit from participating in studies on Alzheimer's therapies aimed at slowing amyloid plaque formation.