Halt post-disturbance logging in forests
Research suggests leaving up to 75% of naturally disturbed forest areas unlogged preserves 90% of original species richness. This guideline can help promote biodiversity in affected habitats.
Science News Archive September 2020 - Page 14
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Driven by climate, more frequent, severe wildfires in Cascade Range reshape forests
Climate change is causing more frequent and severe wildfires in the Cascade Range, reshaping forests. Historically, fires occurred every 50-200 years, but climate-driven changes have led to increased fire frequency, with some areas burning within 12 years of each other.
New study: Face-covering use up, more people are taking COVID-19 threats seriously
A recent survey found that more people are wearing masks in public places, while vaccine uncertainty is also increasing. The study suggests that addressing efficacy concerns through messaging may be key to reaching those not wearing masks. Respondents perceived a higher risk of getting seriously ill and dying from COVID-19 than is likely.
Survey reveals popular misconceptions about child marriage
Child marriage primarily affects girls and occurs below 18 years old, contrary to common assumptions; a more accurate terminology is suggested to address female agency in marriage decisions.
A cheaper, faster COVID-19 test
Researchers at Karolinska Institutet have developed a method for fast, cheap, yet accurate testing for COVID-19 infection. The new test simplifies the diagnostic process by eliminating expensive reaction steps, enabling upscaling of diagnostics in limited resource settings.
Women orthopaedic surgeons report high rates of sexual harassment
A survey of 250 women orthopaedic surgeons found that 68% reported experiencing sexual harassment during their training, with common types including obscene images, unwanted touching, and invitations. Despite efforts to recruit more women and increase leadership positions, the problem persists, emphasizing the need for targeted trainin...
Study suggests elderly care home outbreaks in England were caused by multiple indepedent infections and also within-home spread
A study found that COVID-19 outbreaks in English care homes resulted from both external and internal sources, with a high mortality rate among residents. The research analyzed genomic data and identified multiple viral clusters, indicating both independent acquisitions and transmission between residents and healthcare workers.
Red blood cell distribution width, mortality risk in hospitalized adults with SARS-CoV-2 infection
A new study investigates the relationship between red blood cell distribution width and mortality risk in hospitalized adults with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The findings suggest that red blood cell distribution width may be a useful marker for risk stratification of patients with COVID-19.
Study shows weighted blankets can decrease insomnia severity
A randomized, controlled trial found weighted blankets significantly reduced insomnia severity and improved sleep quality in participants with psychiatric disorders. Nearly 60% of users experienced a 50% or more decrease in insomnia severity compared to 5.4% in the control group.
Announcing the 2020 Science in Society Journalism Awards winners
The National Association of Science Writers has recognized outstanding investigative journalism with the 2020 Science in Society Journalism Awards. The award-winning entries include 'Bottle of Lies: The Inside Story of the Generic Drug Boom,' 'Cigarette Butts Are Everywhere,' and 'The Confession.'
Certain diabetes drugs linked to lower risk of major heart problems
A Canadian study found that SGLT2 inhibitors reduce the risk of cardiovascular events, including heart attack and stroke, among patients with type 2 diabetes. The study's findings suggest that these drugs offer cardioprotective benefits in a real-world setting.
Scientists identify dozens of genes allowing cancer cells to evade the immune system
Researchers identified 182 genes that regulate interaction between cancer and immune T cells, which could be harnessed for effective immunotherapy across different tumour types. The study also revealed the need for new therapy to account for genetic mutations in cancer cells that can make disease worse in response to treatment.
Scientists develop forecasting technique that could help advance quest for fusion energy
Researchers developed a technique to forecast how tokamaks might respond to magnetic errors, which can disrupt fusion reactions. This forecasts could help engineers design fusion facilities that efficiently create a virtually inexhaustible supply of safe and clean fusion energy.
Study shows impact of climate change on Neotropical freshwater ecosystems
Researchers found that drought and flood conditions in bromeliad microcosms affected the functioning of aquatic ecosystems, particularly at the bottom of the food chain. The study showed that smaller organisms suffer more from rainfall instability than larger ones.
SourceFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo·JournalNature Communications·DateSep 23, 2020
Customizable synthetic antibiotic outmaneuvers resistant bacteria
Researchers at UCSF create customizable antibiotic molecules to evade bacterial resistance mechanisms. By redesigning existing antibiotics, they've found promising variations with activity against dozens of strains of pathogenic bacteria.
Controlling ultrastrong light-matter coupling at room temperature
Scientists have successfully created controllable ultrastrong interaction between light and matter at ambient conditions, enabling new possibilities for fundamental physics research. The discovery allows researchers to study the limits of coupling and could lead to observable phenomena in future experiments.
Study uses novel MRI technique to find biomarker for parsonage-turner syndrome
Researchers at HSS are using magnetic resonance neurography to study Parsonage-Turner Syndrome, a painful nerve disorder that can cause sudden weakness. High-resolution images of peripheral nerves will be obtained to discover biomarkers for detection and monitoring, as well as aid in surgical planning.
New NCCN resource for understanding childhood leukemia
The National Comprehensive Cancer Network has published a new patient and caregiver resource focused on childhood cancer type, pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The guidelines provide easy-to-understand information on treatment options, including charts and images, to help patients and caregivers make informed decisions.
BrainHealth's SMART methodology helps patients make more informed treatment decisions
The study found that patients who participated in the SMART program made more informed decisions about their medical treatment options six months later. The SMART protocol helps improve gist reasoning abilities, enabling patients to focus on key facts and make decisions aligned with their personal values.
Study shows that cycling is associated with reduced risk of both all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among people with diabetes
A prospective cohort study found that cycling was associated with lower all-cause and cardiovascular mortality risk among people with diabetes. The study analyzed data from over 7,500 adults and showed that even short periods of cycling per week can significantly reduce the risk of premature death.
SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy was not associated with complications in neonates
A new study has investigated the association between a positive SARS-CoV-2 test during pregnancy and complications in mothers and their newborn babies. The researchers found no higher prevalence of complications during delivery or of ill-health in the neonates, but did note a higher prevalence of preeclampsia in infected women.
Amazonia racing toward tipping point, fueled by unregulated fires
The Amazonian rainforest is racing toward a tipping point as unregulated fires and climate change accelerate deforestation and habitat destruction. If temperatures rise by another 2-3 degrees Fahrenheit, the ecosystem could transition to savanna within decades.
SourceFlorida Institute of Technology·JournalAnnals of the Missouri Botanical Garden·DateSep 23, 2020
Statins reduce COVID-19 severity, likely by removing cholesterol that virus uses to infect
Researchers at UC San Diego discovered that statins lower risk of severe COVID-19 and accelerate recovery times. Statins remove cholesterol from cell membranes, preventing SARS-CoV-2 entry, according to a new study.
Metformin treatment linked to slowed cognitive decline
A six-year study found metformin slowed cognitive decline and reduced dementia risk in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Researchers believe the medication may also benefit those at risk of cognitive decline without diabetes. The study suggests a potential repurposing of metformin to prevent cognitive decline in older people.
Genetic analysis links obesity to higher rheumatoid arthritis risk
A genetic analysis of over 850,000 Europeans found a link between obesity-related genes and an increased risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Obesity was shown to be associated with a higher risk of rheumatoid arthritis for both men and women.
Likely molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis are revealed by network biology
Researchers built an interactome that includes a human lung cell host network integrated with a SARS-CoV-2 network, revealing potential molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets for COVID-19. The study identified 33 high-value SARS-CoV-2 targets involved in viral entry, proliferation, and survival.
First evidence that air pollution particles and metals are reaching the placenta
Research led by Queen Mary University of London finds air pollution particles, including metals, in placentas of 15 London women, suggesting a link between maternal inhalation and fetal exposure. The study highlights the need for further research to fully understand the effects of air pollution on fetal development.
Solving the strange storms on Jupiter
Researchers found that Jupiter's storms behave similarly to hurricanes on Earth but with a much larger scale. The team used math derived from Lord Kelvin's proof to explain the storms' stable geometric arrangement, discovering anticyclonic rings cause them to repel each other.
SourceCalifornia Institute of Technology·JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences·DateSep 23, 2020
Improving patients' recovery from COVID-19 -- £275,000 award to test device monitoring breathing exercises
Researchers at Swansea University are exploring a new method to help people recover from COVID-19 using breathing exercises and a hand-held device. The project aims to improve shortness of breath and overall well-being, with volunteers invited to take part.
Ultra-low-cost hearing aid could address age-related hearing loss worldwide
The ultra-low-cost LoCHAid device uses electronic filters to shape frequency response and is designed for easy manufacture and repair in low-income countries. It has the potential to provide sufficient value for users despite its limitations, particularly in comparison to luxury hearing aid options.
Glycans in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein play active role in infection
Researchers identify glycans linked to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein as key players in infection, stabilizing shape change that exposes receptor-binding domain. Mutations reducing glycanaction can reduce binding to ACE2.
A high potential biphenol derivative cathode
Researchers developed an air-insensitive biphenol derivative cathode with high potential and solubility, demonstrating stable cycling performance and high rate capabilities. The cathode's biphenol structure offers excellent oxidation resistance and four tertiary ammonium groups improve stability.
NASA's terra satellite confirms Paulette's second post-tropical transition
Paulette formed as Tropical Depression Seventeen and became a hurricane, then weakened into a post-tropical cyclone. NASA's Terra satellite found only one small area of convection with cloud top temperatures as cold as minus 50 degrees Fahrenheit.
Research shows significant drop in diagnosis of some common health concerns by GPs in UK lockdown
A study analyzing electronic health records found a significant reduction in diagnoses for common physical and mental health conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic. This included a 50% drop in Type 2 diabetes diagnoses, with reductions of up to 44% seen in malignant cancer and circulatory system diseases.
SourceNIHR Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre·JournalThe Lancet Public Health·DateSep 23, 2020
The BMJ reveals worrying cuts to UK medical schools
Financial problems in UK medical schools could significantly affect student education. The sector's debts have risen over the past year, making institutions vulnerable to insolvency. Charity funded research is also expected to fall, resulting in a projected reduction in medical research investment.
World first study links obesity with reduced brain plasticity
A world-first study has found that severely overweight individuals are less likely to re-wire their brains and form new neural pathways. This impairment in brain plasticity makes it harder for them to learn new tasks and remember things, with significant implications for people recovering from strokes or brain injuries. Obesity is asso...
Routine blood test predicts increased mortality risk in patients with COVID-19
Researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital identified a standard blood test that can predict high mortality risk in COVID-19 patients. The test measures red cell distribution width (RDW), which is highly correlated with patient mortality, and can be tracked during hospitalization to help determine treatment response.
How microbes in a mother's intestines affect fetal neurodevelopment
A UCLA study reveals that a mother's gut microbiota plays a crucial role in fetal neurodevelopment. The research found that depleting the maternal gut microbiota during pregnancy disrupted fetal brain development, including reduced axon growth and impaired sensory behaviors.
Caregiving factors may affect hospitalization risk among disabled older adults
A recent study found that caregivers who provided more than 40 hours of care weekly and reported physical strain increased the hospitalization risk among disabled older adults. On the other hand, long-term caregivers were associated with a lower risk of hospitalization.
Broad beans versus soybeans as feedstuff for dual-purpose chickens
Research from the University of Göttingen found that broad beans can be used as a protein-rich alternative to soybeans in poultry feed without compromising meat quality. The study also showed that dual-purpose chicken breeds can produce high-quality eggs and chicken meat while improving animal welfare.
Berry good news -- new compound from blueberries could treat inflammatory disorders
Researchers at Tokyo University of Science have identified a polyphenolic compound called pterostilbene with strong immunosuppressive properties, making it a promising anti-inflammatory agent for treating inflammatory bowel disease and other disorders. The study found that the compound prevents T cells from differentiating into pro-inf...
Proof-of-concept for a new ultra-low-cost hearing aid for age-related hearing loss
A new ultra-affordable hearing aid called LoCHAid has been developed to combat age-related hearing loss, costing just $0.98 per unit. The device is designed to be marketable over-the-counter and can be repaired by minimally skilled users, making it accessible to those in low- and middle-income countries.
Faulty transportation of messenger RNA is the culprit in ALS
A new study found that reduced transportation of RNA by protein TDP-43 disrupts neuron function, leading to stunted axon extension in both ALS and FTLD. The discovery provides a potential target for new treatments.
Rutherford County's Rachel Painter garners National Honor
Rachel Painter, a University of Tennessee Extension professional, has been recognized nationally for her work with local Master Gardeners. Her efforts have helped increase the volunteer retention rate from 30% in 2016 to nearly 75% in 2019.
Sport and memory go hand in hand
Neuroscientists at UNIGE discover that intense physical exercise improves memory and brain activation, particularly in young individuals. Regular sports activity can potentially enhance learning and reduce the risk of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's.
Gruthan Bioscience receives funding to develop a novel class of cholesterol-lowering drugs
Researchers at Gruthan Bioscience aim to develop a new class of cholesterol-lowering drugs for patients with familial hypercholesterolemia, a rare form of high cholesterol. The startup plans to use its novel cell platform to identify and test promising compounds.
Feeling frisky makes you see what you want to see
A study published in the Journal of Social and Personal Relationships found that people perceive potential partners as more attractive when they have a 'sexy mindset', which also reduces concerns about rejection. The researchers discovered that this bias motivates individuals to take a leap of faith and initiate relationships.
Fourth large-scale COVID-19 vaccine trial begins in the United States
A fourth Phase 3 clinical trial has begun enrolling adult volunteers to evaluate the investigational Janssen COVID-19 vaccine. The trial aims to assess the vaccine's ability to prevent symptomatic COVID-19 after a single dose regimen.
Pale melanomas masked by albino gene
People with pale-colored melanomas are more susceptible to developing rare genetic mutations associated with albinism. Researchers plan to collect samples to compare genotype and develop personalized monitoring for patients with one albinism gene mutation.
How is COVID-19 affecting Holocaust survivors?
A study by Bar-Ilan University found that COVID-19 exacerbates PTSD symptoms and loneliness in Holocaust survivors who experienced infectious diseases during the Holocaust. This subgroup showed heightened distress, while others manifested impressive resilience.
UTEP-led team aiming to understand impacts of hybridization awarded $1 million NSF grant
A UTEP-led research team will investigate the adaptive consequences of hybridization between wild and domesticated animal populations using the mallard duck as a model organism. The project aims to understand the genetic and adaptive implications of interbreeding, which can lead to non-adaptive traits in the wild.
Using artificial intelligence to connect vehicles and traffic infrastructure
Researchers will develop an adaptive traffic control system leveraging connected vehicles and infrastructures to optimize and manage traffic flow. The goal is to reduce corridor-level fuel consumption by 20 percent, while maintaining a highly operable and safe transportation environment.
New materials: A toggle switch for catalysis
Researchers at TU Wien and DESY discovered a material that can be switched between two states: one is catalytically very active, the other less so. The switching is controlled by tiny iron nanoparticles on the surface, which change between metallic and oxidic states depending on the voltage applied.
Some polar bears in far north are getting short-term benefit from thinning ice
Researchers found that polar bears in Kane Basin are healthier due to thinning sea ice, which allows more sunlight to reach the ocean surface. The bears are also traveling further to find food, but their long-term survival is uncertain.
Breakthrough for tomorrow's dentistry
Researchers at Karolinska Institutet have identified all cell populations in mouse teeth and young human teeth, deciphering differentiation pathways of odontoblasts and ameloblasts. The study sheds light on tooth sensitivity and the formation of enamel.
Genome duplications as evolutionary adaptation strategy
Researchers found that genome duplications contribute to the morphological variation and biological diversity in plants. The study analyzed 4,000 species of Brassicaceae family and revealed no key innovation in morphological characteristics over time.
Alcohol, nicotine mix during pregnancy increases health risk in newborns
Researchers found that the combination of alcohol and nicotine alters gene regulatory pathways in developing fetuses, leading to major deficiencies in brain development. This can cause synaptic rearrangements and lead to neurological disorders.
Novel dual CAR T cell immunotherapy holds promise for targeting the HIV reservoir
Researchers have developed a new Dual CAR T cell immunotherapy that targets the HIV reservoir and combats HIV infection in humanized mice. The therapy, which combines two CARs into a single T cell, provides a strong and long-lasting response against HIV-infection while being resistant to the virus itself.
Perovskite light-emitting/detecting bifunctional fibers for wearable LiFi communication
A team of scientists developed wearable LiFi based on electroluminescence-photodetection bifunctional fibers enabled by perovskite QDs. The fibers possess a narrowest luminescence spectrum and can simultaneously transmit and receive information.
SourceLight Publishing Center, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics And Physics, CAS·DateSep 23, 2020
How a single protein in non-neuronal cells controls brain development
PRMT1 controls tissue development and lifespan, as well as stress responses in non-neuronal cells. In neonatal mice lacking PRMT1, severe inflammation is observed, including increased astrogliosis and microglia numbers.