Articles tagged with Isoforms
Comprehensive exploration of living organisms, biological systems, and life processes across all scales from molecules to ecosystems. Encompasses cutting-edge research in biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, zoology, evolutionary biology, genomics, and biotechnology. Investigates cellular mechanisms, organism development, genetic inheritance, biodiversity conservation, metabolic processes, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing, CRISPR gene editing, stem cell research, and the fundamental principles governing all forms of life on Earth.
Comprehensive medical research, clinical studies, and healthcare sciences focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Encompasses clinical medicine, public health, pharmacology, epidemiology, medical specialties, disease mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, healthcare innovation, precision medicine, telemedicine, medical devices, drug development, clinical trials, patient care, mental health, nutrition science, health policy, and the application of medical science to improve human health, wellbeing, and quality of life across diverse populations.
Comprehensive investigation of human society, behavior, relationships, and social structures through systematic research and analysis. Encompasses psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, linguistics, education, demography, communications, and social research methodologies. Examines human cognition, social interactions, cultural phenomena, economic systems, political institutions, language and communication, educational processes, population dynamics, and the complex social, cultural, economic, and political forces shaping human societies, communities, and civilizations throughout history and across the contemporary world.
Fundamental study of the non-living natural world, matter, energy, and physical phenomena governing the universe. Encompasses physics, chemistry, earth sciences, atmospheric sciences, oceanography, materials science, and the investigation of physical laws, chemical reactions, geological processes, climate systems, and planetary dynamics. Explores everything from subatomic particles and quantum mechanics to planetary systems and cosmic phenomena, including energy transformations, molecular interactions, elemental properties, weather patterns, tectonic activity, and the fundamental forces and principles underlying the physical nature of reality.
Practical application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to solve real-world problems and develop innovative technologies. Encompasses all engineering disciplines, technology development, computer science, artificial intelligence, environmental sciences, agriculture, materials applications, energy systems, and industrial innovation. Bridges theoretical research with tangible solutions for infrastructure, manufacturing, computing, communications, transportation, construction, sustainable development, and emerging technologies that advance human capabilities, improve quality of life, and address societal challenges through scientific innovation and technological progress.
Study of the practice, culture, infrastructure, and social dimensions of science itself. Addresses how science is conducted, organized, communicated, and integrated into society. Encompasses research funding mechanisms, scientific publishing systems, peer review processes, academic ethics, science policy, research institutions, scientific collaboration networks, science education, career development, research programs, scientific methods, science communication, and the sociology of scientific discovery. Examines the human, institutional, and cultural aspects of scientific enterprise, knowledge production, and the translation of research into societal benefit.
Comprehensive study of the universe beyond Earth, encompassing celestial objects, cosmic phenomena, and space exploration. Includes astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, cosmology, space physics, astrobiology, and space technology. Investigates stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, black holes, nebulae, exoplanets, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background, stellar evolution, planetary formation, space weather, solar system dynamics, the search for extraterrestrial life, and humanity's efforts to explore, understand, and unlock the mysteries of the cosmos through observation, theory, and space missions.
Comprehensive examination of tools, techniques, methodologies, and approaches used across scientific disciplines to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. Encompasses experimental procedures, analytical methods, measurement techniques, instrumentation, imaging technologies, spectroscopic methods, laboratory protocols, observational studies, statistical analysis, computational methods, data visualization, quality control, and methodological innovations. Addresses the practical techniques and theoretical frameworks enabling scientists to investigate phenomena, test hypotheses, gather evidence, ensure reproducibility, and generate reliable knowledge through systematic, rigorous investigation across all areas of scientific inquiry.
Study of abstract structures, patterns, quantities, relationships, and logical reasoning through pure and applied mathematical disciplines. Encompasses algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, analysis, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, set theory, probability, statistics, and computational mathematics. Investigates mathematical structures, theorems, proofs, algorithms, functions, equations, and the rigorous logical frameworks underlying quantitative reasoning. Provides the foundational language and tools for all scientific fields, enabling precise description of natural phenomena, modeling of complex systems, and the development of technologies across physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and all quantitative sciences.
Researchers reveal how single genes producing multiple proteins impact health and rare diseases, providing a new understanding of genetic mutations and their effects. The study identifies cases where mutations affect only one protein, leading to distinct symptoms and severity.
A research team at the University of Cologne has identified a specific form of the tau protein, 1N4R, responsible for mediating toxic effects of protein clumps in human brain cells. This breakthrough understanding could lead to new treatments for Alzheimer's disease.
Researchers at Sanford Burnham Prebys used two sequencing methods to reveal new mRNAs associated with Alzheimer's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and Parkinson's disease. The study found vast mRNA isoform diversity in genes related to neurodegenerative diseases.
Cells produce three times as many 'unproductive' transcripts with mistakes or unexpected configurations as they do steady-state, finished RNA. These unproductive transcripts are quickly destroyed by a cellular process called nonsense-mediated decay (NMD), which suggests the cell intentionally makes mistakes to regulate gene expression....
SARS-CoV-2 uses machinery of defense cells to induce expression of unproductive isoforms of key antiviral genes, disrupting normal protein production and immune response. The study provides fundamental information on potential targets for antiviral medications and immunomodulatory interventions.
Researchers used long-read sequencing to map out gene isoform diversity in the brains of mice with human tau protein mutations. The study found hundreds of new isoforms associated with tau accumulation and differential expression in human Alzheimer's disease tissue.
Researchers identified a viable path to developing a novel therapy that would make opioids more effective and safer as a treatment for chronic pain. The study found that selective Hsp90 inhibitors amplified the pain-relieving effects of morphine, reducing tolerance and side effects.
A recent study has cataloged gene-isoform variation in the developing human brain, providing crucial insights into neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. The research found thousands of isoform switches that occur during brain development, implicating previously uncharacterized RNA-binding proteins.
A team at Osaka University uses novel RNA sequencing techniques to reveal the molecular basis for sexual dimorphism in Daphnia, a species of water flea that can change its form and behavior despite being genetically identical. The study identifies genes that switch which isoforms are expressed in a sex-dependent manner.
Researchers at Weill Cornell Medicine have assembled a comprehensive atlas of messenger RNA variants in the mouse and human brain, revealing intricate patterns of gene expression and its relationship to major brain disorders. The study provides valuable insights into brain development, neuron specialization, and disease mechanisms.
The study found that APOE4 carriers have elevated LDL cholesterol levels, increasing their risk of developing subclinical atherosclerosis. In contrast, APOE2 carriers have lower cholesterol and reduced atherosclerosis prevalence.
Researchers found a strong positive correlation between BRD4 overexpression and chemoresistance in ovarian cancer. The study demonstrated that BRD4-L and BRD4-S isoforms play a role in promoting chemotherapy resistance in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma.
Researchers from UCI have discovered the first crystal structures of botulinum neurotoxin E, revealing a novel mechanism for its recognition of human receptors. This finding may lead to the development of new BoNT/E variants with unique pharmacological and therapeutic features.
Researchers investigated the roles of STAT3α and STAT3β in aggressive breast cancer and found that differential silencing of these isoforms leads to changes in STAT3 activation. This study emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between STAT3 isoforms for accurate cancer diagnosis and therapy.
Scientists have created a new method to model liver cancer tumor subtypes using CRISPR-Cas9, discovering that specific gene isoforms can lead to different cancer subtypes. This platform could help researchers develop new therapeutic interventions for treating cancer and other diseases.
Researchers have discovered that Shigella bacteria can infect humans but not mice due to differences in the shape of a key protein, gasdermin-B. The protein has six different forms, and some isoforms cause cell death while others do not, explaining why Shigella is unable to infect mice.
Seer researchers identified four structurally distinct protein isoforms that were differentially expressed in non-small cell lung cancer patients. These findings suggest that these protein isoforms may play a role in NSCLC disease pathogenesis, potentially leading to the development of new diagnostic markers or therapeutic targets.
Researchers found that suppressing AMPKα1 but not AMPKα2 isoforms improved aging-related impairments in mice. The study revealed novel insights into the roles of AMPK signaling pathway in cognitive aging.
Researchers at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia developed ESPRESSO, a new computational tool that can accurately discover and quantify RNA molecules from error-prone long-read RNA sequencing data. This will enable better diagnosis of rare genetic diseases and discovery of potential therapeutic targets in cancer.
A recent study led by Dr. Luis Cuello and Alain J. Labro found that a known Shaker channel mutation differs structurally from its human counterparts, with implications for drug development and ion transport mechanisms. The research reveals a unique conformation of the W434F mutant that is distinct from wild-type channels.
Scientists at Indiana University School of Medicine discovered differences in FOXP3 isoforms controlling Treg cells and their impact on the immune system. These findings may lead to new treatments for autoimmune diseases and allergies.
Researchers at SMU found a gene that enables both mechanosensation and olfaction, potentially leading to new treatments for loss of smell in COVID-19 patients. The gene mec-2 is crucial for activating touch neurons in worms and has similar isoforms that enable smell in humans.
The study of MUNC long non-coding RNA reveals the importance of experimentally determining its structure to identify functional domains. The researchers found that two structural domains, including six common 'hairpins,' were crucial for regulating gene expression and muscle cell differentiation.
Researchers at Waseda University discovered a new protein isoform called Senp5S, which helps regulate Drp1 and mitochondrial dynamics during brain development. The study suggests a novel and vital role for post-translational SUMOylation in neuronal differentiation.
Researchers at the Max Delbrück Center have developed a therapeutic agent to improve treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. The new approach targets alternative splicing in cardiac disease, using antisense oligonucleotides to stabilize sensitive molecules and trigger desired response.
Researchers have identified thousands of novel brain-expressed gene isoforms, revealing a complex web of protein production in the brain. The study suggests that genes expressed in the brain may produce far more proteins than previously thought, with potential implications for diseases such as Alzheimer's and schizophrenia.
Researchers have developed a novel mouse model that accurately replicates the pathological propagation of tau protein isoforms in Alzheimer's disease, corticobasal degeneration, and Pick's disease. The model shows endogenous expression of both 3R and 4R tau, which accumulates in brain regions characteristic of each disease.
Researchers from HSE University have discovered a nucleotide sequence characteristic of microRNA isoforms, which helps predict errors in microRNA behavior. This discovery has important applications for creating drugs that can detect targets more effectively.
A study by CNIO researchers found that both isoforms of the KRAS oncogene are oncogenic and must be targeted for therapies to be effective. The research suggests that KRAS4A mutant is even more active than previously thought, inducing lung cancer and metastasis in 20% of individuals.
Scientists at Helmholtz Zentrum München developed a new bioengineered reporter system called EXSISERS, enabling non-invasive observation of fundamental cellular processes. The system detects specific protein isoforms being translated, with potential applications in neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's.
Phytochromes help plants detect light direction, intensity, and duration, as well as temperature, allowing them to adapt to various environments. The study fully characterized the phytochrome family in Arabidopsis thaliana and found surprising differences between isoforms.
A team of scientists found that the human 14-3-3 protein family has a universal binding site for the E6 oncoprotein from different subtypes of cancer-causing Human Papillomaviruses (HPV). This discovery suggests that targeting this site could lead to the development of novel antiviral therapies.
A novel HIPK2 isoform is identified that promotes YAP/TEAD transcriptional activity in non-small cell lung cancer cells. The study suggests that this isoform may play an oncogenic role in NSCLC and could be a potential therapeutic target.
The study found that AKT isoforms have distinct expression patterns in triple-negative breast cancers, with AKT1 associated with invasiveness and sensitivity to drug treatment. Loss of AKT1 function was linked to reduced sensitivity to cisplatin, while the presence of AKT2 promoted stemness and invasion.
A new study identified an adenovirus gene therapy vector carrying a VEGF isoform that can improve uterine blood flow in placental insufficiency. Reduced uterine blood flow and lack of bioavailable VEGF are major causes of severe fetal growth restriction, leading to serious neonatal morbidity and death.
A new protein called FIMP plays a crucial role in sperm-oocyte membrane fusion during fertilization, a process critical to creating a new individual. The discovery of FIMP could lead to the development of novel fertility treatments and non-hormonal male-specific contraceptives.
Scientists identified a new control mechanism that enables stem cells to adapt their activity in emergency situations by modifying protein blueprints. Alternative polyadenylation regulates the amount of protein produced and controls protein isoform formation, affecting stability and localization.
Researchers identified novel PMEPA1-e isoform and characterized its biological functions in prostate cancer. The study found that the methylation of PMEPA1 gene promoter accounts for silencing of PMEPA1 in prostate cancer cells.
Researchers at MUSC have identified a critical lipid-binding pocket on the SET protein that can be targeted with rational drug design to develop better cancer therapeutics. Fingolimod and other FDA-approved drugs bind this pocket, restoring PP2A's growth-suppressive function and killing cancer cells.
A Kanazawa University study found that Xeno/endobiotic metabolism potencies differ significantly between rat strains and sexes. The study quantified the absolute mRNA expression of Ugt isoforms in rats' livers and small intestines, revealing variations in metabolism between strains and sexes.
Researchers have discovered genetic switches that ignite axon formation, revealing the role of PTBP2 and SHTN1 genes. The study shows how alternative splicing enables neurons to produce long axons, essential for neural communication.
A study from Osaka University reveals how human pluripotent stem cells can be differentiated into corneal and retinal cells by growing them on specific forms of the protein laminin. The findings show that different laminin isoforms affect cell behavior, density, and interactions, which in turn influence the types of ocular cells produced.
A mathematic model developed by researchers at the University of Basel's Biozentrum demonstrates how different variants of genes enable random diversity in neurons. This diversity is achieved by combining isoforms in a way that results in precise and exclusive neuron function.
Researchers from RUDN University designed new compounds that selectively inhibit human carbonic anhydrase, reducing intraocular pressure and potentially treating glaucoma. The study's findings suggest a promising approach for developing new antiglaucoma drugs by modifying the compound's molecular periphery.
A Korean research team created a comprehensive computational model of human metabolism, enabling accurate prediction of personal metabolic features. The model incorporates alternative splicing information and was validated with over 11,000 Gene-Transcript-Protein-Reaction Associations.
A KAUST-led team reveals a short regulatory gene that adapts to dynamic environments by tagging genes for repression. This discovery offers a new paradigm for gene regulation, linking the genome with the environment and providing insights into cellular plasticity.
A new study has identified a protein called high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) that may help patients with epilepsy respond more positively to drug therapies. The research found that HMGB1 isoforms can predict how an epilepsy patient's seizures will respond to anti-inflammatory drugs.
Nagoya University researchers have discovered a link between RNA binding proteins FUS and SFPQ and the development of frontotemporal lobar degeneration, a type of dementia that starts in middle age. The study suggests that rebalancing the tau protein ratio may prevent FTLD-like phenotypes.
In mouse models, NRP2a inhibited tumor cell proliferation while NRP2b promoted metastasis and progression. Cancer stem cells were also reduced in NRP2b knockdown models, providing new insights into lung cancer progression. The study suggests that targeting NRP2b may lead to improved therapies for non-small cell lung cancer.
Researchers found that four key muscle-cell proteins undergo a critical splicing transition in fetal forms, essential for adult muscle function. Disrupting this transition leads to major structural problems and muscle weakness in adult mice, highlighting the importance of alternative splicing in maintaining muscle health.
Researchers develop a new method to analyze genetic sequences, known as SURVIV, which can predict cancer patients' survival times with greater accuracy. This technique may also enable doctors to target specific genetic sequences that could fight disease, according to the study published in Nature Communications.
Carbonic anhydrases are essential enzymes regulating the carbon cycle; recent studies focus on naturally occurring products inhibiting CA activity. Various natural product classes, including coumarins, phenols, polyphenols, and terpenes, have demonstrated CA modulator properties.
A University of California, Riverside study explains how the balance of two transcription factor isoforms in the colon influences the risk of developing colon cancer and colitis. Maintaining a balance between these isoforms is crucial for reducing disease risk.
A recent study has found that most protein isoforms encoded by the same gene have radically different roles within tissues and cells, despite being structurally alike. This discovery suggests that each protein isoform needs to be studied individually to understand its normal role and potential involvement in disease.
Scientists at Helmholtz Zentrum München have identified a new isoform of neutrophil elastase involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema. The cleaved form of the enzyme is particularly aggressive and resistant to inhibitors, leading to increased tissue damage.
Researchers have found that the length of Klf4 mRNA affects iPS cell reprogramming, with shorter forms leading to incomplete reprogramming. Longer forms result in more complete reprogramming and higher protein expression levels.
Researchers have found that microRNA isoforms are more common than initially assumed, with certain variants exhibiting population-dependent and gender-dependent expression profiles. These findings suggest that miRNAs may serve a purpose beyond regulation of protein-coding genes.
Researchers at University of São Paulo identified INXS RNA, which modulates BCL-X gene and induces programmed cell death. Local injections of plasmid containing INXS reduced subcutaneous malignant tumors by 10-fold in mice.
Researchers at the University of Western Australia discovered that soluble NRG1 plays a role in early peripheral nerve regeneration phases, promoting axon degeneration and regrowth. Soluble NRG1, already used in human trials for heart failure treatment, may be an effective therapeutic candidate to promote nerve regeneration.
A specific protein, protocadherin-15 CD2, is crucial for hearing by forming tip-links that convert sound into electrical signals. The absence of this protein leads to profound deafness in mice and humans, providing a major breakthrough in understanding the auditory mechanotransduction machinery.