Articles tagged with Immunity
Researchers estimate 76% attack rate in Manaus, Brazil, and 29% in São Paulo, suggesting NPIs and growing immunity played a role in containing the epidemic. The study aims to understand the longevity of population immunity and potential need for booster vaccinations.
The use of immunity passports is a topic of debate, as science is unsure about the duration of immunity and potential risks of reinfection. Experts argue that immunity passports could limit fundamental rights, such as freedom of movement, but also propose respecting the right to move freely for those who cannot spread COVID-19.
Researchers determined the function of IL-15L using rainbow trout, finding it stimulates type 2 immunity by inducing cytokine IL-4 and IL-13. In contrast, trout IL-15 selectively induces type 1 immunity through interferon-g expression.
Research highlights the importance of understanding T cell responses in COVID-19, including their role in generating durable immunity and influencing disease severity. Filling knowledge gaps is crucial for developing effective vaccines and treatments.
A new study from the University of Michigan suggests that localized data on childhood vaccination coverage can help predict and prevent measles outbreaks. The research found that when people who are not vaccinated cluster geographically, the probability and size of an outbreak increase.
A new study suggests that localized vaccination surveillance can help predict and prevent measles outbreaks by analyzing geographic clustering of non-vaccinators. The researchers found that even at high overall vaccination coverage, clustering of non-vaccinators increases the probability and size of an outbreak.
The study found that natural immunity is only weakly protective against reinfection, leading to larger outbreaks. Vaccines capable of eliciting strong immune responses can substantially reduce future caseloads.
The COVID-19 virus may become endemic if immunity wanes within a year, allowing for yearly outbreaks. Reinfections are common, even within a year of prior infection, and the risk of severe clinical outcomes changes with subsequent infection.
If SARS-CoV-2 becomes endemic, its pattern of transmission will depend on factors like vaccine availability and social factors. Greater monitoring of interactions with other respiratory viruses is needed to mitigate potential outbreaks.
A group of 80 researchers argue that allowing low-risk populations to develop immunity while protecting vulnerable groups will not effectively control COVID-19. They emphasize the need for multi-pronged population-level strategies to protect societies and economies.
A new study has created a comprehensive map of how immune cells learn to fight infections and preserve memories of these encounters. The findings, published in Nature Immunology, could help scientists develop new vaccines and therapies for various diseases by targeting specific immune cells.
The COVID PROFILE study aims to investigate the immune response to COVID-19, understanding how long protection lasts and predicting reinfection. Researchers will follow participants for 12 months with regular blood samples and nose and throat swabs.
A team of scientists has developed a unique COVID-19 vaccine that utilizes a bovine adenovirus as a safe and effective delivery vehicle. The vaccine aims to provide protection to all segments of the population, especially older adults with declining immune systems.
Patients with rare inherited immune disorders had similar disease outcomes to the general population after SARS-CoV-2 infection, with some immune defects even appearing protective against severe disease. However, younger male patients with PIDs were more likely to require ICU admission and suffer severe COVID-19.
A study by University of Notre Dame researchers found over 100 million Zika virus infections went undetected between 2015 and 2018. The team's findings highlight the need for improved surveillance systems to track transmission, especially in regions with high asymptomatic infection rates.
A new model developed by University of Georgia scientists found that achieving herd immunity through mitigation is unlikely without constant adjustments in lockdown measures. The suppression strategy offers a more feasible approach, predicting fewer fatalities with self-isolation engagement and social distancing measures.
A study by Princeton researchers projects that a vaccine capable of eliciting strong immune responses can substantially reduce future COVID-19 cases. The study found that the nature of immune responses affects clinical outcomes and the burden of severe cases, with stronger immunity reducing future burdens.
A team of researchers adapted standard epidemiological models to explore how COVID-19 pandemic trajectories might unfold in the next five years. Their work emphasizes the importance of understanding adaptive immune responses and vaccine efficacy in determining future case severity and duration.
Researchers predict COVID-19 will follow seasonal patterns in temperate regions when herd immunity is attained. The virus will continue to circulate year-round until then.
Researchers argue that cell-autonomous immunity, a ancient defense mechanism in human cells, plays a crucial role in shaping human evolution. Understanding this concept is essential for developing effective treatments for diseases like sepsis, as traditional approaches often fail due to the immune system's conserved mechanisms.
The paper discusses how cell-autonomous immunity, inherited from prokaryotic and single-celled ancestors, affects the human evolutionary story. It highlights the importance of understanding how pathogens manipulate these defenses, which are found in every cell in every body system.
New York and California may have achieved herd immunity due to declining reported mortality rates and low basic reproduction numbers. According to Prof. Last's model, these states have a high percentage of infected individuals, indicating a potential end to the COVID-19 peak.
A recent study found that prior Zika virus infection can enhance the risk of severe dengue disease. The research used a cohort from Nicaragua to confirm previous reports on cross-reactive antibodies between Zika and dengue viruses. The findings have important implications for developing effective vaccines against both diseases.
Researchers found that COVID-19 patients often lack germinal centers, essential for a durable immune response, due to impaired helper T cell development. This can lead to short-lived immunity and increased risk of re-infection, complicating the development of herd immunity.
Researchers found that recovered COVID-19 patients and even those infected with SARS 17 years ago possess virus-specific memory T cells, indicating long-lasting immunity. This discovery could lead to better understanding of cross-reactive immunity and potential therapeutic use of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells.
Scientists have developed a promising vaccine using HydroVax technology, conferring 83% immunity against Campylobacter-associated diarrhea. The vaccine targets a disease associated with infant growth stunting and malnutrition in developing countries, potentially improving the health of millions.
A new study estimates Covid-19 herd immunity level can be reduced to 43% by incorporating age and social activity into a mathematical model, potentially informing pandemic policy decisions
A new study suggests that accounting for age and social activity can lower the predicted herd immunity threshold for COVID-19 from 60% to 43%. Lifting non-pharmaceutical interventions without achieving herd immunity could lead to a resurgence of infections.
The COVID-19 pandemic has seen US cases surge to 1.5 million and deaths exceed 100 thousand despite severe lockdowns. The journal Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness explores the reasons behind this surge, discussing transmission and individual population susceptibility.
Research suggests that bees specializing in allogrooming exhibit stronger immune systems, which may enable them to withstand higher infection risks. Allogroomer bees occupy central positions in the colony's social network, benefiting a large number of bees.
The review examines how long immunity to coronaviruses lasts and the prospect of antibody testing. Professors Paul Kellam and Wendy Barclay discuss what is known about immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses, including seasonal strains that circulate in humans every winter.
A study of de-identified hospital records and surveillance data found 4.4% of France's population was infected with SARS-CoV-2 by May 11. The authors suggest this level of immunity is insufficient for controlling a second wave, highlighting the need for continued control measures.
Researchers have identified a new type of antigen-presenting immune cell that plays a crucial role in the immune response to respiratory virus infections. This discovery could explain how convalescent plasma boosts immune responses and offers new therapeutic opportunities for treating viral infections.
Researchers propose using recovered individuals as a shield to reduce transmission rates and support expanded economic activity. Modeling suggests that such an approach could cut deaths from 71,000 to 20,000 in worst-case scenarios.
Experts warn that immunity passports pose significant practical, equitable, and legal issues. Vaccination certificates, on the other hand, may be a crucial tool to incentivize vaccination and end the pandemic. The success of public health practices depends on public trust and addressing inequities.
A new study by URMC aims to investigate how the body's immune system responds to COVID-19, including re-infection risks and vaccine effectiveness. The research will follow 100 COVID-19 patients over 90 days, tracking antibody production and immune cell activation.
Researchers discovered EGR4 acts as a critical brake on immune activation, promoting killer T cell activation and boosting anticancer immunity. EGR4 knockout mice showed reduced lung tumor burden and fewer metastases, raising new possibilities for immunotherapy.
A novel vaccine called Triplex reduced CMV complications by half and induced immunity in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. No vaccine-associated safety concerns were identified in the phase 2 randomized clinical trial.
A study sequenced mosquito transcripts to understand resistance to Dirofilaria immitis. Activation of immune genes blocks nematode development but prevents transmission-stage Brugia malayi., Mosquito immunity crucial for preventing parasitic worm development and transmission.
A new study from McMaster University and Université de Montréal found that the first type of influenza virus exposed to in early childhood determines lifelong immunity. This phenomenon, known as antigenic imprinting, has important implications for pandemic and epidemic planning.
A new study reveals that eating activates immune cells in the gut, protecting against pathogens and preserving health. Regular mealtimes also trigger an anticipatory response to increase immunity.
A team of researchers identified protective antibodies against severe malaria in children, paving the way for a potential vaccine. The discovery uses genomic sequencing and machine learning to pinpoint specific proteins and antibodies that provide immunity.
A study found that G-CSF stimulates the production of macrophages and reduces inflammation, suggesting its role in regulating adaptive immunity. The factor may also participate in recovery processes, opening up new possibilities for treating leukopenia and inflammatory diseases.
A new study found that certain gut bacteria, such as Bacteroides species, have acquired large immunity gene clusters to neutralize toxins from other bacteria. These clusters are actively acquiring new genes to protect against emerging threats.
Researchers found that commensal papillomaviruses on human skin can induce immunity protecting against squamous cell carcinoma. The presence of these viruses in patients with suppressed immune systems was shown to reduce the risk of skin cancer, suggesting a novel method for prevention using a vaccine to boost the immune system.
New research from UChicago shows how genetic differences in the immune system shape the collections of bacteria that colonize the digestive system. Genetic variations in innate immunity play a key role in determining microbial composition.
A researcher at the University of Kansas is exploring the potential of 3D-biomimetic-tissue-engineered exosomes for understanding long-distance cellular communications that control our immune systems. The goal is to develop a molecular-engineering approach to speed development of immunotherapy treatments.
A new study has gained insights into the mechanism of vaccine-induced T cell immunity, shedding light on the regulation, gene expression, and metabolic pathways of T cells. The discovery of a marker, TfR1, suggests that T cell immunity depends on specific metabolites.
Scientists at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine found that pain-sensing nerves in the skin can detect pathogens and initiate an immune response to fight infection. The discovery reveals a new nerve-driven protective mechanism called anticipatory immunity, which prevents infections from spreading.
Scientists have discovered a newly found function of the US11 protein that impairs antibody immunity, allowing human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) to evade white blood cells and potentially leading to birth defects and immune system dysfunction. This breakthrough has significant therapeutic prospects for treating autoimmune diseases like lupus.
A genome-wide search has revealed genetic variants linked to varying antibody levels after childhood vaccines, potentially informing personalized vaccine strategies. The study identifies two genetic loci associated with the persistence of vaccine-induced immunity.
Researchers will study how young children's immune systems respond to initial influenza infection and vaccination, aiming to understand immune memory and develop more effective vaccines. The studies may uncover insights into 'immunologic imprinting' and its impact on future infections.
Researchers develop nanovaccine using pyridine functionalized poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) material, overcoming restricted immune response in mice with gut-initiated metabolic syndrome. The study explores the interrelationship between nanomaterials, immune responses and the microbiome.
A study led by the Brazilian Ministry of Health found that dengue immunity can protect against Zika infection in human populations. In a cohort of 1,453 residents, those with dengue antibodies had a 9% reduction in risk of Zika infection for each doubling of antibody titers.
Researchers found that prior dengue virus immunity reduces risk of Zika infection and severity of symptoms in a Brazilian favela study. Nearly 73% of community residents were infected with ZIKV during the outbreak.
A new study from Yale University confirms that people with antibodies to dengue virus were less likely to become infected with Zika during the 2015 outbreak. This finding highlights the importance of dengue immunity in preventing Zika transmission and potentially reducing outbreaks in tropical regions.
Researchers at CNIC discovered a daily cycle that regulates neutrophil activation, protecting against infection but potentially causing damage to the cardiovascular system. The study suggests that manipulating this clock could lead to new treatments for patients at risk of cardiovascular events or infections.
A new study found that prior dengue virus infection in children may be protective against symptomatic Zika virus infection. The research, published in PLOS Medicine, involved over 3,000 children aged 2-14 years and showed that those with a history of dengue infection had a lower risk of being symptomatic when infected with Zika.
Researchers found that prior and recent dengue virus infection was associated with protection from symptomatic Zika virus infection in a pediatric cohort. However, previous exposure did not affect the rate of total Zika virus infection. The study suggests that prior dengue virus immunity might cross-protect against symptomatic Zika.
Researchers at University of Otago have discovered that bacteria can use 'slipped spacers' to boost their immunity against viruses, which may hold promise for biotechnology applications and alternative treatments for infectious diseases. This finding could also impact the dairy industry by preventing bacterial resistance to phages.